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Atmospheric Chemistry
Prepared by Benjamin CottsStanford University, Stanford, CA
IHY Workshop on Advancing VLF through the Global AWESOME
Network
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Overview
LEP Events Early/fast Events Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) Events Atmospheric Chemistry
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LEP Event Properties
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1. Onset delay (∆t ~ 0.5-2 s) between sferic and onset
2. Differential onset delay with respect to L-shell (~0.5s)
3. Onset duration (td ~ 1-2 s) of secondary ionization
4. Large ionospheric region of disturbance, ~ 2000 km
5. Occur very frequently6. Recovery typically ~ 10-100 s
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Recovery Signatures of LEP
4Pasko and Inan, 1994Peter 2007
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Early VLF Event Properties
Rapid onset delay (t < 20 ms)
Rapid onset duration (td < 20 ms)
Typically recover in ~30-200 s
Event amplitudes ~0.2-0.8 dB, rarely >1 dB
Causative CGs <50 km from perturbed path Lateral extent of
disturbances ~100 kmSource: [Johnson and Inan 1999]
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Long Recovery Early/fast Events
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Gamma-Ray Bursts
Associated with very energetic explosions• Collision of Neutron stars• Magnetar
Typically lasts a few ms to several minutes
Accidentally discovered by Vela-3 spacecraft in 1967
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Massive Gamma-Ray Burst
From Inan et al. 2007
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Second Timescale Characteristics
From Inan et al. 2007
-25 dB
disturbance!!
From Inan et al. 2007
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Hour Timescale Characteristic
From Inan et al. 2007
Recovery lasts
for over 1 hour!
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Overview
Ionospheric chemistry• Model Framework• Constituents/Parameters
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Chemistry Model: Species
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• Ne - Electrons• N+ - Light positive ions• Nx
+ - Heavy positive ions (cluster)• N - Light negative ions• Nx
- Heavy negative ions (cluster)
Not part of the model, just illustrative:
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- attachment: - detachment from light
negative ionsx - detachment from heavy
negative ionsi - mutual neutralizationd, d
c - dissociative recombination
A - rate of conversion N Nx
B - rate of conversion N+ Nx+
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Model of Ionospheric Chemistry
5 constituents:• Ne - electrons• N+ - light positive ions O2
+, NO2+, N2
+, …• Nx
+ - positive ion clusters H+(H2O)n
• N - light negative ions O, O2, …
• Nx - heavy negative ions NO3
, NO3(H2O)n
Coefficients: i - mutual neutralization d, d
c - dissociative recombination - attachment:
• 3-body and 2-body (in E) - detachment from light negative
ions (value uncertain):• Electron affinity=0.4 eV highly
dependent on T• During daytime:
photodetachment=0.4 s-1
• Also due to active species, Nac: O, N, O2(a1g)
x - detachment from heavy negative ions, approximately=0 (electron affinity = 3.91 eV), photodetachment = 0.002 s-1 (during daytime)
B - rate of conversion N+ Nx+
A - rate of conversion N Nx
Q – Ionization source; Cosmic ray only source at low altitudes Qcr (peaks at ~15 km)
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Inan et al., 2007
• Recall Gamma-Ray Burst• Relaxation
matches model results, 2 stages:– Free electrons are
quickly attached, 1 ~ (+1
– Positive and negative ions recombine, 2 ~ (iNi)1 ~ 104 s
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Gamma-Ray Burst
• Ionization profile recovery
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Bibliography
Mitra, A. P. 1975 Ferguson, 1979 Arijs, 1992 Glukhov et al., 1992 Pasko and Inan, 1994 Rodger et al., 1998 Inan et al., 2007 Lehtinen and Inan, 2007