Atmospheric aerosols in Sao Paulo, Atmospheric aerosols in Sao Paulo, Mexico City and Santiago de Chile: Mexico City and Santiago de Chile: Optical Properties, Remote sensing Optical Properties, Remote sensing
and Sourcesand Sources
Paulo Artaxo, Andrea D. A. Castanho and Carlos Pires JuniorLaboratory of Atmospheric Physics, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
First GURME Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for Latin American project, Santiago, Chile, 13-16 October, 2003
Health Effects of air pollution in Mexico, São Paulo, Santiago and New York
The São Paulo Metropolitan AreaThe São Paulo Metropolitan Area
Question: Can we do urban air pollution by satellites?
The São Paulo Metropolitan Area
Climate
Dry winters, rainy summersFrequent thermal inversions at very low altitudes with high subsidence
GeographyLat 23o 32’S Lon46o38’OAltitude 860 m Peaks with 1.200 m altitudes surrounding the cityPopulation: 16,3 millions inhabitants
IndustryMost developed region in Latin AmericaRepresents 18% of the Brazilian production
VehiclesAbout 6 millions vehicles with
high emission factors. Old buses, many diesel trucks
1 - Gasolina C: gasolina contendo 22% de álcool anidro e 700ppm de enxofre (massa) 2 - Diesel: tipo metropolitano com 1100ppm de enxofre (massa) 3 - Emissão composta para o ar (partículas) e para o solo (impregnação) 4 - MP refere-se ao total de material particulado, sendo que as partículas inaláveis são uma fração deste total 5 - Ano de consolidação do inventário: 1990 6 - Ano de consolidação do inventário: 1998 7 - Estas indústrias fazem parte da curva A e B que representam mais de 90% das emissões totais CO: monóxido de carbono HC: hidrocarbonetos totais NOX: óxidos de nitrogênio SOX: óxidos de enxofre MP: material particulado
Estimates of emissions from the main air pollution sources in São Paulo, 2002 Estimates of emissions from the main air pollution sources in São Paulo, 2002
São Paulo 2002Relative pollutant emissions for each source type – CETESB
CO HC NOx SO2PM10
Light vehicles
Heavy vehicles
Industry
Ressuspension Secondary aerosols
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
PM
10
(u
g/m
³)
Ag
o -
Se
t / 9
7
Ja
n -
Fe
v /
98
Ju
l - A
go
/ 9
9
Ju
n /2
00
0
Ju
l / 2
00
0
Ag
o /
20
00
Se
t / 2
00
0
Ou
t / 2
000
Ju
n /
20
02
Ju
l/ 2
00
2
Ag
o /
20
02
PMPM1010 concentrations in São Paulo wintertime from 1997 to 2002concentrations in São Paulo wintertime from 1997 to 2002
0
50
100
150
20010
/Jun
14/J
un
19/J
un
23/J
un
27/J
un
01/J
ul
05/J
ul
09/J
ul
13/J
ul
17/J
ul
21/J
ul
25/J
ul
29/J
ul
02/A
go
06/A
go
10/A
go
14/A
go
18/A
go
22/A
go
26/A
go
30/A
go
03/S
et
07/S
et
PM
10 (
µg/m
³)
Particulado Fino Particulado Grosso
Wintertime Fine and Coarse Mode aerosol 1997
Air Quality Standard Cold Fronts Arrivals
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
Horário Local
Co
nc
en
tra
çã
o P
M1
0 (
µg
/m³)
Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados
PMPM1010 diurnal cycle in São Paulo diurnal cycle in São Paulo
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
Horário Local
Con
cent
raçã
o B
lack
C
arbo
n (
µg/
m³)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Con
gest
ion
amen
to (
km)
Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados Tráfego de Veículos
Diurnal Cycle of Black carbon - Winter 1997Diurnal Cycle of Black carbon - Winter 1997
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
Ra
zão
BC
/ C
arb
on
o O
rgâ
nic
o
Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados
Ratio of Back to Organic Carbon – São Paulo Winter 1997Ratio of Back to Organic Carbon – São Paulo Winter 1997
Diurnal Cycle of BC/PMDiurnal Cycle of BC/PM1010 and OC/PM and OC/PM1010 São Paulo - Winter 1997 São Paulo - Winter 1997
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
BC
e C
. O
rgân
ico
/ P
M10
BC/PM10 COrgânico/ PM10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
Co
nc
en
tra
çã
o d
e C
O (
pp
m)
Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
Co
nc
en
tra
çã
o N
Ox
(p
pb
)
Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
Co
nce
ntr
açã
o S
O2
(µg
/m³)
Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
Co
nce
ntr
ação
PM
10 (
µg/m
³)
Dia de Semana - Sol Dia de Semana - Nublados
Diurnal Cycle of CO, NODiurnal Cycle of CO, NOxx, SO, SO22 and PM and PM1010 wintertime São Paulo wintertime São Paulo
SO2
CO NOx
PM10
Balanço Final Média Desvio Padrão Média Desvio PadrãoInorgânico/FPM (%) 32 7 40 10C. Orgânico/FPM (%) 40 16 35 14
BC/FPM (%) 21 4 28 10Total (%) 93 18 103 20
Summer and wintertime São Paulo fine mode aerosol compositionSummer and wintertime São Paulo fine mode aerosol composition
Composto Concentração (ng/m³) % / MPF Concentração (ng/m³) % / MPFAl2O3 825 2,5 (1,5) - -
SiO2 1094 3,2 (1,8) 384 2,7 (1,3)
(NH4)2SO4 6223 20,2 (9,6) 5102 31 (11)NaCl 86,1 0,17 (0,11) 20,0 0,08 (0,07)K2O 491 1,69 (0,54) 144 0,98 (0,24)
CaCO3 364 1,34 (0,75) 170 1,32 (0,65)TiO 41,9 0,15 (0,10) 19,6 0,14 (0,06)VO 15,4 0,04 (0,12) 11,7 0,09 (0,04)
MnO2 20,0 0,07 (0,03) 10,5 0,07 (0,04)
Fe2O3 760 2,49 (0,96) 256 1,80 (0,46)NiO 4,90 0,01 (0,01) 3,98 0,03 (0,01)ZnO 156 0,49 (0,32) 63,8 0,43 (0,17)Cu2O 21,7 0,07 (0,03) 6,11 0,04 (0,02)
Fração do Particulado FINO
Inverno 97 Verão 98
Composto Concentração (ng/m³) % / MPG Concentração (ng/m³) % / MPGAl2O3 2873 6,1 (2,0) 968 5,1 (1,6)
SiO2 4855 10,6 (2,4) 1932 10,2 (1,9)
(NH4)2SO4 3023 7,5 (3,2) 1793 9,8 (3,8)NaCl 413 1,4 (1,8) 77,0 0,48 (0,30)K2O 585 1,19 (0,31) 245 1,31 (0,18)
CaCO3 2990 7,2 (2,5) 1298 7,1 (1,5)TiO 289 0,63 (0,18) 105 0,56 (0,11)VO 16,5 0,04 (0,02) 10,5 0,05 (0,02)
MnO2 50,7 0,12 (0,05) 24,0 0,13 (0,04)
Fe2O3 2832 6,5 (1,4) 963 5,24 (0,93)NiO 7,41 0,02 (0,01) 6,53 0,04 (0,02)ZnO 236 0,52 (0,36) 117 0,63 (0,42)Cu2O 49,7 0,11 (0,06) 11,51 0,06 (0,03)
Total Inorgânicos 18219 42 (6) 7550 41 (6)
Inverno 97 Verão 98
Fração do Particulado GROSSO
Summer and wintertime São Paulo coarse mode aerosol compositionSummer and wintertime São Paulo coarse mode aerosol composition
Fine mode aerosol source apportionment in São PauloFine mode aerosol source apportionment in São Paulo
Winter 1997
Emissões Industriais
5 %
EmissõesVeiculares
28 %
Sulfatos23 %
Ressuspensão de Solo 20 %
Ressuspensão de Solo2 5%
Queima de Óleo Combustível
18 % Não Explicada1 %
Summer 1998
Queima de Óleo Combustível 21% Não Explicado
2%
Ressuspensão de Solo 30%Emissões
Industriais6%
Sulfatos17%
EmissõesVeiculares
24%
Winter 1997
Ressuspensão de Solo75 %
Emissões Industriais
14 %
Cl11 %
Summer 1998Ressuspensão
de Solo 229%
EmissõesIndustriais
16%Ressuspensão
de Solo 49%
Cl6%
Coarse mode aerosol source apportionment in São PauloCoarse mode aerosol source apportionment in São Paulo
Source Profile for soil dust in São Paulo and Santiago PMSource Profile for soil dust in São Paulo and Santiago PM1010
0,00
0,01
0,10
1,00
10,00
100,00
Al Si S K Ca Ti V Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn PbCo
mp
osi
ção
ele
men
tar
(% d
o P
M10
)
SP-Inverno97 SP- Verão98 Santiago
Source Profile for vehicular emissions in São Paulo and Santiago Source Profile for vehicular emissions in São Paulo and Santiago
0,001
0,010
0,100
1,000
10,000
Al Si S K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn PbCo
mp
os
içã
o E
lem
en
tar
(% d
o M
PF
)
Chow et al.(Diesel+Gasol) SP-Inverno97 SP-Verão98 Santiago (O'Higins)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul
Total aerosol particle number
Tota
l Con
cent
ratio
n [c
m-3
]
Pudahuel 2003 SMPS 50 nm average
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Par
ticl
es/C
C
Pudahuel 2003 SMPS 100 nm
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Pa
rtic
les
/cc
Aerosol size distribution Santiago Pudahuel 2003 Aerosol size distribution Santiago Pudahuel 2003
Pudahuel 2003 average diameter
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul
Dp
g [
nm
]
Pudahuel 2003 Light Scattering
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
20-Jul 21-Jul 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-JulDate
Nep
h M
m-1
Neph DATARAM
Pudahuel 2003 BC EC TC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
20-Jul 21-Jul 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-JulDate
Car
bo
n (
ng
/m3)
TCECOC
Pudahuel 2003 Total particle number SMPS
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
20-Jul 21-Jul 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul
Date
pa
rtic
les
/c
c (
#/c
c)
Total particle number
Santiago in Santiago in PudahuelPudahuel::Organic aerosolsOrganic aerosolsplay an important roleplay an important rolein light scatteringin light scattering
Aerosol BC LAS CONDES 08- 15/J uly 2003
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000B
C C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(n
g/m
³)
880nm
370nm
Pudahuel Aerosol BC 16-26 July 2003
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
DATA HORA
BC
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ng
/m³) (880nm) (370 nm)
Santiago Las Condes 2003 Absorption and scattering
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
16-Ju
l
16-Ju
l
17-Ju
l
18-Ju
l
19-Ju
l
20-Ju
l
20-Ju
l
20-Ju
l
20-Ju
l
21-Ju
l
21-Ju
l
22-Ju
l
22-Ju
l
23-Ju
l
23-Ju
l
23-Ju
l
23-Ju
l
24-Ju
l
24-Ju
l
24-Ju
l
25-Ju
l
26-Ju
l
26-Ju
l
26-Ju
l
26-Ju
l
BC
(n
g/m
3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Lig
ht
scat
teri
ng
Mm
-1
(880nm) (370 nm) (SCATR) /Mm
tAerosol Layer
Io
I
aerosol
Rayleigh+ Ozone
Aerosol Optical ThicknesssAerosol Optical ThicknesssI Io exp [–.AM]
= aerosol + rayleigh + ozone CIMEL
AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork)AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork)
~200 sites 2003
Several wavelenghts 340, 440, 500, 675, 870, 936
Aerosol Optical Thickness over South America
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
13-Feb-02 4-Apr-02 24-May-02 13-Jul-02 1-Sep-02 21-Oct-02 10-Dec-02 29-Jan-03 20-Mar-03 9-May-03
AO
T (
50
0 n
m)
Abracos Hill
Alta Floresta
Belterra
Buenos Aires
Cordoba
Ji Paraná
Santa Cruz
Santiago
São Paulo
AOT (500 nm) in São Paulo April/02 to Mar/03
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Data April 2002 to March 2003
Aer
osol
opt
ical
thic
knes
s (5
00 n
m)
abril maio junho julho agosto setembro outubro novembro dezembro janeiro fevereiromarço
AOT (500 nm) - São Paulo - daily averages
Aerosol Optical Thickness in São PauloAerosol Optical Thickness in São Paulo
Andrea Castanho and Carlos Pires
AOT (500 nm) in São Paulo and fire counts in Amazonia April/02 to Mar/03
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Data April 2002 to March 2003
Ae
ros
ol o
pti
ca
l th
ick
ne
ss
(5
00
nm
)
abril maio junho julho agosto setembro outubro novembro dezembro janeiro fevereiromarço
AOT (500 nm) - São Paulo - daily averageAmazonia hot spots - daily totals (x4000)
Alta Floresta AERONET Aerosol Optical Thickness Jan 99 - Nov 2002
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5
AOT 5
00 nm
1999 2000 2001 2002
Aeronet measurements in Alta Aeronet measurements in Alta FlorestaFloresta and Rondonia 1999and Rondonia 1999--20022002
Aerosol Optical Thickness Aeronet Abracos Hill Rondonia 500 nm
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Aer
osol
opt
ical
thic
knes
s 50
0 nm
20011999 2000 20022002
Biomass Burning coves millions of kmBiomass Burning coves millions of km22
Figure from Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo
Figure from Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo
Aerosol Optical Thickness AERONET 500 nm Santiago de Chile
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360julian day
AO
T (5
00 n
m)
200120022003
Aerosol Optical Thickness 500 nm São Paulo
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
julian day
AOT
(500
nm
)
2001
2002
2003
Aerosol Optical Thickness AERONET 500 nm Mexico City
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.21.31.41.51.6
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
julian day
AOT
(500
nm
)
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Santiago, São Paulo and Mexico AERONET aerosol size distributions
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00particle radius (um)
siz
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n (
um
^3
/um
^2
)
Santiago de Chile São Paulo Mexico City
Single Scatering Albedo São Paulo - Seasonal Variations
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
SSA441-T SSA673-T SSA873-T SSA1022-T SSA441-F SSA673-F SSA873-F SSA1022-F SSA441-C SSA673-C SSA873-C SSA1022-C
São Paulo - total São Paulo - dec-jul São Paulo - aug-nov
Single Scattering Albedo ω(λ) = σsc (λ )/ (σsc (λ )+ σabs(λ ))
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Local Time
AO
T (
500
nm
) -
ho
url
y av
erag
e
dezembro a julho agosto a novembro
Biomass burning impacts in São Paulo changes the daily pattern oBiomass burning impacts in São Paulo changes the daily pattern of AOTf AOT
Single Scatering Albedo AERONET
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
SSA441-T SSA673-T SSA873-T SSA1022-T SSA441-F SSA673-F SSA873-F SSA1022-F SSA441-C SSA673-C SSA873-C SSA1022-C
Santiago de Chile São Paulo Mexico City
Total size rangeFine mode size range
Coarse mode size range
MODIS Images of South AmericaMODIS Images of South America
Low aerosol distribution situationLow aerosol distribution situation
Aerosols acumulating in Bolivia, Aerosols acumulating in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and BrazilParaguay, Argentina and Brazil
AOT 550 nm – Dia 02 220- ilustrativo
Low Troposphere and Long Distance Transport Low Troposphere and Long Distance Transport of PM2.5 and CO – Andes Low Level Jetsof PM2.5 and CO – Andes Low Level Jets
720mbar
Suppression of low cloud formation by aerosols in AmazoniaSuppression of low cloud formation by aerosols in Amazonia
Cloud fraction as function of aerosol optical depth (OD). The cloud fraction decreases almost linearly with increasing OD. The red and blue curves denote the average of east and west areas, respectively. On average, the cloud fraction decreases to less than 1/8 of the cloud fraction in clean conditions when OD = 1. The shaded area represents the relative area covered by the respective OD, with the integral of this curve equal to one, representing the total Amazon basin. (from Ilya and Kaufman, 2003)
Surface: - 23±2 w/m²
Top: - 7±1 w/m²
Atmosphere: + 16Atmosphere: + 16±2 w/m²±2 w/m²
INDOEXaverage aerosol forcing clear sky
Conditions: surface: oceanAOT (=0.3 at 630 nm); 24 hour average
Jan-Mar 99
Conditions: surface: forest vegetationAOT (=0.95 at 500nm); 24 hour average
7 years (93-95, 99-02 dry season Aug-Oct)
Top: - 10 w/m²
Atmosphere: + 28Atmosphere: + 28 w/m² w/m²
Surface: - 38 w/m²
AmazoniaAverage aerosol forcing clear sky
Aerosol Radiative Effects on the AtmosphereAerosol Radiative Effects on the Atmosphere
Cooling of up to 3 degrees Heating of up to 2 degrees
Source: Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo
Aerosol Particles Radiative Effects on the Aerosol Particles Radiative Effects on the Surface Temperature Aug 25 2002 16:00ZSurface Temperature Aug 25 2002 16:00Z
Source: Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo
•The use of combined ground based, remote sensing from space andsun-photometers is a new very powerful tool.
•Aerosol products with MODIS with 1km resolution is a reality, and MISRwith 250 meters will be available very soon.
•Ozone, formaldehyde and CO are already feasible with some effort andcompromises.
•Impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle and in the radiation budget isvery poorly understood and more effort is critical in this area.
•High resolution mesoscale models are mature technology, that can be runin inexpensive Linux clusters in real time.
•A coherent and integrated approach for Latin American air pollution studiesis feasible with low resources.
Some key pointsSome key points