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Astronomy = the study of the universe
Astro = starCentr = centerGeo = earthRetro = backPre = beforePeri = aroundMar = oceanTerre = groundSol = sunChrom = colorpro = first
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Astronomical History!
• Geocentric Model = moon, sun and planets orbit Earth.
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Astronomical History!
• Heliocentric Model = Earth and other planets orbit sun.
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Astronomical History!
• Ptolemaic System = Planets orbit Earth, but seemed to exhibit retrograde motion.
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Astronomical History!Copernicus:
Earth is a planet that
orbits the sun.
Brahe: Yes, but my observations are much more
precise.
Kepler: No, my 3 laws of planetary
motion prove that Brahe is
wrong.
Galileo: Well, here is how the planets and their satellites
move.
Newton: The planets are held
into a circle by the gravity of the sun.
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Earth – Moon - Sun
Rotation = spinningRevolution = going around another object
Earth Rotating http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a001300/a001374/index.html
Perihelion Aphelion
CLOSEST FARTHEST
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SEASONS
Plane of the Ecliptic = reference plane that runs from pole to pole.
Plane is tilted about 23.5o.
Seasons are result of the tilt.
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More Earth Movement
Precession = very slow wobbling
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/Images/milankovitch_precess_high.mov
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Earth - Moon
Perigee = moon is closest to earthApogee = moon is farthest from earth
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Phases of the Moon
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/10001-the-moon-phases-video.htm
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NAME THAT PHASE!
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ECLIPSE
Solar eclipse = moon is between earth and sun (like the background here!) and casts a shadow on Earth.Lunar eclipse = Earth moves between sun and moon and casts shadow on moon.
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Man on the Moon
http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Nasa-Releases-Footage-Of-Moon-Landing-When-Astronaut-Neil-Armstong-Took-First-Steps-On-July-20-1969/Article/200907315338603
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Earth’s Moon
• The Only Natural Satellite• 1/4th diameter of Earth• Apollo moon mission 1969-1972
• Gravity 1/6th that of Earth• 150 lb person = 25 lbs
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Craters • round depressions• produced by impacts
Impact by meteor. Compresses surface material.
Rebound splash of ejecta. Uplift of deep rock in center.
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Major Topographic features of the Moon:
Highlands = light colored areas (almost as high as Mt. Everest!)Mare (Maria, pl.) = dark smooth areas (ancient beds of lava)
Rilles are valleys or trenches.Regolith = soil-like layer
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Lunar History
When solar system was forming, a body the size of Mars impacted Earth and the debris shot into space. One piece was our Moon.
How the Moon Formed http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9998-the-moon-formation-video.htm
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The Solar System
Terrestrial Planet = small and rocky (inner planets)Jovian Planet = large gaseous (outer planets)
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=21B610C4-B1BB-40E0-8760-825A41B19E12&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Nebular Theory = sun and planets formed from a rotating disk of dust and gases.
Planetesimals = small, irregular-shaped bodies that collided and clumped together to form the planets.
Formation of the Solar System
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Asteroids = small, rocky bodies floating in space(Largest, Ceres, is about 1000 km in diameter!)
Comets = pieces of rocky and metallic materials held togetherby frozen gases like water, ammonia, methane, etc.
(Some take hundreds of thousands of years to make one orbit.)
Small Pieces (w/Quiz) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=BD722E4D-32D2-4342-B475-F031BFDC4EEC&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
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Coma = the glowing head of a comet produced when the sun begins vaporizing the comet’s frozen gases.Tail = stream of glowing vaporizing gases
Halley’s Comet76-yr-orbit
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Kuiper Belt = disc-shaped region beyond Neptune where short-orbital comets originate.
Oort Cloud = area spreading in all directions from the sun where long-orbital comets originate.
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METEORS!Meteoroid
• small, solid particle• travels through space• origination• interplanetary debris• asteroid belt material• remains of comets
Meteor
• meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere• Meteor Shower = a group of meteors traveling in the same direction
Meteor in Peru 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7000000/newsid_7002300/7002376.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&asb=1&news=1&ms3=54&ms_javascript=true&bbcws=2
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The SUNPhotosphere = visible surface (90% hydrogen)
Chromosphere = thin layer of hot gases (can see during solar eclipse)
Corona = weak outermost layer (extends 1 million km)
Solar wind = streams of protons and electrons
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Convective Zone
Radiative Zone
Core
Photosphere
Chromosphere
Corona
Earth
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Activity of the Sun:
Sunspots = appear dark because they are cooler than the rest of the sun. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/atmosphere/
sun_rotate_anim_jan2005.html&edu=high
Prominences = large cloudlike structures consisting of chromospheric gases.
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Solar Flares
• explosive events• last about an hour• sudden brightening above a sunspot cluster• release enormous amounts of energy• ejects atomic particles• produce auroras (northern lights)
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/3000/3912/flare_soh_2003301.jpg&imgrefurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php%3Fid%3D3912&usg=__1KWUaN-ZdTALrPPKRSxiynbT1xU=&h=865&w=540&sz=74&hl=en&start=3&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=jLzIYZNVqdx_VM:&tbnh=145&tbnw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsolar%2Bflare%2Banimation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26um%3D1
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/10194/a001168_pre.jpg&imgrefurl=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php%3Fid%3D10194&usg=__0rK1487FipNjvZgrwD7bE1yTeO8=&h=242&w=320&sz=7&hl=en&start=13&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=rfP8CkCb5ln2KM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsolar%2Bflare%2Banimation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26um%3D1
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It’s how far??!!
1 Light Year = how far light travels in one year. Light travels at 299,792,458 m/s so in one year light goes 5.88 trillion (5.88 × 1012) miles.
1 A.U. (Astronomical Unit) is the distance from the Earth to the Sun which is 150 million km (93 million miles).
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Earth’s diameter = 7,926 miles
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ANTARES IS THE 15TH BRIGHTEST STAR IN THE SKY. IT IS MORE THAN 1000 LIGHT YEARS AWAY. THIS IS A HUBBLE TELESCOPE ULTRA DEEP FIELD INFRARED VIEW OF COUNTLESS 'ENTIRE' GALAXIES BILLIONS OF LIGHT-YEARS AWAY. BELOW IS A CLOSE UP OF ONE OF THE DARKEST REGIONS OF THE PHOTO ABOVE.
Sun’s diameter = 870,000 miles
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Sirius is the brightest star in the night-time sky. It is located in the constellation Canis Major. It is 8.5 light years away. Pollux is 33.7 light years away. Arcturus is 36.7 light years away.
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ANTARES IS THE 15TH BRIGHTEST STAR IN THE SKY. IT IS MORE THAN 1000 LIGHT YEARS AWAY.