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Asterids – Part 3 Euasterids II (campanulids)
Spring 2011
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“basal”asterids
(Euasterids I)
(Euasterids II)
Figure 9.4 from the text
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Asterid taxa – Part 3“Basal” Asterids
Order CornalesOrder Ericales
Eusterids I (lamiids)Order SolanalesOrder GentianalesOrder Lamiales
Eusterids II (campanulids)Order Apiales
Apiaceae – carrots, parsleyOrder Dipsacales
Caprifoliaceae – honeysuckleAdoxaceae – viburnum, elderberry
Order AsteralesCampanulaceae – lobelias, bellflowersAsteraceae – sunflowers
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Euasterids II:
Apiales: Apiaceae(The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae)
• Nearly cosmopolitan• Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and
other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes usually hollow
• Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera• Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced;
petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually inflexed; stamens 5, filaments distinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore)
• Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences of simple or compound umbels (sometimes condensed into a head); styles basally swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the ovary; seeds with oil glands
• Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery – Apium; parsnip - Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum)
• Required taxa: Daucus
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Apiaceae
Anethum
Zizia
Cicuta
Daucus
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Apiaceae
•reduced calyx•inflexed petals•inferior ovary•2 carpels•stylopodium
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Apiaceae: Daucus-bristly annuals or biennials with pinnately dissected leaves-umbels compound-involucre of more or less conspicuous pinnate bracts-flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly with pedicels-mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1° ribs and 4 winged 2° ribs
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What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
anise
dillcaraway
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What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
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What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
parsley
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What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
parsnipcarrot
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Euasterids II:
Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae(The Honeysuckle Family)
• Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate regions
• Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite, simple
• Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2
upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes; stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels 2-5, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene.
• Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen• Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera),
Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry)• Required taxa: Lonicera
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Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera
-erect or climbing shrubs-leaves entire-calyx teeth very short-corolla tubular or funnelform, often more or less irregular-fruit a several-seeded berry
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Euasterids II:
Dipsacales: Adoxaceae(The Elderberry family)
• Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere
• Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, simple or trifoliolate or pinnately compound
• Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera• Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate,
reduced; petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a usually short tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate exine; carpels 3-5, style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits
• Significant features: inflorescences determinate, umbellate, showy
• Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also jellies and wines
• Required taxa: Viburnum, *Sambucus
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Adoxaceae
Adoxa
Sambucus
Viburnum
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Adoxaceae: Viburnum
-shrubs or small trees-leaves simple-inflorescences compound cymes-flowers usually white (rarely pink)-corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed-ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort-fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe
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Adoxaceae: Sambucus
-herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent-leaves pinnately compound-inflorescences compound cymes-corolla broadly spreading-fruit a drupe containing 3 pits
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Euasterids II:
Asterales: Campanulaceae(The Bellflower or Lobelia Family)
• Widespread in northern temperate and sub-tropical regions; also in the montane tropics
• Mostly herbs; occasionally woody; with laticifers/latex and milky sap; leaves usually alternate
• Diversity: 2,200 species in 65 genera• Flowers: With a hypanthium; sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate,
forming a bell-shaped or bilabiate (or 1-lipped) corolla; stamens usually 5, distinct to distally connate, usually attached to a disk at apex of ovary; carpels 2-5, connate, inferior (or half-inferior) ovary; fruit a loculicidal or poricidal capsule, or berry
• Significant features: pollen shed in a tube formed by connate anther parts; style (with pollen collecting hairs near the apex) grows through tube
• Special uses: Mostly ornamentals (Campanula, Lobelia, Codonopsis, Platycodon)
• Required taxa: Lobelia
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Campanulaceae
Campanula
Lobelia
Platycodon
pollen plunger
Downingia
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Campanulaceae: Lobelia
-herbs-flowers resupinate-calyx 5-parted, with a short tube-corolla with a straight tube split on the apparently upper side, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 lobes, the lower with 3 lobes-stamens free from the corolla, united into a tube by the anthers but also commonly by the filaments-capsule 2-locular, opening at the top
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Euasterids II:
Asterales: Asteraceae(The Sunflower Family – Largest family of angiosperms)
• Cosmopolitan• Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present• Diversity: 23,000 species in 1,535 genera• Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus;
petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral corolla; pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus (calyx parts)
• Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes
• Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory (Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals (marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.).
• Required taxa: Helianthus, Taraxacum, Solidago
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Asteraceae
•disk + ray florets
phyllaries
Pseudanthium =false flower
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Asteraceae
Floral Terminology:
•Head (= capitulum)
•Involucre
•Pseudanthium
•Phyllaries
•Floret
•Ligulate or ray floret
•Disk floret
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disk flowers only
ray flowers only
ray and disk flowers
Three flowerarrangements
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Asteraceae: Taraxacum
-perennial or biennial herbs-heads many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape, of only ray flowers-pappus feathery, becoming raised on a stalk as the achene matures-involucre reflexed at fruit maturity for wind dispersal
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Asteraceae: Helianthus-coarse, stout herbs-involucre of overlapping phyllaries-heads solitary or in a corymb, many-flowered, with both ray and disk flowers, the ray flowers with a yellow corolla-chaff persistent-pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller scales also present
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Asteraceae: Solidago-perennial herbs-stem leaves sessile or nearly so-heads small, mostly in racemes or clusters-heads few- to many-flowered, mostly of ray flowers-ray flowers usually 1-20 per head, pistillate-pappus simple, of equal fine bristles-achenes nearly terete
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What part of the plant are you eating?
Asteraceae
artichoke
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What part of the plant are you eating?
Asteraceae
chicory
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What part of the plant are you eating?
endive
Asteraceae
lettuce
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What part of the plant are you eating?
safflower oil
Asteraceae
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What part of the plant are you eating?
Asteraceae
sunflower
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Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:
Medicinal plants•Camomile (Athemis)
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Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:
Weedy plants:•Dandelion (Taraxacum)
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Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:
Weedy plants:•Ragweed (Ambrosia)
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Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:
Ornamentals:•Chrysanthemum
(“mums;” Chrysanthemum)•Dahlia (Dahlia)•Daisy (Chrysanthemum)•Marigold (Tagetes)•Sunflower (Helianthus)•Zinnia (Zinnia)