Download - Assignment #2 tutorial
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Assignment #2 Tutorial for NATS 1550
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Songbirds in the Autumn
• Hatch-year birds (HY, code 2) were born earlier in the year, usually further north
• Adult or After-hatch-year birds (AHY, codes 1, 5, and 6)
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Some species can be aged in the autumn by feather plumage, where the duller plumages are usually the young birds
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Some species can be aged in the autumn by the shape of the tail feathers, with immature birds being more pointed (and often more worn).
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Most species can be “skulled”, where you look at the degree of ossification (hard bone) in the skull. HY birds are not fully ossified.
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Yet another method is to look at the pattern of moult. These Saw-whet Owl wings are being looked at in UV light. Older feathers do not show “pink” whereas new feathers do.
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Species Age Sex Wing (mm) Mass (g) Year Month DayJulian Date
Time Captured
AMRE 6 5 54 7.1 2007 5 28 148 150
AMRE 5 5 62 8.1 2008 5 20 141 530
AMRE 5 0 58 7.6 2009 5 23 143 530
AMRE 6 5 58 7.9 2005 5 31 151 530
AMRE 5 4 60 7.7 2010 5 21 141 540
AMRE 5 0 61 7.8 2009 5 22 142 540
AMRE 5 4 62 7.9 2010 5 23 143 540
AMRE 5 4 60 7.8 2010 5 24 144 540
AMRE 5 5 58 7.5 2010 5 24 144 540
AMRE 5 5 54 7.9 2005 5 27 147 540
AMRE 5 4 61 8.4 2008 5 6 127 600
AMRE 5 4 62 8 2008 6 6 158 600
BAOR 6 4 94 39.5 2006 5 11 131 113
BAOR 6 4 94 36.2 2006 5 11 131 113
BAOR 5 4 92 32.9 2010 5 22 142 530
BAOR 5 4 94 36.5 2007 5 22 142 540
BAOR 5 4 92 33.9 2010 6 3 154 550
BAOR 5 5 89 35 2006 5 24 144 550
BAOR 6 4 93 33.5 2006 5 28 148 550
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There are distinct periods of migration at banding stations
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Fox Sparrow
April October
Fox Sparrow (Ontario)
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The duration of migration is something that is studied
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Lesser Yellowlegs
JuneMay July August SeptemberApril
June
Lesser Yellowlegs (Ontario schedule)
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What’s the average?
1. 5,6,7,8,9
• (5+6+7+8+9)/5
• = 35/5
• = 7
2. 1,4,7,10,13
• (1+4+7+10+13)/5
• = 35/5
• = 7
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What’s the average?
1. 5,6,7,8,9
• Average = 7
2. 1,4,7,10,13
• Average = 7
• Which is a more variable dataset?
• #2
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A bell-shaped curve is known as a “Normal Distribution”.
The passage of birds through a migration station usually follows this pattern.
A narrow distribution represents a shorter duration.
The x-axis is time (date) and the y-axis it the numbers of birds
The peaks are the average on the x-axis
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A common statistic to show the level of variability is the standard deviation
• Tells you how tightly all the various numbers are clustered around the mean
• When the numbers are pretty tightly bunched together and the bell-shaped curve is steep, the standard deviation is small
• When the numbers are spread apart and the bell curve is relatively flat, there is a relatively large standard deviation
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There are a few early birds (green “tail”) and a few stragglers (red “tail”) and most birds are in between, close to the average (“mean”)
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Real data are likely to be imperfect, but still close to the Normal Distribution Model
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68% of the values are within one standard deviation of the average (mean), shown in red.
+1SD-1SD +2SD-2SD
95% of the values are within one standard deviation of the average (mean), shown in red plus Green.
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Imagine you have determined the following:
• Mean is 262
• SD is 17
• What is the range of dates during which 68% of the birds move through the banding station?
• 262 + 17 = 279
• 262 – 17 = 245
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Imagine you have determined the following:
• Mean is 262
• SD is 17
• What is the range of dates during which 68% of the birds move through the banding station?
• 262 + 17 = 279
• 262 – 17 = 245
• Therefore, 68% pass through between September 2 and October 6
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