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Assessment for Learning (AfL)
in Geography
Spring 2014
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Administrator
Angie Grogan Phone number: 01-452 8018 E-mail address:[email protected] Link to PDST site
National Co-ordinator
Caroline Mc Hale
PDST Geography
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Credits
This AfL session was designed in late 2013 and early 2014 by the PDST Geography team including: Adrian Barrett – Sligo
Aelsa Carroll – Dublin
Brendan Cremmin - Cork
Fiona Fay – Dublin
Cathal O Conchuir – Galway
Marcella Strong – Louth
Yvonne Walsh – Ennis
Team co-ordinators: Miriam Hamilton and Tony Dunne
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Workshop Learning Outcomes
• Aware of the reasoning behind AfL
• Aware of the 5 main elements of AfL
• Appreciation of the importance of questioning in AfL
• Willingness to give some aspect of AfL a try back in school
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Our Approach
• No experts just facilitators
• Worked examples
• Use some of the resources from previous in-services
• Participation
• Discussion
• Relevant to future assessment changes
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?
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Defining Assessment
“Assessment in education is about gathering, interpreting and using information about the processes and outcomes of learning”. “It takes different forms and can be used in a variety of ways...” Assessment in the Primary School Curriculum – Guidelines for Schools. NCCA 2007 p.7 http://www.juniorcycle.ie/About.aspx
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Continuum of assessment
NCCA, 2007
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Assessment for Learning (AfL)
Enables teachers and students to focus on three key questions -
1. Where are students now in their learning?
2. Where are students going in their learning?
3. How will students get to the next point in their learning?
NCCA Assessment Guidelines p9.
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Assessment for Learning: Key Elements
1. Learning Outcomes and Success Criteria 2. Effective Feedback 3. Effective Questioning 4. Self assessment - Students as owners of
their own learning 5. Peer Assessment - Students as Instructional
resources for each other
Assessment for learning strategies need to be phased into practice over time. AfL Assessment for Learning – A Practical Guide 2010 p38
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We are learning to
What I’m looking for
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‘when the cook tastes the soup, it is formative or AfL; when the guests taste the soup, it is summative AoL.’
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A questioning approach by teacher and students
Student
• Where am I at?
• Where am I going?
• How am I going to get there?
• How do I know I’ve arrived?
Teacher
• Where are they now?
• Where am I taking them?
• How are they getting there?
• How do I know they’ve arrived?
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Cartoon
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AfL in the Geography classroom
An exemplar
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Geography and AfL
• Geography is about the relationships between people and places
• The science of observation and location • Many stimuli available for investigation such as
maps, photographs, graphs, cartoons, diagrams, videos etc
• Local environment can be investigated through fieldstudies
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Afl example: sketching a photograph
• Shared learning outcome
To draw a sketch of a photograph
• What you will need to do to achieve this
Draw a frame
Insert main lines such as horizon or coast
Name and locate features on the sketch
Construct a colour key
Title the sketch
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Checking previous knowledge of location
Where’s the dot?
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Letterfrack 1987 • Where’s the boy? • Where’s the boy in the photograph? • Where’s the boy exactly in the photograph?
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Background
Middleground
Foreground
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Background
Middleground
Foreground
Left Centre Right
Left
Left
Centre
Centre
Right
Right
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Foreground
Background
Middleground
Left
Right
Right
Centre
Centre
Right
Left
Left Centre
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Letterfrack 1987
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Drawing a sketch of a photograph
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Flood plain
Bluff line
Meander
Sketch of a meander on the Dargle river
Mountains
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Headland
Bray Head
Fieldsketch Looking South from Corbawn Lane
Key
Quartzite
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What did I do really well? ______________________________________ What do I need to practice? ____________________________________
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Blind Drawing
• Pairs sitting back to back
• One of the pair faces the screen the other faces away
• Person facing the screen describes the photograph using the nine square grid
• Partner draws and can question but not look
• Insert coastline
• Insert a road, an industrial building, and a playing field
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Dingle – An Daingean Cuis 2012
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Blind Drawing Continued
• Switch places and roles and work as before on the second photograph
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Blind Drawing Continued
• Finish off your sketches
• Use rubric to assess your own sketch
• Use the rubric to assess your partners sketch
• Discuss your assessment of each others sketch
• What did do well?
• What do you need to improve?
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Teacher getting feedback 1
• Teacher observes students and listens very carefully to the pairs as they do the drawing:
Are they using the grid?
Are they using the terms correctly?
Are they able to communicate with one another?
Who is finding it difficult?
What are the difficulties?
How can I help them to overcome these difficulties?
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Teacher getting feedback 2
• Students self assess using rubric
• Students peer assess with partner using rubric
• Teacher observes and listens to the students
• All students hold up rubric for teacher to assess the class
• Teacher asks students can they sketch a photo.
• Students indicate using traffic lights, thumbs up/down, or fingers (3 = Yes, 2 = Partly, 1 = No)
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Teacher action after feedback
• Teacher work with reds while ambers discuss with greens where they went wrong
or
• Greens and ambers paired with reds to help them develop the skills
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Questioning
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“What’s in questioning you ask?
Everything. It is a way of evoking stimulating
response or stultifying inquiry.
It is, in essence, the very core of teaching”.
John Dewey.
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Purpose
High or low order
Wait time Distribution
Follow up
Quality questioning
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So questions should assess different skills and venture towards higher
order thinking?
1. Recall
2. Comprehension
3. Application
4. Analysis
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation
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Dingle – An Daingean Cuis 2012
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Question types on Dingle and Wicklow photographs
A. Name the towns. B. Are they high or low oblique photographs? C. What type of photographs are they? D. Give the location of a quay. E. Name and locate 3 functional zones in each. F. Classify them as central places. G. Compare Dingle with Wicklow. H. Where would you locate a shopping centre in---? I. ‘Of the two I’d prefer to live in Dingle.’ Discuss.
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High order or rich questions
• Usually not one word answers
• Cannot be answered immediately
• Require thought
• Often open ended
• Require learners to make links
• Often require learner to ask themselves further smaller questions
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This is an excellent example of a multicyclical landscape. Do agree or disagree with this statement. Explain your answer using evidence from the photo
Rock and folds
Peneplain Till
Soil and vegetation
Think
Pair
Share
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Processing this question in my head
• What does multicyclical mean?
• Is this an example of a multicyclical landscape?
• Is there evidence for different cylces such as rocks, tectonic, fluvial, coastal, water, nutrient etc?
• What landforms can I identify to support this
• Is this an excellent example of same?
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Other questions on the photograph
1. What is the oldest thing in the photo?
2. If we came back in 1 million years what changes might have happened?
3. What is a stone age person landing here by boat likely to have seen?
4. What processes are currently working in the landscape here?
5. Title the photo and explain your title.
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Living graphs
• Gives a human context for the information
• Helps students to relate to information
• Encourages thinking
• Placement of statements must be explained by reference to information from the graph
• Can be used with maps and photos as well
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Birth/death rates
0
20
30
40
10
Time 1750 Present
Population Cycle
Death Rate
Birth Rate
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Natural increase
Natural decrease
Total population
John the gravedigger loses his job
A mother sobs over the death of her last 6 children who died in a cholera outbreak
People are encouraged to migrate
Death Rate
Birth Rate
Total population
Population cycle
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I was called after the Pope because I was born the year he visited Ireland
My identical twin Mary and I are getting our first provisional licences today
Percentages
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Minority group
Pyramids for Irish population and for a minority group 2006
Everybody is treated equally in Ireland
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Pyramid can be split and turned on its side for ease of comparison
Min
ority gro
up
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Problems with questions
• Most are low order
• Impromptu, unplanned on the spur of the moment
• Only 20% require thinking
• Wait time too short
• Often only to certain students
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How can we improve our questioning?
o Ask ‘open’ questions – to promote thinking
o Increase ‘wait time’
o ‘No hands up’
o Allow students to confer
o Acknowledge and give feedback
o Have students formulate questions
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Planning Questions
• Questions need to be prepared
• Geography team might discuss role of questions in their subject
• Include key questions in year plans
• Include key questions in lesson plans
• Put up key questions around the class
• Awards for quality questions
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Distributing questions
• Hands down- think - wait
• Lollipops with names – random – anyone can be asked
• Give students a country name – have the country names in a box. Select a country that student answers
• Give 3 post-its to each student. They hand one up when they ask a question or a quality one
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Solving a mystery in the local environment
• At the end of a study on weathering.
• Pose the question:
Is weathering affecting our school at the moment?
• How could we get the answer to this question?
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Success criteria
• Get a map of the school from Scoilnet Maps
• Plan a route around the school
• Get a compass and be able to use it
• Walk route looking for evidence of mechanical, chemical, biological weathering
• Photograph the evidence
• Draw a large map of school and locate the photos on it
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Criteria for written report
• Aim: we set out to-----
• Plan: we planned------
• Gathering our data: we set out --- we observed, identified, photographed ------
• Our results: we found--------
• From these results we could tell---------------
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Hi,I’m Speardy the Norman
What are you looking at Celty?
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I’m going to conquer this area and set up a town so I want!
• Lowland – easy to build on
• Wood and rock for building and fuel
• Fertile land – crops – tax – wealth
• Rivers – water – power – food
• Easy to defend
• Communications – routes to other Norman settlements – for trade and security
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Shade in the land which is over 100 metres
Choos a location for Speardy and explain why it’s a good one
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Checklist for success
• Locate by grid reference
Explain choice of location
• Relief – height in metres, slope and aspect, landform
• Water source – river named
• Defence – difficult to attack – explain
• Routeways – land and sea – linking to
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Effective Feedback
“Feedback is among the most powerful moderators of learning”
Hattie, 2012
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Formative Feedback – methods where students get information about their
learning
• Comment only • Oral Feedback • Rubrics • Scaling
• Traffic Lights • Peer
Assessment • Checklists
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My lundform is a vee valey like the one in Killarey. It was made by a river depositing and cutting into the rock. The river like a saw. It throws its stones. It carries away the brooken rocks like a transporter. The weather helps by raining and onion weather. Brooken rock fall in soilsliders into the river. Vee valey
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Assessment for Learning (formative) is not an attack on assessment of learning (summative assessment). These are complementary approaches - it’s about getting the balance right. It is the teacher who decides the balance and timing of formative and summative assessments; (“Putting Assessment for Learning into Practice,” David Spendlove, 2009)
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78
Assessment OF
Learning (Summative)
Assessment FOR
Learning (Formative)
Happens after learning
takes place
An integral part of
learning process
Information is gathered
by teacher
Information is shared
with learner
Information is usually
transferred into marks
Information is available
on quality of learning
Comparison with
performance of others
Is linked to learning
outcomes and success
criteria
Looks back on past
learning
Looks forward to the next
stage of learning
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So what’s new?
• Little
• Teachers always used these techniques
• Also as parents, siblings, friends we always used these techniques
• Shift in focus from teacher teaching to student learning
• Focus is on how learning happens
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Workshop Learning Outcomes
• Aware of the reasoning behind AfL
• Aware of the 5 main elements of AfL
• Appreciation of the importance of questioning in AfL
• Willingness to give some aspect of AfL a try
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Assessment for Learning: Key Elements
1. Learning Outcomes and Success Criteria 2. Effective Feedback 3. Effective Questioning 4. Self assessment - Students as owners of
their own learning 5. Peer Assessment - Students as Instructional
resources for each other
Assessment for learning strategies need to be phased into practice over time. AfL Assessment for Learning – A Practical Guide 2010 p38
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So how did we do?