Download - Arsenic Toxicity
Sources
Moods of exposure
Toxicokinetics
Mechanisms of toxicity
Symptoms of acute and chronic toxicity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Notable cases of arsenic poisoning
References
OUTLINES
SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC ARSENIC POISONING
Affected organ Features
Skin Excessive darkening of skin
(hyperpigmentation) in areas that are not exposed to sunlight
Excessive formation of scaly skin on the palms and soles (arsenical keratosis)
Exfoliative dermatitis Arsenic-induced skin cancers (especially
Bowen disease , Squamous cell carcinoma)
Nails Transverse white bands of arsenic deposits
across the bed of the fingernails (Mee'slines)
Hair Arsenic deposits in hair
Nervous system Sensory changes, numbness and
tingling in a “stocking-glove”
distribution (sensory peripheral
neuropathy)
Headache, drowsiness, confusion
Distal weakness of small muscles
e.g. hands and feet
Blood and urine Haemolytic anaemia (moderate) Leukopaenia (low white cell count) Proteinuria (protein in urine)
Other Inflammation of respiratory mucosa
Peripheral vascular insufficiency
Increased risk of cancer of lung, liver,
bladder, kidney and colon
Features of acute arsenic poisoning
Symptoms usually start within 30 minutes to 2 hours. Acute arsenic ingestion is typically followed by a severegastroenteritis, garlic odour and hypersalivation. There is a characteristic sequence of multi-organ failure,with: neurological symptoms (within hours) and cardiacfeatures, succeeded by adult respiratory distresssyndrome and renal/liver dysfunction.Marrow suppression develops after a few days to weeks insurvivors, as does alopecia and an ascending motorneuropathy.
often present in breath and body tissues
Hypersalivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea leading to hypovolaemic shock.
Trivalent arsenic is corrosive - may cause oral burns, dysphagia and GI bleeding.
Myocardial depression.
Dehydration, hypovolaemia or shock.
ECG changes including ST segment changes, prolonged QT interval, ventricular
tachycardia, torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation.
Gangrene of extremities.
Pulmonary oedema, adult respiratory distress syndrome and acute respiratory failure.
Inhaled arsenic causes irritation, bronchospasmand pulmonary oedema
Haematuria or haemoglobinuria (from acute haemolysis), proteinuria, acute tubular
necrosis with acute renal failure.
Jaundice, hepatomegaly, pancreatitis
CNS depression, encephalopathy and coma.
Seizures.
Acute haemolysis.
Bone marrow suppression.
Basophilic stippling and rouleaux formation may be seen on a blood film
Rashes
1-Chelation 2-Nutrition 3-Removal
Chemical and synthetic methods are used to treat arsenic poisoning. Dimercaprol and dimercaptosuccinic acid are chelating agents that sequester the arsenic away from blood proteins and are used in treating acute arsenic poisoning. The most important side effect is hypertension. Dimercaprolis considerably more toxic than succimer.[citation needed]DMSA monoesters, e.g. MiADMSA, are promising antidotes for arsenic poisoning. Calcium sodium edetate is also used.
Supplemental potassium decreases the risk of experiencing a life-threatening heart rhythm problem from arsenic trioxide.
Various techniques have been evolved for arsenic removal, most frequently using absorbents such as activated carbon, aluminiumoxide, co-operative with iron oxide to form sludges, adsorption onto iron-oxide-coated polymeric materials, and electrocoagulation by nanoparticle. To remove the stress of heavy and toxic metals, an environment-friendly approach must be applied and the use of naturally occurring microbe must be emphasized. Bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae—all of them can be used for remediation processes and it is always recommended that microbe used for bioremediation must have natural decontamination process and the method should be cost-effective.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3Hvexu5SqM
STRAIN GFAJ-1 OF THE
HALOMONADACEAE,
ISOLATED FROM MONO
LAKE, CALIFORNIA,
THAT IS ABLE TO
SUBSTITUTE ARSENIC
FOR PHOSPHORUS TO SUSTAIN ITS GROWTH.
REFERENCE
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/arsenic/docs/arsenic.pdf
http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/123/2/305.full
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007)ToxGuide for Arsenic, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2009) Case Studies in Environmental Medicine; Arsenic Toxicity, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
WHO (2000) Air Quality Guidelines, 2 edn., Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Documentation of the threshold limit values and Biological Exposure Indics. 5th ed. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH, 1986.
Armstrong, C. W., Stroube, R. B., Rubio, T., and Beckett, W. S. Outbreaks of fatal arsenic poisoning caused by contaminated drinking water. Arch. Environ. Health 39, pp 274-279, 1984.
Axelson, O., Dahlgren, E., Jansson, C. D., and Rehnlund, S. O. Arsenic exposure and mortality. Acase reference study from a Swedish copper smelter. Br. J. Ind. Med. 35, pp 8-15, 1978.
Dr. D.n. Guha Mazumder, Chapter 4 : Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning By. In editor. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning, : Institute of Post Graduate Medical; 2000. p.20
Steven Marcus. Medscape. Arsenic Toxicity treatment [serial on the Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Nov 23]. Available from: Copyright © 1994-2014 by WebMD LLC, MEDLINE database Web site: http://http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812953-overview
Dr. D.n. Guha Mazumder, Chapter 4 : Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning By. In editor. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning, : Institute of Post Graduate Medical; 2000. p.20
Steven Marcus. Medscape. Arsenic Toxicity treatment [serial on the Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Nov 23]. Available from: Copyright © 1994-2014 by WebMD LLC, MEDLINE database Web site: http://http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812953-overview