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Archaebacteriaaka ‘the ancient ones’
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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What are they?
• single-celled prokaryotes that lack ribosomes
• some produce methane • some live in extreme temperatures• some live in high saline environments2
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Where do they live?
Extremely hot
locations
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Where else?
Extremely salty
locations
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How do they get rid of their wastes?
Text
Exocytosis then diffusion of wastes out of membrane
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How do they reproduce?
Binary fission
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How are they different from other bacteria?
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How are they different from other bacteria?
Environment
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
What they produce
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Fill out your chart for Archaebacteria
KINGDOM Digestion Respiration Excretion Reproduction
Examples
ArchaeAncient
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Double check your chart
KINGDOM Digestion Respiration Excretion Reproduction
Examples
ArchaeAncient
HAC
AEAN
Wastes diffuse through
cell membran
e
Asexual:Binary fission
BuddingSexual:
Conjugation
In extremely hot, salty or
oxygen-depleted
areas.
How many did you find?
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Introduction to Eubacteriaaka ‘Bacteria’
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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What are bacteria?• Single celled organisms
• Very small
• Need a microscope to see
• Can be found on most materials and surfaces– Billions on and in your body right now
E. Coli O157:H7 can make you very sick.
Streptococcus can cause strep throat.
This E. coli helps you digest food.USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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What do they look like?
• Three basic shapes– Rod shaped called bacilli
(buh-sill-eye)– Round shaped called
cocci (cox-eye)– Spiral shaped
• Some exist as single cells, others
cluster together
Bacilli
Spiral
Cocci
Cluster of cocciUSDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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Bacteria are ALIVE!
• What does it mean to be alive?
– They reproduce (make more of themselves)
– They need to eat
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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How do bacteria reproduce?
• Grow in number not in size– Humans grow in size from child to
adult
• Make copies of themselves by dividing in half– Called BINARY FISSION
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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How do bacteria eat?
• Some make their own food from sunlight—like plants
• Some are scavengers– Share the environment around them
• Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for breakfast
• Some are warriors (pathogens)– They attack other living things
• Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and acne
Photosynthetic bacteria
Harmless bacteria on the stomach lining
E. Coli O157:H7 is a pathogenUSDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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What is a pathogen?
• Bacteria that make you sick
– Why do they make you sick?
• To get food they need to survive and reproduce
– How do they make you sick?
• They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy body tissue
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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A Closer Look – Where do you get a pathogen
Indirect Contact
Direct Contact
Foods and water may be
contaminated
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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Are all bacteria pathogens?
• No, most are harmless
• Some are even helpful– Examples of helpful bacteria:
• Lactobacillus: makes cheese, yogurt, & buttermilk and produces vitamins in your intestine
• Leuconostoc: makes pickles & sauerkraut
• Pediococcus: makes pepperoni, salami, & summer sausage
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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A Closer Look – Helpful Bacteria
Pediococcus - used in production of fermented meats
Leuconostoc cremoris – used in the production of buttermilk and sour cream
Lactobacillus casei – found in human intestines and mouth to improve digestion
Lactobacillus bulgaricus – used in the production of yogurt
www.bioweb.usu.edu
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What are some common pathogens?• Pathogenic E. coli
(like O157:H7)– Found in ground beef, contaminated
fruits and vegetables
• Salmonella– Found in raw meats, poultry, eggs,
sprouts, fruit and vegetables
• Listeria– Found in deli foods, lunch meats,
smoked fish and vegetables
E. coli O157:H7
Salmonella
ListeriaUSDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©
University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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Examples of PathogensSalmonella
Staphylococcus aureus
Campylobacter jejuni
E. coli O157:H7
What shape are these bacteria?
Cocci, bacilli, or spiral?
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How can I avoid pathogens?
• Wash your hands often so you won’t transfer bacteria to your mouth or food
– Warm water with soap for 20 seconds, rub hard between fingers and nails
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• Cook food thoroughly to kill any pathogens that may be in your food
• Store food properly to limit pathogen growth
– Cold temperatures (40F)
How can I avoid pathogens?
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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Review
• Bacteria are living organisms
• Most are harmless
• A few are pathogens that make you sick
• You can reduce the risk of getting sick by washing your hands and handling food properly.
USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006
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Stained Bacteria Cells at 4x
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Stained Bacteria Cells at 10x
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Stained Bacteria Cells at 40x
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Bacteria talk?!• Listen to
Bonnie Basler as she explains how.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/bonnie-bassler.html?station=WXXI
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Check your chart!
KINGDOM Digestion Respiration Excretion Reproduction
Examples
ArchaeAncient
HAC
AEAN
Wastes diffuse through
cell membran
e
Asexual:Binary fission
BuddingSexual:
Conjugation
In extremely hot, salty or
oxygen-depleted
areas.
EubacteriaTrue
(difference in cell
membrane)
same as above
same as above
same as above
same as above
Most bacteria(ID by shape:
round, rod or spiral)
CloseDraw a Venn diagram to show the differences and
similarities between Archae and Eubacteria.
Amimals IngestionSimple animals contain one or more openings
w/out teeth, more complex exhibit teeth
AE Wastes excreted
through skin, anus, urethra,
lungs
Sexual: most species Asexual: Few
Worms Sponges Coral
InsectsWorms
FishBirds
HumansSponges
Coral