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S1985-024-1/Jun10/GEOG1 6/6/6 GEOG1
Geography GEOG1Unit 1 Physical and Human Geography
Friday 21 May 2010 9.00 am to 11.00 am
General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary ExaminationJune 2010
Time allowed� 2 hours
Instructions
� Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Use pencil only for drawing.� Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.� You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.� Answer Question 1 and one other from Section A and Question 5 and
one other from Section B.� Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.� If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the
end of this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
Information
� The marks for questions are shown in brackets.� The maximum mark for this paper is 120.� Each question is worth 30 marks.� You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.� You will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English– organise information clearly– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
Advice
� Where appropriate, sketch maps and diagrams should be used toillustrate answers and reference made to examples and case studies.
� You are advised to spend about 60 minutes on Section A and about 60 minutes on Section B.
For this paper you must have:� the Ordnance Survey map extract (enclosed).
You may use a calculator.
Centre Number Candidate Number
Surname
Other Names
Candidate Signature
For Examiner’s Use
Examiner’s Initials
Question Mark
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TOTAL
(JUN10GEOG101)
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S1985-024-1/Jun10/GEOG1(02)
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Section A
Answer Question 1 and one other question from this section.
01 RIVERS, FLOODS AND MANAGEMENT
01 (a) Study Figure 1 which is an Ordnance Survey map extract of part of the valley of theRiver Dee in Dentdale, North Yorkshire.
01 (a) (i) Describe the long profile of the River Dee from one of its sources at 775833 to thebridge in Dent at 707872.
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01 (a) (ii) Contrast the cross profile of the valley occupied by the river at 775851 (Dee SideHouse) with that at 715868.
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01 (b) Explain why a river valley changes in its cross profile downstream.
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01 (c) Compare and comment on the economic and social effects of flooding in twocontrasting areas of the world.
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02 COLD ENVIRONMENTS
02 (a) Define the term ‘periglacial’.
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02 (b) Outline the process of frost shattering.
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02 (c) Explain the annual changes in the active layer above the permafrost.
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02 (d) Study Figure 2 which is a photograph of patterned ground.
Figure 2
02 (d) Describe the patterned ground shown in Figure 2 and explain its formation.
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02 (e) Discuss how a balance may be found between protection and development inAntarctica.
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03 COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS
03 (a) Study Figure 3 which is a photograph of constructive waves.
Figure 3
03 (a) (i) Describe the characteristics of the waves shown in Figure 3.
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03 (a) (ii) Outline the effects of constructive waves such as those shown in Figure 3.
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03 (b) Explain the role of sub-aerial weathering in coastal environments.
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03 (c) Explain the formation of headlands and bays.
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03 (d) Discuss issues relating to a coastal area where soft engineering managementstrategies have been adopted.
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04 HOT DESERT ENVIRONMENTS AND THEIR MARGINS
04 (a) Distinguish between arid and semi-arid areas.
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04 (b) (i) Study Figure 4 which shows vegetation in Death Valley, California, an arid area.
Figure 4
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04 (b) (i) Describe the characteristics of the vegetation shown in Figure 4.
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04 (b) (ii) Explain how vegetation of arid areas is adapted to the climate.
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04 (c) Describe and explain the different sources of water in hot desert environments.
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04 (d) Assess the sustainability of different strategies used to manage land use, includingagriculture in contrasting arid areas of the world.
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End of Section A
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Section B
Answer Question 5 and one other question from this section.
05 POPULATION CHANGE
05 (a) Study Figure 5 which shows a partly completed diagram of the demographic transitionmodel.
Figure 5
05 (a) Complete Figure 5 by adding appropriate labels to the diagram.(4 marks)
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05 (b) Study Figure 6 which shows birth rates, death rates and total population for Malaysiafrom 1960 to 2007.
Figure 6
05 (b) To what extent does Malaysia fit the demographic transition model for the time periodshown in Figure 6?
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Date Birth rate(per 1000 per year)
Death rate(per 1000 per year)
Total population(millions)
1960 47 20 81970 44 16 101980 44 13 141990 37 11 182000 27 5 232007 22 5 25
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05 (c) Describe how the population structure of a country in stage 2 of the demographictransition model is different from that of a country in stage 4.
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05 (d) Comment on the impact of different population structures on the balance betweenpopulation and resources.
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06 FOOD SUPPLY ISSUES
06 (a) What is meant by ‘the geopolitics of food’?
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06 (b) Outline the characteristics of an extensive livestock farming system.
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06 (c) Study Figure 7 which is an extract from a geographical publication about coffeeproduction.
Figure 7
06 (c) Using Figure 7 and your own knowledge, explain the problems for growers ofswitching to cash crop production.
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Black gold?
Coffee is the planet’s number one cash crop. Many people workat subsistence level in poorer countries – growing enough cropsto feed their families and, perhaps, selling a little surplus atmarket to make some money and send their children to school.The rest are part of the global economy, producing cash cropsfor export and at the mercy of world market forces – having tosell their crops at prices that are largely determined by the richercountries.
Problems for the growers
In Ethiopia’s Kafa province, Mohammed Ali Indris has seen hiscombined income from coffee and corn drop from US$320 ayear to around US$60 for the coffee he sells. He can no longersell his corn, as it has to be eaten by his extended family of 12:
“Five to seven years ago, I was producing seven sacks ofunprocessed coffee and this was enough to buy clothes,medicines, services and solve so many problems. Now if I sellfour times as much, it is impossible to cover all my expenses.”
Around the world, such problems are increasing in countrieswhere farmers have planted coffee at the expense of theirtraditional subsistence crops. At the same time as their coffeehas become almost worthless, demand for food has increasedthe price of imported staples.
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06 (d) Discuss two contrasting approaches to managing food supply and demand.
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07 ENERGY ISSUES
07 (a) (i) Distinguish between primary and secondary energy.
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07 (a) (ii) Study Figure 8 which shows the energy mix for electricity production in the UnitedKingdom from 1990 to 2004.
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1990 1992 1994 1996Year
1998 2000 2002 2004
Amount ofelectricitygenerated
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CoalKey: Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other
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07 (a) (ii) Describe and suggest reasons for the changes shown in Figure 8.
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07 (b) For one non-renewable source of energy, summarise features of world trade in thecommodity.
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07 (c) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of two contrasting approaches to managingenergy.
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08 HEALTH ISSUES
08 (a) Distinguish between morbidity and mortality.
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08 (b) For one ‘disease of affluence’, summarise features of its global distribution.
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08 (c) Study Figure 9 which is an extract from the website of a transnational corporation thatmakes tobacco products.
Figure 9
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GLOBAL TOBACCO MARKET
Today
The tobacco industry produces more than 5400 billion cigarettes ayear globally.
The biggest market is China where some 350 million smokersconsume around 2200 billion cigarettes a year, 40 per cent of theglobal total. The industry in China is state-owned.
Outside China, international tobacco companies account for around 52 per cent of global sales.
The future
Regulation of the industry continues to increase by including graphichealth warnings on packs, severe restrictions on advertising andtougher restrictions on smoking in enclosed public places.
Generally speaking, we think smokers will consume fewer cigaretteseach and smaller percentages of populations will smoke. However, thenumber of adults in the world over the age of 20 is forecast to grow by11 per cent by 2015. As a result, we expect global annual sales willbe broadly unchanged in a decade’s time.
Profits and living standards
The tobacco industry contributes to the economies of over 100countries and provides employment for more than 100 million peopleand major revenues for governments. Our own business enablesgovernments worldwide to gather over £16 billion a year in taxes, whileour companies and associate companies employ over 97 000 people.
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08 (c) Using Figure 9 and your own knowledge, comment on the role which transnationaltobacco corporations play in influencing world health.
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08 (d) With reference to a local case study, assess the relative importance of age, genderand wealth for the provision of health care.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-HOLDERS AND PUBLISHERS
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have beenunsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified.
Question 2 Figure 2: Source: Kai Marholdt/Alfred-Wegener-Institut, GermanyQuestion 4 Figure 4: www.hickerphoto.comQuestion 5 Figure 6: A BARKER, D REDFERN, M SKINNER, AQA AS Geography, Philip Allan Updates, 2008. Reproduced by
permission of the publisherQuestion 6 Figure 7: Reproduced with the permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd from Geofile Series 26 – Issue 2 – John Rutter,
isbn: 978 0 7487 8136 2Question 7 Figure 8: United Kingdom – Energy Mix Fact Sheet. © European Communities, 1995-2009Question 8 Figure 9: British American Tobacco plc
Copyright © 2010 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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