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Volume LXVIII Number 4
April/May/June 2013
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The TACT Quarterly eBulletinApril/May/June 2013 - Volume LXVIII Number 4
In this quarters TACT newsletter...
Presidents Letterby Peter Hugill
Incoming Presidents Messageby Cindy Simpson
Executive Directors Reportby Chuck Hempstead
TACT Summer Meeting
Shooting Wars and Cultural Wars: The Battle of San Jacinto
Una Voc; One Voice
Membership
Page 3
Page 5
Page 6
Page 8
Page 9
Page 14
Page 18
TACT Board of Directors
2013-2014
President
Cindy Simpson
Houston Baptist University
Past President
Peter Hugill
Texas A&M University
VP of Financial Affairs
Matthew Capps
Midwestern State University
VP of Membership
Stacey Bumstead
Lamar University
VP of Legislative Affairs
Mary Jo Garcia Biggs
Texas State University
Directors At Large
Gary Coulton
University of Texas -
San Antonio
Elizabeth Lewandowski
Midwestern State University
Debra Price
Sam Houston State Universit
W. Allen Martin
University of Texas at Tyler
Donna Cox
Sam Houston State Universit
Executive Director
Chuck Hempstead
(512) 873-7404
Texas Association of College Teachers
5750 Balcones Dr., Suite 201 Austin, Texas 78731
[p] (512) 419-9275
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No part of this publication may be produced in any form without permission; Chuck Hempstead, Editor.
TACT
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The PresidentsColumn
Incoming PresidentsMessage
The ExecutiveDirectors Report
TACT Summer Meeting
Shooting Wars andCulture Wars
Una Voz, One Voice
GRF Contributors
Membership
CONTENTS
3
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
Presidents Letterby Peter HugillTACT President
TACT Presidents Column, June 1, 2013
FellowTACTmembers,thisismylastcolumnasPresident.Iwouldliketothank
youallforyourcontinuedsupport,nancialandotherwise,aswellasencourageyou
bothtocontinuethatsupportanddoyourbesttopersuadeyourcolleaguestojoinusUntilIbegantovisitAustinregularlytolobbyourelectedrepresentativesasyour
PresidentIdidntreallyrealizejusthowcrucialthatlobbyingis.
Althoughitshardtotellpreciselywhatwehavebeenabletoaccomplishoverthe
pastseveralyearsIbelievewehavedonealot,mostspecicallyin,thusfaratleast,
preventingthepassageofgunsoncampusandinstallingsomewhattheagenda
oftheTexasPublicPolicyFoundation(TPPF).Theseissuesarebynomeansin-
terlinked,butbothareimportanttofacultyandhavethereforebeenthehigheston
ouragendaatTACTalongsidetheusualbreadandbutterissuesofTexasGrants,
retirementcontributionsandthelike.
AlthoughIdontwishtoreducewhatwedoatTACTtoanythinglikeasingleissue,
thereisnoquestionthatthegunsoncampusissuehas,aboveallelse,beenTHE
issuethatmostconcernsfacultyintheStateofTexas.Atmyownuniversity,Texas
A&M,overeightypercentoftheentirefaculty,whenpolledbytheFacultySenate,
expressedoppositiontogunsoncampus,withmorethantenpercenthavingnoopin-
ionandlessthantenpercentsupportive.Giventherelativelyconservativenatureof
mycolleaguesIsuspectthat,onothercampuses,oppositionwouldlikelybehigher.
AndwhenItalktomyconservativecolleaguesmanywilltellmethatwhilethey
themselveshaveconcealedcarrypermitstheyregardthislegislationasillconceived
and,infact,dangeroustofacultyandstudents.TACThasdoneitsbesttocarrysuch
amessagetoourrepresentativesinAustin.
TheproblemsposedbytheTPPFareadifferentmatter,andprobablymuchmore
seriousinthelongrun,howeveremotivethegunsoncampusissuemaybefor
faculty.AsImsuremanyofyouareawaretheproblemwehaveinTexasisthat
ourpoliticsarebeingdominatedbyagroupofpoliticiansthatseemhavegonefar
beyondanyreasonabledenitionofconservative.Thisgroupispushingaradical
agendaviasuchorganizationsastheTexasPublicPolicyFoundationandtheirinu-
enceonGovernorPerry.Theyareradicalinsuchareasasbelievingthattheonlyrea
measureoffacultyworkshouldbehowmanystudentsweteachandhowpositively
thosestudentsevaluateusonthesimplestofevaluationinstruments.This
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TACT Summer Meeting
Shooting Wars andCulture Wars
Una Voz, One Voice
GRF Contributors
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CONTENTS
4
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
groupviewseducationinalmostpurelyinstrumental,job-trainingterms.Itbelieves
forexample,thattheFederalGovernmentshouldhavenoroleinresearchandthat
theonlyresearchweshoulddooughttobesponsoredbyprivateinterests.They
havealsoconsistentlyarguedagainstteachingthehumanities.Throughtheirinu-
enceonPerrytheTPPFhasbeenabletogetseveraloftheirmembersandfollowers
appointedtotheBoardsoftheStatesuniversities,withtheirprimetargetsTAMU
and,currently,theUniversityofTexas.AtTAMUthereplacementofChancellor
McKinney,whowasveryclearlytheircreature,withChancellorSharp,whoisnot,
hassomewhatamelioratedtheproblem.FormerChancellorMcKinneyenjoysthe
dubiousdistinctionofbeingtheonlyTAMUadministratorevertobecensuredbytheFacultySenateandbyanoverwhelmingmajorityoftheentireTAMUfacultyfo
histoeingtheTPPFline.Evenso,theTPPFhasnotgoneaway,andiftheyaresuc-
cessfulatUTandTAMUyoucanbesurethattheiragendawillwidentoencompass
theentirestate.Currently,muchofthetensionthatUTisexperiencing,especially
theattacksonPresidentPowers,iscomingfromthisradicalgroup.
Itseemsclearthat,withinAustin,thereisconsiderabletensionbetweentheradical
wingofpoliticiansbeinginuencedbytheTPPFandamoreresponsiblegroupthat
iswellawarethatthecontinuingsuccessofacomplexhighereducationiscentralto
thecontinuingdevelopmentandsuccessoftheStateseconomy.TACTiscommitted
todoingitsbesttoinuencethelattertocontinuetoresistthedestructiveimpulsesoftheradicalelement.
Theissueofgunsoncampusislesseasilyisolated.MostRepublicansandsome
Democratsareconvinced,orhaveallowedthemselvestobepersuaded,thathaving
armedstudentsoncampuswouldbeagoodidea.Wehavedoneourbesttopersuade
themthatthedatadonotinanywaysupporttheirbeliefthatcampusesaredan-
gerousplacestheyareinfactthesafestlargecommunitiesinAmericafromgun
violence.Butmostcontinuetorespondnottoreasonbuttoemotionandideology.
OurfriendsandcolleaguesfromtheTexasConferenceoftheAmericanAssociation
ofUniversityProfessorshave,however,beenabletoinsertoppositiontogunson
campusintotheDemocraticPartyplatformandwehaveseensubstantialsupportinthejustnishedsessionfromSenatorssuchasKirkWatson.Thisissuewillalmost
certainlycomebackintheforthcomingspecialsessionLieutenantGovernorDe-
whursthassaidasmuch.Inaspecialsessiongunsoncampuscouldeasilypass,
andIcanonlyencourageallTACTmemberstopersonallycontacttheirrepresenta-
tivestoexpresstheiropinion.
Onceagain,thankyoufortheopportunitytoserveyou.IleaveTACTincapable
hands.
Presidents Letter (cont.)
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Incoming PresidentsMessage
The ExecutiveDirectors Report
TACT Summer Meeting
Shooting Wars andCulture Wars
Una Voz, One Voice
GRF Contributors
Membership
CONTENTS
5
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
Incoming Presidents Message
DearFellowTACTMembers,
Asweenteroursummerbreak,Iwanttotaketheopportunitytoreectuponthe
past,contemplatethepresentandplanforthefuturebut,notnecessarilyinthat
order.First,Iwouldliketointroducemyself.IcurrentlyserveastheDeanofthe
SchoolofEducationandBehaviorSciencesatHoustonBaptistUniversity.IamexcitedattheprospectofservingasPresidentoftheTexasAssociationofCollege
Teachers.Iamalongservingmemberoftheorganizationandhopetocontinuethe
legacyestablishedbymypredecessor.
Thepastlegislativesessionhasbeenveryactiveforhighereducation.Itappearstha
effortstowardsstoppingthelegislationthatwouldallowforgunsoncampushave
beensuccessful,atleastforthetimebeing.Twobillswereled,butthemovement
ofthelegislationseemstohavestoppedattheregularsession.However,theywill
likelyre-emergeinthespecialsession.FundingfortheHazelwoodActseemstobe
movingthroughthelegislature.AsofMay10th,thebillmovedfromtheHouseto
theSenateandcurrentlyresidesintheSenateHigherEducationCommittee.Itisstillunclearastowhatextentinstitutionsofhighereducationmaybereimbursed,
butanythinghastobebetterthatwhatwaspreviouslyprovided.Iwanttoapplaud
theeffortsofChuck,andourownTACTmembers,includingseveralotherBoard
members,intheircontinuallobbyingofthelegislature.
Lookingforward,weareplanningforagreatfallconferenceOctober26-27th.
Lastly,IwanttothankPeterforhisleadershipthispastyearandextendawarm
welcometoournewestTACTboardmembers.
CindySimpson
by Cindy Simpson
TACT President
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The ExecutiveDirectors Report
TACT Summer Meeting
Shooting Wars andCulture Wars
Una Voz, One Voice
GRF Contributors
Membership
CONTENTS
6
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
Executive Directors Report
by Chuck HempsteadTACT Executive Director
Legislature gone and back
Whentherstspecialsessionwasconvenedanhourafteradjournmentofthe83rd
Regular,thebestquipwas,Damn,thatwasjustaone-drinkInterim.
Withthatinmind,thefollowingobservationsareintendedtoberstreactionsrather
thanacontemplatedanalysis.Inotherwords,everythingissubjecttochange.
Guns on CampusLikethepastseveralsessions,legislationallowingholdersof
concealedhandgun permits tobringweapons into classroomsseemedlikea slam
dunk. Second Amendment groups, limited government intrusion groups, state
ofcialsandlegislativeleadersexpressedsupport.Moreimportantly,billauthors
linedupamajorityofco-sponsors.TACTagainregularlyexpressedopposition,and
theymagicallygotcaughtupintheend-of-sessionbillmassacre.Aspromisedbythe
supporters,theissueisbackinthespecialsessionasSB9byBirdwell,andHB19by
Fletcher,iftheGovernoropenshiscalltoincludeit.TEXAS Grant -TACThasalwaysbeenavocaladvocateforTEXASGrant,the
states primary scholarshipprogram. Theprogram took a big hit last session as
appropriationswereslashed,butenjoyeda25percentincreasethistime.Everyone
stilladmitsthatitsnotenoughforthenumberofqualied,nanciallyneedystudents,
butitreversedthenegativetrend.
Teacher Retirement SystemSomeTACTmembersarevigilantthatTRSnotmorph
intoadenedcontributionplan,astheprivatesectorhaslargelydone,andthatagain
didnotgaintraction.SB1458,byDuncan,assurescontinuedactuarialsoundness
ofthedenedcontributionplanandpermittingacostoflivingincreaseforretirees
byannuallyratchetingup thepercentageofsalarycontributionbyactivemembers(6.4%risesto7.7%inFY2017).Italsoincreasesthecontributionsbyemployersand
increasestheageoffullretirementbenetsforthosenotyet50yearsold.
Higher Ed Funding/Faculty SalariesAsTACTreiterates,becauseoftheblock
granttypefundingofuniversities,thereislittletodoatthelegislativelevelbut
askforhigherstateappropriations,whichwasaccomplishedthistimetothetuneof
4.4percent,ortwo-thirdsofabilliondollars.Wepointedout thatfollowingcuts
twoyearsago,Texasfacultylostgroundtotheaverageoftheothertoptenmost
populousstates. Itisnowuptothefacultyatthecampuslevel tobe involvedwith
theirbudgetingprocesstoassurethatsomeofthisnewmoneygoestosalaries.
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TACT Summer Meeting
Shooting Wars andCulture Wars
Una Voz, One Voice
GRF Contributors
Membership
CONTENTS
7
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
theirbudgetingprocesstoassurethatsomeofthisnewmoneygoestosalaries.
Outcomes Based Funding-TACThasexpresseditsconcerntotheCommissioner
andLegislatureabouttheequitableimplementationoffundinguniversitiesafter
theyperformagainstquantiabletargetmeasures.Surprisingly,itdidnotpassmus-
terbutmayberevisitedduringthespecial.
Hazelwood Act - Providingfreehighereducationtoveteransandtheirbeneciaries
hadgrowntoasignicantunfundedmandate.Additionally,thecastwasnotevenly
distributedamonginstitutions.TheAppropriationsActaddedmoneytoreducethat
expense.
TACTwillremaininvolvedduringthisandanyfuturespecialsessionstoadvocate
forthebettermentofyourworkingconditions,andweappreciateyoucontinuing
yourcommunicationswithyourlocallegislatorstokeephighereducationonthetop
oftheirmindscomparedtothemanyotherdemandsforstateresources.
Executive Directors Report (cont.)
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TACT Summer Meeting
Shooting Wars andCulture Wars
Una Voz, One Voice
GRF Contributors
Membership
CONTENTS
8
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
TACT Annual Summer Meeting
Austin, TX June 2013
TACTBoardMembersinattendencewere,(fromlefttoright):GaryCoulton,
DebraPrice,ChadRose,MaryJoGarciaBiggs,CindySimpson,PeterHugill,
andStaceyBumstead.
PassingofTheGavelfromPasttoIncomingPresidentsPeterHugilland
CindySimpson.
Peterreceivesanewautomobilefrom
TACTinappreciationofallthemiles
putonhisoldoneinserviceoftheas-
sociation.ThankyouPeter!
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Una Voz, One Voice
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Membership
CONTENTS
9
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
Shooting Wars and Culture Wars:
The Battle of San Jacinto and the New historyby Greg CantrellErma and Ralph Lowe Chair in Texas History, TCU
On the occasion of celebrating San Jacinto Day April 21, 2013
InJanuary2013,astudybyagroupcalledtheNationalAssociationofScholars
stirredquiteacontroversyamongthoseofuswhoteachhistoryinthestateofTexas
ThestudyanalyzedthecontentoffreshmanandsophomorehistorycoursesatTexas
A&MandtheUniversityofTexasandconcluded[andImquoting]:
thatalltoooftenthecoursereadingsgavestrongemphasistorace,class,or
gendersocial(RCG)history,anemphasissostrongthatitdiminishedtheattentiongiventoothersubjectsinAmericanhistory(suchasmilitary,diplomatic,religious,
intellectualhistory).Theresultisthattheseinstitutionsfrequentlyofferedstudentsa
less-than-comprehensivepictureofU.S.history.(Recasting History,p.5)
Now,Imnotheretodaytopraiseorcriticizethisreport,todebateitsaccuracy,or
assessitsmethodology.ButitmademethinkaboutthesubjectthatIwouldliketo
discusstoday,andthatsubjectistherelationshipofhistorianstothegeneralpub-
lic,andtherelationshipoftheacademicstudyofhistorytothepopularmemoryof
eventsliketheBattleofSanJacinto.
Whateveryoumaythinkofit,theNationalAssociationofScholarsreportwas
certainlyrightinidentifyingrace,class,andgenderasthreeareasofstudythatarepopularamongacademichistorianstoday.Therootsofthistrendcanbetracedback
tothe1960s,whentheCivilRightsMovement,thewomensmovement,andtherise
ofthecountercultureledhistorianstobegindoingwhatwasthencalledthenew
socialhistory,thatis,thestudyofcommonpeopleandofhistoricallyneglected
groupslikewomen,AfricanAmericans,andotherminorities.Bytheendofthe
twentiethcentury,thenewsocialhistoryhadgonemainstream,andthoseuniver-
sityhistorianswhoresearchedandwrotetraditionalhistoriesofbattlesandmilitary
commanderswereoftenconsideredbytheircolleaguesstodgyandbehind-the-times.
ItsnosurprisethatworksoftraditionalhistorythatappearontheNewYorkTimes
bestsellerlistareoftenwrittenbynon-academicwriters.AskmostAmericanstonameahistoriantoday,andyourelikelytogetnameslikeJohnMeacham,Doris
KearnsGoodwin,DavidMcCulloch,andevenBillOReilly,butonlyoccasionally
thenameofsomeonewithaPhDandauniversityfacultyappointment.
Aneventlikethisafternoonsbringstogetherthesetwodifferentworldsofhistory-
-theacademicandthepopular.Mostofusaregatheredheretodayfortworeasons:
Certainly,welovehistory.Buttruthbetold,wecouldprobablylearnmorehis-
toryspendingseveralhourswiththelatestscholarlybookontheTexasrevolution
thanbydrivingouthere,parkingourcars,waitingaroundfortheprogramtobegin,
listeningtotheceremonies,andthenndingourwaybackhomewhenitsallover.
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The ExecutiveDirectors Report
TACT Summer Meeting
Shooting Wars andCulture Wars
Una Voz, One Voice
GRF Contributors
Membership
CONTENTS
10
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
No,wecameherebecausewehaveanemotionalattachmenttothegloryandro-
manceoftheTexasRevolution,weadmiretheheroismofthemenwhofoughthere,
someofuswishtohonorancestors,andinsomewaywewanttoreliveitallby
beinghereandimaginingwhatitwaslikeat3:30p.m.onthatwarmAprildaywhen
SamHoustongavetheordertoadvance.
Thereisnothingwrongwithcommemoration.Weneedheroes.Thememoryof
eventsliketheBattleofJacintoisapartoftheimportantgluethatcreatesourcom-
monidentityasTexansandbindsustooneanother.Solemnceremonieslikethis
onetodayarettingandproper.Butcommemorationisnotthebusinessofhisto-
rians.Ourroleismoremundane.Itistondoutwhatreallyhappened,andmoreimportantly,toanalyzeit,toexplainwhyithappenedandwhatitsmeaningand
importanceare.
Inmylineofwork,Ihearthewordrevisionistalot,andusuallyitsnotemployed
kindly.Youreengaginginrevisionisthistoryisachargehurledbypoliticians
atoneanother,whenoneguythinkstheotherguyhasmadeupnewfactstosup-
porthiscase.Whenleveledatahistorian,thechargeofrevisionismusuallyis
intendedtosuggestthatthehistorianhasmaliciouslytriedtosullythereputationof
aveneratedherobyexposinghisawsorerrors.Buthistoriansunderstandtheterm
differentlythandomostofthepublic,usingitsimplytoindicatethatsomeonehas
uncoverednewfacts,orinterpretedtheknownfactsinanewway.Totheprofes-sionalhistorian,allhistoryisrevisionist,orelsetheredbenopointinwritingit.
WhichleadsmebacktotheBattleofSanJacinto.Afternearlytwocenturiesof
study,weknowalotaboutwhathappenedhereonApril21,1836.Istheremore
wecanlearnabouttheeventsthemselves--about,say,exactlywhereHoustons
rsthorsewasshotfrombeneathhim,orwhytheMexicansfailedtopostpickets
thatwouldvealertedthemtotheTexanadvance?Sure.Newrecordsoccasionally
cometolight,orsmartpeopleputtogethertheknownonesinwaysthatanswerold
questions.Butwhathistoriansmainlyhavetoofferafter177yearsarenewques-
tions,newwaysoflookingatthings.AndhereiswhereIwouldarguethatthenew
approachesdevelopedbyhistoriansinthepast25or30yearsapproachesthatincludethatunholytrioofrace,class,andgendercanactuallynotonlytellus
agreatdealaboutthebattleanditssignicancebuthelpkeepwhathappenedhere
relevanttotodaysgenerationofTexansandtogenerationstocome.Illofferjusta
fewexamples.
HistoriesoftheTexasRevolutionwrittenagenerationormoreagofocusedalmost
entirelyontheAnglomaleswhofoughtontheTexanside--andmostlyontheof-
cers.Butrelativelyrecentadvancementsinourunderstandingofraceinthenine-
teenthcenturyarenowsheddingallsortsofnewlightoneventslikeSanJacinto.
TowhatextentdidtheleadersoftheTexancauseseetheRevolutionasaconict
Shooting Wars (cont.)
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Shooting Wars andCulture Wars
Una Voz, One Voice
GRF Contributors
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CONTENTS
11
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
betweenwhiteandnonwhiteraces?WhatunderstandingsaboutraceledSamHous-
tontorstorderJuanSeguinandhisTejanocavalrymentostaybehindandguard
thecamp,onlytorelentinthefaceofSeguinsmilitantinsistencethathismenbe
allowedtoght?WhatcalculationshadSeguinandotherTejanosmadewhenthey
casttheirlotwiththerevolutionarymovement,andhowwerethosecalculations
shapedbytheirownunderstandingofrace?Recentscholarshiphasdemonstrated
thatrace(touseacademicjargon)issociallyconstructed,thatis,thatithasmeant
verydifferentthingstodifferentpeopleatdifferenttimes,andthatpeoplehave
oftenusedandmoldedtheconceptofracetofurthertheirowninterests.Weknow,
forexample,fromtheworkofProfessorFrankdelaTejaofTexasStateUniversity
thatsomeoftheTejanosintheTexasarmyhadgrandparentsorgreat-grandparents
whowereclassiedasIndians,mulattoes,ormestizosundertheSpanishcolonial
regime,butastheirfamiliesroseinprominencethegovernmentreclassiedthem
aswhite,eventhoughtheirskintonehadntchanged.Howmightsuchanexperi-
encehaveshapedTejanosattitudestowardtheRevolutionandthesocietytheyex-
pectedittoproduce?Didmalleablenotionsofraceleadthemtoanoptimisticbelief
that,overtime,theymightbeaccordedfullequalityunderanindependentTexas?
Thesocialhistoriansinterestinclasslikewisepromisestogiveusnewinsights
intowhathappenedherein1836.StartingwiththepioneeringworkofProfessor
PaulLackofMcMurryUniversitytwenty-veyearsagoandcontinuingtoday,his-
torianshavebeguntodissectthepersonneloftheTexanarmyandlearnmoreabout
them--andIdontjustmeantheofcers.GenerationsofTexanschoolchildrenwere
taughtthattheTexanswereghtingforfreedomfromMexicantyrannyandsurely
theywerebuthowmanyofthosesoldierswerealsopoormenwhosechancesfor
nancialindependencebackintheUnitedStateslookeddimcomparedtotheop-
portunitiesinanindependentRepublicofTexas?Indeed,howmanyofthemwere
recentarrivals,includingsomeindeterminatenumberofthemwhohadbeenactive-
dutyU.S.Armysoldiersonlyafewweeksearlierandwerestillwearingpartsof
theirAmericanarmyuniforms?
Itturnsoutashistorianshaveincreasinglyrealizedthatclassandraceactu-
allyintersectedincomplicatedbutimportantwaysinthenineteenthcentury,andthatrealizationpromisestoexplainmuchaboutthemotivationsofSamHoustons
soldiers.Notionsofwhatitmeanttobewhiteanidentityreinforcedbythe
existenceoftheinstitutionofslaveryshapedtheeverydayactionsofmeninways
thatweareonlybeginningtounderstand.MostofHoustonsmenwerenotslave-
holders,butmostdidcomefromtheSouth;howmanyofthemaspiredtothesta-
tioninlifetotherespectandhonorthattheownershipofslavesandaplantation
couldconfer,andthatcouldonlybehadinastatewhereracialslaverywaslegal?
ScholarssuchasProfessorAndrewTorgetofUNThaveaskedotherquestions
recently:Whatroledidtheboominginternationalcottoneconomyandthefortunes
Shooting Wars (cont.)
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GRF Contributors
Membership
CONTENTS
12
The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
tobemadefromcottonandslaveryplayinbringingabouttheRevolutionintherstplace?HowimportantwerefearsofaslaveuprisingfearsstokedbyMexicos
antislaverypoliciesandSantaAnnasstatedintentiontoliberateTexasslavesin
bringingontheRevolutionandmotivatingthemenatSanJacinto?Theseareques-
tionsrarelyaskedagenerationago,andwhentheywereasked,theywereusually
dismissedasextraneoustothecentralquestionsoffreedomandtyranny.
Andevengender,seeminglytheleastrelevantofmodern-dayhistorianspreoccu-
pationswhenitcomestostudyingbattles,promisestoenhancethewayweunder-
standthe1836battle.JeffDunnsrecentpublishedessayonthewomenofSan
JacintofocusedattentionontheAnglowomenoftheneighborhood,onthesoldad-
eraswhowerewiththeMexicanArmyofOperations,andonacertainmulattogirl
namedEmilyWest,whomayormaynothavebeenentertainingelPresidentein
histentthatfatefulafternoon,butwhosurelyexistedandwaspresentatthebattle-
ground.Butperhapsevenmoresignicant,inlightofcurrenthistoriographical
trends,istheuseofgenderasacategoryofanalysistobetterunderstandthemindset
ofthebattlesparticipants.ProfessorJimmyBryanofLamarUniversity,forex-
ample,hasexaminedhowAnglo-Americannotionsofwhatconstitutedmanliness
ledyoungmentosignonformilitaryadventuresinplaceslikeTexas.SamHous-
tonssoldiersmayhavebeenghtingtofreeTexasfromtyranny,butsomeofthem,
atleast,werealsoghtingtoprovetheirmanhood.WhatmotivatedSantaAnnas
soldiersislesscertain,buttheinnovativecurrentworkofProfessorWillFowlerof
theUniversityofSt.AndrewsinScotlandsuggeststhatthetraumaofSanJacintoanditsaftermathplayedakeyroleincreatingasenseofMexicannationalidentity
forthersttime,andthereforethatthesignicanceofSanJacintoforthecourseof
Mexicanhistorygoesfarbeyondjustthelossofterritory.
Ifrace,class,andgender,then,areinformingrecentscholarshiponSanJacinto
inallsortsofproductiveways,soareotherongoingscholarlytrends.Illbriey
mentiontwoofthem.Oneisthegrowingscholarlyliteratureonwhatisoftencalled
collectivememory,thatis,thestudynotofwhatactuallyhappenedinthepastbut
ratherwhatasocietycollectivelybelieveshappenedandhowthosebeliefsthem-
selvesaffectedpeoplesactionsandattitudes.Anexampleofthisisthecurrent
researchofProfessorSamHaynesofUT-Arlington,whoisstudyinghowAmericansinthe1830scollectivelyrememberedtheAmericanRevolution,andhowthose
memorieshelpedtoshapeTexansresponsestoeventsinTexas.Sowelearn,for
instance,thatWilliamWirtsbest-sellingbiographyofPatrickHenry,published
in1817,almostcertainlyprovidedtheinspirationforWilliamBarretTravissfa-
mousVictoryorDeathletterfromtheAlamo,andthatHoustonsmenclearlyfelt
themselveslaboringunderaheavyburdentoprovethemselvesworthyheirstotheir
parents,whohaddefeatedtheBritishintheAmericanRevolution.(Howdoyou
liveuptotheachievementsofthegreatestgeneration?)
Shooting Wars (cont.)
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The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
Analtrendintodayshistoricalprofessionthatpromisesnewwaysofunderstand-ingSanJacintoisthenewbodyofscholarshiponcitizenship.Agrowingnumber
ofhistorianshavefocusedonthechangingmeaningofwhatitmeanttobeaciti-
zeninthenineteenthcentury,andatleastoneofthese,ProfessorEricSchlerethof
UT-Dallas,hasappliedthisanalysistotheTexasRevolution.Heasks,whatconsti-
tutedallegianceandpatriotisminthemindsofAmericansandMexicansinthe
1830s?Wasallegiance,andthereforecitizenship,principallyalegaldoctrineand
thusvoluntarilytransferable,orwasitsomethingmystical,amatterofbloodand
heritage?WhatdiditmeanwhenAmericansinthe1820svoluntarilytransferred
theirallegiancefromtheUnitedStatestoMexico,onlytoturnaroundinthe1830s
andwithdrawitfromMexicoandtransferittotheRepublicofTexas?Theseare
importantandfascinatingquestions(andtimelyonesatatimewhenthewordspathtocitizenshipareheardonadailybasis),andscholarsarehardatworkstudying
them.
So,aswearegatheredheretodaytorememberwhathappenedhere177yearsago
andtopaytributetothebravemenwhostruggledhere,letusalsorememberthat
thereisstillmuchthatwehaveyettolearnabouttheBattleofSanJacinto,and
muchthattheBattleofSanJacintocanstillteachusaboutourselves.Thestudyof
race,class,gender,collectivememory,andcitizenshipmayallbeacademictrends
thatseem,atrstglance,designedtomakeusignoreeventslikebattles,butinfact,
Iwouldarguethattheyholdthepromiseofgivingusamuchricherunderstanding
ofsuchevents.Indeed,aswespeak,someofournestprofessionalhistoriansareapplyingthesenewapproachestotheTexasRevolutionitself.Ourunderstanding
ofthisbattle,likeourunderstandingofallhistoricalevents,isconstantlyevolv-
ing.Butthisshouldnotbeacauseforconcern,acauseforhystericaldemandsfor
morestandardizedtestingorfortherevisionofcollegecurricula.Asweallarewell
aware,theTexasoftoday,likeitornot,isaverydifferentplacethantheTexasIwas
bornintointhe1950s.Inthe1950sitmayhavemadesenseforourunderstanding
ofSanJacintotobefocusedalmostentirelyontheheroicexploitsofAnglomales
likeSamHouston,ThomasRusk,andDeafSmith.Butin2013,about22percent
ofTexansarewhitemaleslikeme.Questionsofrace,gender,andcitizenshipare
centralconcernsofallofus.Forwhathappenedherein1836toremainrelevantto
todaysgenerationandtothegenerationstocome,weneedhistorianstocontinuetoexplainthoseeventsinwaysthatwillresonatewithtodaysTexans.Inthearchives,
libraries,andhallsofourstatesuniversities,thatworkisunderway.
Shooting Wars (cont.)
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The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
Icomefromsmallcommunityso,youknow,thatwasthebigissue--timeandmoney.
[Studentparticipant]
WhatchallengesfaceLatinorst-generationcollegestudents?Twostudent
fromTexasA&MUniversity-SanAntoniowereinterviewedwhileonatriptoaresearch
partnership with the College Station campus. The two students were graduating
seniorsintheeducationdepartment,andsharedanswerstoquestionsaboutcollege
adjustmentaskedbytheirprofessors.Mayo,MurguiaandPadilla(1995),discussed
therelationshipofsocialintegrationandacademicperformanceofminorityuniversity
students.Latinostudentsareinneedofculturalcapitalwhichwillassistthemin
theprocessofacademicachievement.However,theauthorsemphasizethatsocia
capitalwillonlybenetLatinouniversitystudentsastheymakeconnectionswith
facultyandfellowstudentsoutsideoftheclassroom.Theclassroomenvironmentgives
studentsanopportunitytointeractwithfacultyneverthelesstheresearchconrmsthabuildingrelationshipsoutsidetheclassroomisahigherleveloflearningandteaching
forbothfacultyandstudents.AnexampleofthistypeofInformalSocialinteraction
issharingcoffee,orattendingextracurricularactivitieswithstudents.Perhapsitmay
includeattendingbirthdayparties,orvisitingstudentsinthehospital,alloutsideofthe
classroom.
AccordingtoBrown,SantiagoandLopez(2003),alargenumberofLatinosin
highereducationarealsonontraditionalstudents.Theyareolder,work,attendcolleg
part-time,andoftenare alsocaring fora familyall characteristicsthat inuenceth
decisionsLatinostudentsmakeinparticipatinginandcompletinghighereducation
Basedonthereviewofliteratureofsocialandculturalcapital,wedecidedtointerviewtwograduatingLatinorst-generationcollegestudentswithregardtotheirexperiences
attheirundergraduateinstitution.Thesummaryofinterviewthemesisasfollows
Balancing school and family, nancing their education, and communication with
universityprofessorsandadministrators.Thestudentswerealsoaskedabouthowth
universitycouldbettersupporttheirgoaltocompletetheirdegreessuccessfully.The
studentsareidentiedasStudentA,whoismaleand32yearsold,andStudentB,who
isfemaleand28yearsold.
Una Voz, One Voice: Challenges
Faced by Latino First-GenerationCollege Students
by Amy Dicke-Bohmann &Nancy Compean-GarciaTexas A&M University-San Antonio
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The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
Balancing School, Family and Work
Balancingschoolandfamilywasexceptionallyproblematicforthesestudents
because they had to navigate a university setting, based in a mainstream culture
withoutturningtheirbacksontheirfamilysLatinoculture.AccordingtoStudent
A,ChallengesthatIfacedweretime,money,andhowamIgoingtosupportformy
family,threekids,wifeshesalwaystakencareofourchildren.Icomefromsmal
communityso,youknow,thatwasthebigissue--timeandmoney.StudentBsaid
Thechallengesalsowerethetime,becauseIamthewife.WhenwillIcontribute
tomyhomeifIgotoschoolIhavetospendlotofmytimedoingmyhomeworko
assignments?
Whileconductingbothinterviews,thebalancingactwasthebiggestobstaclementionedbythegraduatingseniors.Whenaskedaboutfellowstudentsfromjunior
college,andwhytheydidnottransferwiththemtocompleteafour-yeardegree,the
studentsalsoreportedthatthebalancingactwastoomuchforthem.Forexample,
StudentBreportedthattheyareatapointinthelifewheretheyhaveafamily,they
buyanewhouse,theyhavetowork,andtheyjustpostponeit.Thesechallenges
maynotbeuniquetoLatinostudents,buttheyarecommonamongnon-traditional
students.ManyoftheLatinorst-generationcollegestudentsarenon-traditional,as
theopportunitiesforthemtoaffordeducationwereoftennotavailableatage18.
Financing their Education
Financing education is a huge issue for rst-generation college studentsParentswhodidnotattendcollegemightnotbesavingfortheirchildrenseducation
formanyyears,asthosewhodidattendcollegewoulddo.AstudybyRichardFry
(2002),foundthatMexican-originLatinoshavethelowestaveragehouseholdincome
amongthenativebornat$42,000.Therefore,thesocialandculturalcapitalneeded
tocreativelynancecollegeisoftennotavailabletoLatinorst-generationcollege
students.AccordingtoStudentA,Formethebiggestissuewasmoney,becausei
Igetintoloan,wellgovernmentisgoingtowanttogettheirmoneyback,somebody
isgoingtowanttheirmoneyback,andthat,knowingthatpart,andifIcantgetany
nancialhelp,maybe,isthereissomewhereIcangotothatcangivemesomemoney
managementskills?Thatissomethingthatalsowouldhavehelped.
Communication with University Professors and Administrators
Whenaskedwhatdidwork,andwhattheuniversitycoulddo forstudents
muchofwhatthestudentsreportedfocusedoncommunication.Theyneededfaculty
andtheuniversitytocommunicatewiththem. Theydiscussednotlearningenough
whentheyenteredcollege,andhowabetterorientationwouldhavebeenhelpful
whichismostlycommunicationfromtheadministration.Whenaskedaboutgood
thingstheyencountered,theymentionedthelibrarianhelpingthemtolearntondtheir
sources,andfavoriteprofessorswhocommunicatedwiththem,gavethemattention,
andcontributedtoaninvitingatmosphere.Forexample,StudentBdescribedhow
One Voice (contd.)
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The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
oneprofessormadeherfeelwelcomeandhelpedherachievesuccess:shewasjust
verynice,veryhelpful,kindandjustprovidingwhateverresourcesIneeded,Iwouldjustgo,wheneverIwouldgospeakwithher,shewouldjustunderstandandprovide
methetoolsnecessaryformetocompletemyassignments
In1988,Changepublishedan article, TheUndergraduateHispanic Experience,
whichdepictedtheexperiencesandvoicesofHispanicstudentsinhighereducation
StudentsperceptionsofTAMU-SAprofessorsregardingcommunicationandsuppor
werealsosharedintheinterviews.StudentBsaid,Basedonmypriorexperience
whenIbeganIjustdecidedtogotherebecauseIwasntbeingsuccessfulatanothe
university,IjustappliedandstartedandthedifferencebetweenthenandnowIknow
that justalwaysmaintaininggood communicationswithyour professorshelpsou
alot,andlittletid-bitsofinformationsuchastheresearchthatmyprofessorshareabouttheadvantagesofjoiningastudentorganization.Inowknowthatthisconnection
willalwayshelpmetomaintainahigherGPAsoifstudentsknowthisimportan
researchastheycomeintheyhaveanadvantage.
In conclusion, the success of the Latino rst generation college student
dependedontheuniversitysabilitytogivethemplentyofattention,communicate
withthem,workwiththeirschedules,andprovideaninvitingatmosphere.Becaus
thesestudentsareoftenlackinginthesocialandculturalcapitalthatotherstudent
possess,itisimportantfortheuniversitytostepupandprovidewhatislacking, i
theuniversitywouldliketohavealargenumberofsuccessfulrstgenerationLatino
graduates.Thecommunicationthatthestudentscravecancontributetonetworking,whichispartofsocialcapital,andoffermuch-neededculturalcapitalaswell.Fo
example,facultyassumethatstudentsunderstandhowtousealibrarywhentheyente
college,but not everyonehas the sameexperiencesbefore enteringthe university
Facultyoftenforgetthatschoolexperiencesaresupplementedtoagreatextentby
familysfocusoneducation.Ifthistypeofculturalcapitalisnotexperienced,students
willbegincollegeseveralstepsbehindtheirpeers.
References
Mayo,J.R.,Murguia,E.,&Padilla,R.V.(1995).Socialintegrationandacademic
performance among minority university students. Journal of College Studen
Development,36(6),542-552.
Richard,F.(2002).LatinosinHigherEducation:ManyEnroll,FewGraduate.
www.pewhispanic.org,September.
S.E.Brown,D.Santiago,E.Lopez.(2003).LatinosinHigherEducation,Todayand
Tomorrow.http://www.EdExcelencia.org
Fiske,E.B.(1988).TheUndergraduateHispanicExperience:ACaseofJuggling
TwoCultures.Change:TheMagazineofHigherLearning.
One Voice (contd.)
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The TACT Quarterly eBulletinTexas Association of College TeachersDefending Academic FreedomTACT
TheJamesM.Puckett,Ph.D.GovernmentRelationsFund
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YourvoluntarycontributiontotheGRFallowsTACTtopresentitsmembersagendatokey
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ThankyouforstandingwithTACTtoimprovethequalityofhighereducationinTexas.
Click Here to Contribute
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