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Historical Background of Management
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Major Approaches To Management
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Classical Approaches
Scientific
GeneralAdministrative
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Panel 2.1: The Historical Perspective
Classical Viewpoint
Emphasis on ways to manage work more efficiently
Scientific Management
Emphasized scientific study of work methods to improve productivity of individual workers
Proponents: Frederick W. Taylor Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
Administrative Management
Concerned with managing the entire organization
Proponents: Henry Taylor Max Weber
Behavioral science approach
Relies on scientific research for developments theory to provide practical manager tools
Behavioral Viewpoint
Emphasis on importance of understanding human behavior & motivating & encouraging employees toward achievement
Early Behaviorists
Proponents: Hugo Munsterberg, Elton Mayo
Human Relations Movement
Proposed better human relations could increase worker productivity Proponents: Abraham Maslow
Douglas McGregor
Quantitative Viewpoint
Applies quantitative techniques to management
Operations Management
Focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization’s products or services more effectively
Management Science
Focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making
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Scientific Management
Scientific Management: emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers
Two of its chief proponents were Frederick W. Taylor, & Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
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Scientific Management
• Credit for Scientific Management goes to Frederick Taylor who was hired by Midvale Steel company in the US in 1878.
• Taylor discovered that production and pay were poor ,inefficiency and waste were prevalent ,and most companies had unused potential .
• He concluded that management decisions were unsystematic and no efforts were made to determine the best means of production
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Scientific Management
• The Taylor introduced Scientific Management (he is called the Father of Scientific Management ) which recommended the application of scientific methods to analyze work and to determine the methods to complete the tasks efficiently
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Principles of Scientific Management
• Workers are essentially economic beings • Workers should be developed to their
maximum potential • Competitive pay system• Cooperation between managers and workers• Organizational and individual goals should be
compatible•
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Scientific management
Study jobs systematically with a view to improving the way tasks are performed
Select the best employees for the various jobs.Train the employees in the most efficient methods Offer incentives (higher wages) to the most able
employees and use piece-rate system of payment to encourage greater effort.
Use rest pauses to combat fatigueEntrust to supervisor the task of ensuring that
employees are using the prescribed methods
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Scientific Management
The ideas of scientific Management dramatically increased productivity across all industries ,and they are still important today.
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Administrative Management
Administrative Management: concerned with managing the total organization
Among the pioneering theorists were Henry Fayol & Max Weber
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Henry Fayol and the Functions of Management
Planning You set goals and
decide how to achieve them
Organizing
You arrange tasks, people, & other
resources to accomplish the work
LeadingYou motivate, direct &
otherwise influence people to work hard to achieve the organization’s goals
ControllingYou monitor performance, compare it with goals and take corrective action as
needed
Henry Fayol was the first to systematize management management behavior– he was the first to identify the major functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, controlling, as well as coordinating
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Fayal's 14 Principles of Management
1. Division of labor-Divide work into specialized tasks and assign responsibilities to specific individuals.
2. Authority -Delegate authority along with responsibility
3. Discipline Make expectations clear and punish violators
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Fayal's 14 Principles of Management
4-Unity of commandEach employee has one and only one boss
5-Unity of Direction- Employees efforts should be focused on achieving organization’s direction.
6-Subordination of Individual interest to the general interest When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about.
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Fayal's 14 Principles of Management
• RemunerationEmployees receive fair payment for services,
• Centralization- Decisions are made from the top.
• Scalar Chain(line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military
• Order-All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there.
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Fayal's 14 Principles of Management
• Equity-Equality of treatment • Stability and tenure of personnel-Promote
employee loyalty and longevity
• Initiative-Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.
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Fayal's 14 Principles of Management
• Esprit de corps-Promote a unity of interest between employees and management
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Max Weber & the Rationality of Bureaucracy
: • To Weber, a bureaucracy(Successful implement the actions of an organization of any size in achieving its purpose.) was a rational, efficient ideal organization based on principles of logic—he felt good organizations should have five bureaucratic features
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Max Weber & the Rationality of Bureaucracy
• Labor is divided with clear definitions of authority and responsibility.
• Positions are organized in a hierarchy of authority ,with each position under the authority of a higher one
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Max Weber & the Rationality of Bureaucracy
• Rules and regulations determine and standardize behavior
• Administrative acts and decisions are recorded in writing
• Management is separate from ownership in any organization.
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Classical bureaucracyMax Weber, 1947
• Hierarchy of authority• Rights and duties are attached to the various
positions • Division of labour• Rules and procedures• Documentation in which info is recorded in written
form • Technical competence• Separation of ownership from control
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The Problem with the Classical Viewpoint
The classical viewpoint tends to be too mechanistic: it tends to view humans as cogs within a machine, not taking into account the importance of human needs
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Behavioral Management Theory
Thhe
Human Relations Management
Human Resource Perspective
Behavioral Science Approach
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Human Relations ManagementHawthorne Studies
• Hawthorne studies was conducted at the western Electric Company in the US between 1924-1932
• Elton Mayo was a professor of Industrial Research at the Harvard School of Business Administration
• He is called the ‘Father of human relations movement .’
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Elton Mayo & the Supposed Hawthorne Effect
• Elton Mayo and his colleagues conducted studies at Western Electric’s Hawthorne Plant and began with an investigation to see if different lighting affected workers’ productivity
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Hawthorne studies
The Hawthorne project involved three sets of studies
Illumination Studies
The Relay Assembly Room Study
The Bank Wiring Room
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Illumination Studies
• Illumination studies constituted the first set of experiments and took place between 1924 and 1927
• Experiment -Lighting was decreased • Result-The researches concluded that factors
other than lighting were at work
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Experiment
• The first study was conducted by a group of engineers seeking to determine the relationship of lighting levels to worker productivity. Surprisingly enough, they discovered that worker productivity increased as the lighting levels decreased
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The Relay Assembly Room study
• A few years later, a second group of experiments began. Harvard researchers Mayo and F. J. Roethlisberger supervised a group of five women in a bank wiring room. They gave the women special privileges, such as the right to leave their workstations without permission, take rest periods, enjoy free lunches, and have variations in pay levels and workdays. This experiment also resulted in significantly increased rates of productivity.
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The Bank Wiring Room Study
• For this study a group of 14men who wired telephone banks was observed in a standard shop condition
• An observer was stationed in the room with instructions to take continuous note’s on the workers actions .
• The observer were not allowed to give orders or to get involved in conversations with the workers .
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The Bank wiring Room Study
• The researches concluded that the behavioral norms set by the work group had a powerful influence over the productivity of the group.
• The power of the peer group and the importance of group influence on individual behavior and productivity were confirmed in the bank wiring room.
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Human Resource Approach
• The Human relations approach highlighted the impact of behavior on performance .Interpersonal behavior has its impact on satisfaction which in turn may lead to improved performance .
• Abraham Maslow and Douglas Ac Greg or .Their contribution form the human resource approach
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Maslow Hierarchy Of Needs
• Self-Actualization • Esteem Needs • Social Needs • Safety Needs • Physiological Needs
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Behavioral Science Approach
• Psychologist ,sociologists and others began studying people at work .The behavioral science approach believes that an individual is motivated to work for many reasons in addition to making money and forming interpersonal relationships.
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Behavioral Science Approach
• The principals of behavioral science approach are being practiced in every organization and behavioral science as a course more popularly known as Organization Behavior.
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Panel 2.2: The contemporary perspective: Three Viewpoints
The System Viewpoint
Regards the organization as a system of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a
common purpose
The Contingency Viewpoint
Emphasizes that a manager’s approach should vary according to—I.e. be contingent on—the individual and
environmental situation
The Quality Management Viewpoints
Three approaches
Quality Control
Strategy for minimizing errors by managing each state of production
Proponent: Walter Stewart
Quality Assurance
Focuses on the performance of workers urging employees to strive for “zero defects”
Total Quality Management
Comprehensive approach dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction
Proponents: W. Edward Deming
Joseph M. Juran
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Systems Approach (60-70s)
A system is set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole
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Open and Closed Systems
Open System continually interacts with its environment
Closed System has little interaction with its
environment; it receives very little feedback from
the outside
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The Systems Viewpoint
The Systems Viewpoint regards the organization as a system of interrelated parts
By adopting this perspective you can look at your organization in two ways
1. A collection of subsystems—parts making up the whole system
2. A part of the larger environment
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The Four Parts of a System
Inputs
The people, money, information, equipment, and materials required to produce and organization’s goods or services
Outputs
The products, services, profits, losses, employee
satisfaction or discontent, and the like
that are produced by the organization
Transformational Processes
The organization’s capabilities in management and technology that are applied to converting inputs to outputs
Feedback
Information about the reaction of the
environment to the outputs that affect the
inputs
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Contingency approach
The contingency approach sometimes called the situational approach says that organizations are different ,face different situations ,and require different ways of managing.
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Contingency approach
• A good way to describe contingency• If this is the way my situation is then
this is the best way for me to manage in this situation
• This approach is intuitively logical because organizations and even units within the same organization differ-in terms of size ,goals , work activities.
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The Contemporary Perspective: The Contingency Viewpoint
The Contingency
Viewpoint emphasizes that a manager’s approach should vary according to—that is, be contingent on—the individual and the environmental situation
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Contingency approach
• The Primary value of the contingency approach is that it stresses that there are no simplistic or universal rules for managers to follow
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Quantitative Approach
• The Quantitative approach evolved from mathematical and statistical solutions developed for military problems during word war II.
• After the war was over , many of these techniques used for military problems were applied to business
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Quantitative Approach
• One group of military officers ,nicknamed the whiz kids joined Ford Motor Company in the mid -1940s and immediately began using statistical methods and Quantitative models to improve decision making
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The Contemporary Perspective: The Quality Management Viewpoint
The Quality Management Viewpoint includes quality control, quality assurance, and total quality management
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Total Quality Management: Creating an Organization
Dedicated to Continuous Improvement
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• Total Quality Management is a comprehensive approach—led by top managers and supported throughout the organization—dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training and customer satisfaction
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Four Components of TQM:
1. Make Continuous Improvement a Priority
2. Get Every Employee Involved
3. Listen to and Learn from Customers and Employees
4. Use Accurate Standards to Identify and Eliminate Problems