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Fire Science and Technology Ofce x
PRESENTSPRESENTS
““Approaches In Fire Fighting”Approaches In Fire Fighting”
ENGR. NELSON S. SE, SR.Chief, Fire Science & Technology Office
During theDuring the““Industrial Fire Saety Training CourseIndustrial Fire Saety Training Course
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTEROCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER
OSHC Complex, North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
@ March 2002
!y!y
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. FIRE SCIENCE AND FUNDAMENTALS
3. GENERAL CAUSES OF FIRE
4. ELEMENTS OF FIRE CONTROL
5. TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FIRE SCIENCE AND FUNDAMENTALS
3. GENERAL CAUSES OF FIRE
4. ELEMENTS OF FIRE CONTROL
5. TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
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Fire is considered as one of the most ruthless agent of destruction that
natural and man-made environment faced.
And fighting it as a foe, one of the best weapons one can have is
knowledge and understanding of the enemy.
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“An average losses of SEVENTEEN MILLION PESOS a day”
OZONE DISCO FIREOZONE DISCO FIRE ::
162 DEATHS162 DEATHS plusplus INJURIESINJURIES
LUNG CENTER FIRELUNG CENTER FIRE ::
25 DEATHS25 DEATHS plusplus INJURIESINJURIES
DAMASDAMAS d ISLAS dd ISLAS d FILIPNASFILIPNAS
FIREFIRE : 2! DEATHS: 2! DEATHS plusplus
INJURIESINJURIES"C MANOR HOTEL FIRE"C MANOR HOTEL FIRE ::
#5 DEATHS#5 DEATHS plusplus INJURIESINJURIES
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he
CHALLENGE:
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1. Terminologies2. Fire Tringle ! Te"r#e$ron3. C#emis"r% n$ &#%si's o( Fire
4. Com)*s"ion n$ Co+('"ors5. Fire De,elo-men" n$e#,ior
/. Fire E0"ing*is#men" T#eor%
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TERMINOLOGIES
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…is a specialize field of science that requires
the understanding of fire from inception to
flaming combustion and beyond, and is
essential if man is to control the destructivenature of fire
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.. is a fundamental approach to the understanding of fire
science and serves as a foundation of all fire testing and fire
protection technology development.
t has evolved from basic to applied studies of thermal
columns, flame, the mechanism of flame spread, composition of
smoke and other product of combustion, the mechanism ofheat transfer, the effect of ventilation and!or pressure on fire
severity, and predicting flashover, etc.
"hrough research, fire test methods are developed to further
enhance one#s knowledge of a product or material.
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… is a regime of technical process utilizing the application of the
results of fire research, e$perience, and engineering fundamentals
that developed approaches and tools by which the risk and hazardof fire can be managed and minimized, if not completely prevented
or eliminated, and together with attributed problems, can be
assessed and solution found.
%orrespondingly, the fire protection practitioner uses theseapproaches and tool to make total assessment, design the solution,
and plan the method by which the solution will be implemented.
n some cases this technology is referred as Fire %ontrol
"echnology or Fire &rotection "echnology
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…are measures direced o!ard avoiding "e ince#ion of fire$
T#is 'n )e '#ie,e )% '#nging or'on"rolling
a. the source of heat that leas toignition!
". the source of fuel that #rst ignite!
or
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… is a form of assessment or evaluation carried out
by recognized approved fire laboratories in terms of
the test specimen#s performance under fire condition,
in a simple or various ranges of method based on
approved standards, in order to ensure that a materialor element of the construction can be safely used in a
building or any type of structure or utilization without
adding to the severity of a fire and its effects.
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T#is generll% em)r'es llmes*res rel"ing "o s(eg*r$ingo( #*mn li(e n$ -reser,"ion o(
-ro-er"% in "#e -re,en"ion$e"e'"ion n$ e0"ing*is#men"s ors*--ression o( res.
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FIRE TRIANGLE
AN' TETRA(E'RON
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%&'NIN() also called *OM%&STION) a sim#le c"emical reacion .
! De"cri#e$ a" %a rapi$, per"i"tent chemical chan&e that relea"e" heat an$
li&ht an$ i" accompanie$ #y 'lame, e"pecially the exothermic oxi$ation o' a
com#u"ti#le "u#"tance()
2! *t i" al"o re'erre$ to a" a proce"" o' rapi$ oxi$ation +ith the $evelopment o'heat an$ li&ht()
! A" %a reaction that i" a continuou" com#ination o' a 'uel (reducing agent)
+ith certain element", prominent amon& +hich i" oxy&en in either a 'ree or
com#ine$ 'orm -oxi$izin& a&ent.(!
ITS OCCURRENCE AND E$OLUTION IS DEFINED %Y:
T"e +ire Triangle T"eory
T"e Tera"edron T"eory
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FIRE THEORY :
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NO CHAIN REACTION
O&YGEN IS AT INTERFACE
OF GLO'ING FUEL
FUEL IS IN THE FORM OF
INCANDESCENT SOLID
'urface (glow) type of combustion
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TEMPERATURE
FUELUNINHI%ITED CHAIN
REACTION OF
COM%USTION PROCESS
O&YGEN
DIFFUSION & CONTINUOUS REIGNITION
AUTOMATICALLY OBTAINED AT FLAME
TEMPERATURE LEVELS
FUEL IS IN FORM OF $APOR
AND(OR GAS
Flaming type of combustion
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*,EMIST'- . P,-SI*S
O+ +I'E
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• *nowing units of measurements (+nglish or etric 'ystem) is
+''+"A in firefighting, especially in understanding the
%/+'"01 and &/1'%' 2F F0+.
•Firefighters use terms for heat, electricity, volume, length,
energy output, concentrations, weight, and etc. hence it is
important to know the forms of measurement that describe these
elements and understand the limits of each as it relates to safety
of the firefighter and the team.
• A firefighter should know that a fire that is generating many
thousands of 3ritish thermal units (3tus) will need a fire flow
out put of hundreds of gallon per minute to e$tinguish the fire.
is an important part of firefighting.
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• 3A'' F20 "/+ +4'"+%+ 2F "/+ 56+0'+.
• A' A""+0 "+0A%"', substances are formed, changed,and destroyed.
• A""+0 72+' 2" 7'A&&+A0, " +0+1
%/A8+' F20.
• F20' 20 '"A"+'9 '27 , :57 and 8A'+25'.
) *s d+*,d -s .s/0*,3 - /44up*s sp-4
-,d 4-, p4*7d 8 /, / 0/ s,ss9
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STATES O+ MATTE'
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S-0pl /+ s/l*d 0-:
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•*om#ound is
composed of
molecules.
•Molecules aremade up of atoms
of two or more
elements in
chemical
combination..•Aoms are made
up of still smaller
particles called
electrons, neutrons,
and protons.
•Nucleus is made
up of protons and
neutrons, orbited
by electrons
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• O'(ANI* *OMPO&N/ – substance that is or was once living. Generallycontain the elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in their makeup.
/xample" hair, &a"oline, +oo$, an$ pla"tic"!
! Somethin& can #e or&anic althou&h it ha" never #een alive it"el',
#ut ma$e up o' chemical" that +ere once alive! /xample a pla"tic "u#"tance,
althou&h never actually alive, i" ma$e 'rom oil more commonly re'erre$ to a"hydrocarbons (a compound that is made up of at least two elements, hydrogen
and carbon).
• INO'(ANI* *OMPO&N/ – substances that were never alive. /xample"
iron, "ul'ur,&ranite, 1uartz, an$ "ilica, etc! "hey are generally termed as
#$%&'* and for most part do not contribute to combustion process.
Differences between organic and inorganic substances
becomes important when discussing the chemistry of fire.
s a '+& of "+#-, only organic materials will burn
(with some exceptions)
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• he num#er o' car#on atom" in
com#ination +ith the num#er o'
hy$ro&en atom" +ill $etermine the
propertie" o' the "u#"tance an$, more
importantly, ho+ it +ill react un$er
varyin& con$ition.
• /xample the 'i&ure "ho+ the
hy$rocar#on element" are 3oine$ to
'rom the compoun$ methane! *n it"
#on$" #et+een the atom", the "u#"tance
methane hol$" 'orce" that, +hen "plit
apart, +ill emit heat an$ li&ht
/0'12'-1% – hy$ro (hydrogen)
and car#on (carbon)
A Figure of the a methane (CH4) molecule
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F* L/-d
The mount of material which is able to burn and release
heat and smoke is normally referred to as fire load. n a
compartment! limitation of fuel will help to reduce thedangers of heat and smoke.
The measurement of fire load (calorific "alue) is
e#pressed in $% kg &'. #amples of "alues for common
materials are
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0$ *"emical
1$ Mec"anical
2$ Elecrical
3$ Nuclear
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*,EMI*AL 'EA*TION
• 3ond – 3atomic glue4 that holds
molecules together. $t is in this bond
that 5$'& (or combustion) has itsorigins.
• +ndothermic reaction – when
molecules and atoms are 6oined, certain
amount of heat is absorbed into the
bond as part of the mechanism that
keeps the element together. 3eat is
absorbed when bond is created4.
• +$othermic reaction 4 when the bond
is broken, this reaction causes the
release of heat. "he energy released
comes in the form of heat and light. $fthe release is rapid enough to sustain a
continuous reaction, we see it as 5$'&
and feel the release of the heat. 7hen
this occurs, 21#-+*"$1% has taken
place.
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Mo"t chemical" that are "ta#le +ill maintain their
'rom unle"" "omethin& pre"ent" it"el' to chan&e it!
acts as a 2"/*" in the breakdown of such otherwise stable molecule.
possesses a 2&#$2 8'18&'"/ that can pull apart a molecule and break
apart the -1%0 that previously existed.
3"he emission of light and, more importantly, heat then causes the chemical to
break apart other compounds, letting loose more light and heat, which causes
other bonds to break apart, and so on. $f the process is able to continue a self
sustaining chemical reaction, 21#-+*"$1% results.4
one example of oxidi9er is 1:/G&%.
Chlorine Cl Chlorine by itself (Cl) -ine
*odium Chloride +a Cl Chlorine with sodium (+a) -ide
*odium Chlorite +a Cl ,- Chlorine with sodium - o#ygens (,) -ite
*odium Chlorate +a Cl ,/ Chlorine with sodium / o#ygens (,) -ate
SU%STANCE CHEMICALS DESCRIPTION SUFFI&
O5idi6ing *"emicals and T"eir Names
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A F*3u /+ :
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COMUSTIONS CO+FACTORS. O0%gen n$ i"s ee'" on'om)*s"ion6). 7-or &ress*re n$ 7-or Densi"%6
'. Igni"ion Mel"ing n$ oiling &oin"6n$
Com)*s"ion ,i8++,i8 Fire ) The i*erence is on +he$icalReaction Le,el.
Fire is a sel sustaining "rocess that e#its light and heat as !y$
"roduct o that reaction% In co#!ustion& the released heatenergy is rein'ested in the "rocess& causing the continuedreaction to occur re"eatedly and i unchec(ed& )ith in'ol'e#ento greater access to uel& oxygen& and heat& the gro)th )ill
accelerate%
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O83, -4s -s - 4--l8s / 4/0us*/, p/4ss; '*
-u,d-,4 /+ /83,< 40*4-l -4*/, *s -44l-d -,d
4-, 4-us s/0 0-*-ls / *3,* sp/,-,/usl8 / p0*
0-*-ls / u, - =/uld ,/ u, u,d /=*s ,/0-l
/83, 4/,4,-*/,; '*l =* d*0*,*sd -0/u,<
4/0us*/, p/4ss *s sl/=d
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• Va#or Pressure 4 is the
measurable amount of
pressure being e$erted by
liquid substance as itconverts to a gas and
e$ert pressure against a
confined container
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• Va#or /ensiy – the weight of a gas as
compared to normal air and is identifiedas a number,
• %LEVE – -oiling i;uid &xpanding
<apor &xplosion occurs when the vessel
holding the li;uid ruptures as a result of
pressure being exerted on its sides when
the li;uid it holds boils and the resulting
pressure exceeds the container=s ability
to hold it.
A %LE$E
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• $gnition 8oint – is that point where the need for outside heat application
ceases and the ability for the material to sustain combustion come from the
heat generated of the material itself.
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$t has been determined that gases can only ignite when certainconcentrations of that substance are present in air. $f enough combustible
gas is not present, it is said that the mixture is to lean to burn. $f there is
too much gas, it is said to be too rich to burn. 7hen the concentration of a
gas falls into the range where it can ignite, it is said to be within its
flammable or e$plosive limits.
Acetone 2.6 12.8
Butane 1.9 8.5
erosene !." 5
#atura$ gas 6.5 1"
SU%STANCE LO'ER UPPER
+lamma7le Limis of Some Maerials
92 octane gaso$ine 1.5 ".6
%arbon mono&ide 12.' "'
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+I'E ('O8T, and SP'EA/
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•"he way to stop a fire is to remove one of its essential
ingredients.
• ;e have seen that for the self-sustaining chemical reaction wecall combustion to occur, four elements are needed9 heat, fuel,
o$ygen, and a continuing chemical reaction. 0+26+ one of
them, and the fire will %2A&'+.
• ;e can e$tinguished the fire by application of 9
a. temperature diminution<
b. fuel elimination<
c. o$ygen elimination< or
d. chemical flame repression.
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9
0$ Elecrical
1$ +ricion
2$ +oreign su7sance3$ O#en flames
:$ Smo;ing . Mac"es
<$ S#onaneous com7usion
=$ ,o surfaces>$ *om7usion s#ar;s
?$ Over"ead maerials
0@$ Saic elecriciy
00$ Miscellaneous
M(A NA(9AAPO- NA /A,ILANB
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0$ *onrol +uel1$ *onrol ,ea
2$ *onrol O5ygen
3$ *onrol 'eacion
ELIMINATION OF FIRE +A-SE
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0$ &sing %asic +acor of +ire1$ &sing Me"ods of +ire *onrol
2$ &sing /ecision TreeCTacical A##roac"
FIRE +ONTROL SSTEM
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P&TTIN( OPE'ATION PLAN INTO A*TION
TA+TI+AL +ONSI'ERATIONS
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ST'&*T&'AL +I'E
*OMPONENTS .
*ONSI/E'ATIONS
&sually *lass A +ire
'emoval of ,ea or O5ygen or
7o"$
*o9+acorsD
0$ Leng" of ime "e fire "as 7een
7urning
1$ %uilding consrucion Maerials
2$ Occu#ancy y#e ands conens
3$ 'esources availa7le amoun of
!aer) saffing) eui#men) ec$B
('O&N/ *OVE' +I'E *OMPONENTS . *ONSI/E'ATIONS
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('O&N/ *OVE' +I'E *OMPONENTS . *ONSI/E'ATIONS
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. &re,en"ion o( -ersonl in9*ries (romre or -ni'6
). Fire -ro"e'"ion engineering6 '. Reg*lr n$ -erio$i' ins-e'"ion6 $. Erl% or imme$i"e $e"e'"ion n$
e0"ing*is#men"s o( re6 e. Dmge 'on"rol or limi"ing "#e$mge res*l"ing (rom re n$ res*--ression '"i,i"ies
Fire Science and Technology Ofce x
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““Approaches In Fire Fighting”Approaches In Fire Fighting”
ENGR. NELSON S. SE, SR.Chief, Fire Science & Technology Office
"/A* 125=
!y!y