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APPRAOCH TO ACUTELY
ILL PAEDIATRIC PATIENT
SRI LANKA COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICIANS
11
/12
/20
19
Edu
cation
& Train
ing Sri Lan
ka Co
llege of P
aediatrician
s 1
Structured Approach
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Cardiac Arrest
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In adults Due to Cardiac disease
In children Due to Circulatory failure
or Respiratory failure
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Airway Obstruction
Respiratory Depression
Alveolar/Chest Wall Failure
Fluid Loss
Fluid Mal-distribution
Heart Failure
Foreign body, asthma, croup, bronchiolitis
Respiratory Failure
Cardiac Arrest
Circulatory Failure
Convulsions, sepsis, poisoning, ↑ICP
Pneumonia, chest trauma & myopathy
Bleeding, burns, diarrhoea, vomiting
Sepsis, anaphylaxis, DSS
Myocardial depression, congenital abnormality
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Acutely ill patient presents with
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• Sudden obstruction to airway
• Impending respiratory arrest
• Intractable seizure
• Slow pulse with poor signs of life
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Differences Between Adults and Children
Compensatory mechanisms may mask signs of severe
illness
Smaller physiological reserves
Potential for rapid deterioration
Difficult to assess
Technical procedures can be more difficult
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How do you reduce preventable
cardiac arrest ?
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• Don’t make diagnosis
• Primary survey & Resuscitation
• Fix the problem as you identify
• Airway problem
• Breathing problem
• Circulatory problem
• Neurological problem
• Tentative diagnosis
• Secondary survey and stabilization
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Approach to acutely ill patient
Objectives
Follow the blue print of structured approach
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Blue Print structured approach is used to a patient
who is deteriorating or collapsed in front of you
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Structured Approach
“The Blueprint” DRS approach
Triage
Position
Initial Stabilisation
Directed History and Examination
Commence Specific Treatment
Ongoing Care 11/12/2019Education & Training Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians
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D R S Approach
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DANGER Scene safety
RESPONSE Checking the response of the patient
SEND FOR HELP Seeking advice
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Remember personal
protection!!
Check for danger (violence, self harm)
Put on some gloves / masks
Put on some eye protection if required
Lifting a heavy patient
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Structured Approach
TRIAGE
Sorts patients according to the level of urgency of their
illness so they are seen:
In an appropriate area
At an appropriate time
Allows safe and efficient management
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Triage
Less Urgent
Immediate / imminent life threatening
Potentially life threatening Potentially life serious Situational urgency
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Triage Red Flags
A/D- Lethargy, decreased activity and difficulty
rousing.
B- Increased respiratory effort, grunting respiration
C- Pale colour and mottling
C- Decreased oral intake (<50% normal intake in a day)
and <4 wet nappies a day
D- Fever > 39C, Flushed face
Significant limb pain in febrile children
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INITIAL STABILISATION
POSITION THE PATIENT
as appropriate to the presentation
Propped up position Breathing difficulty
Status asthmatics
Severe pneumonia
Severe stridor
Lying down position
Neurological
Legs elevated position
Shock
Head elevated position
Raised ICP 11/12/2019Education & Training Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians
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Structured Approach
“The Blueprint”
Initial Stabilisation
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure
Reassess
• Measurement (Temp & RBS)
• Monitoring (RR, ECG, SpO2)
• Reassess
• Directed History and Examination and Ix –
• Reassess
• Commence Specific Treatment
• Ongoing Care
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Structured Approach
AIRWAY (simultaneous assessment + treatment)
Patency is the absolute first priority
Cervical spine protection is part of airway
assessment and treatment
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Normal SpO2 does not exclude obstruction
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Airway
Assess airway patency
Passage of air
Abnormal sounds originating from airway
Secretions
Drooling
Normal oxygen saturation does not exclude compromised airway
RR and/or HR in patient with airway obstruction impending cardiorespiratory arrest
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Airway
Neonates obligatory nose breathers
Big occiputs
Big tongue
Larynx higher and more anterior
Epiglottis at 450 angle, large and floppy
Cervical spine more cartilaginous and flexible
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Breathing
Thorax more pliable & “Belly breathers”
Higher “normal” respiratory rate
Higher relative oxygen consumption lower
functional residual capacity result in rapid
oxygen desaturation
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Minute volume – Tidal volume x RR
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INITIAL STABILISATIONBREATHING
(simultaneous assessment + treatment)
Work of Breathing
Respiratory rate & Rhythm
Accessory muscle use
Recessions
Noises
Flaring of the nostrils
Child's position
Signs of Resp Failure
Chest expansion Air entry Pulse oximetry in air /
oxygen Tracheal Tug Paradoxical Breathing
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Recognition of the seriously ill child
Effects of respiratory inadequacy
CYANOSIS IS
A PRE–TERMINAL SIGN
OXYGEN SATURATION OF
<85% IN AIR
IS A PRE-TERMINAL SIGN
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Breathing
Assess work + efficacy of breathing
Marked tachypnoea indicates critical illness
Absence of signs of ↑ respiratory work does not
exclude respiratory failure
Weak / exhausted
Neuromuscular / central disease
Low respiratory rate may indicate impending
respiratory arrest
Silent chest is a pre-terminal sign11/12/2019Education & Training Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians
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Breathing - Be concerned if
RR out of normal range for age (esp low RR)
Somnolent, agitated, confused or comatose
SpO2 < 92%
Cyanosed
Can hear little or nothing on auscultation
Deteriorating despite therapy
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Normal Paediatric Parameters
Age Weight (kg) Heart rate
(per min)
Respiratory rate BP Systolic
(mmHg)
Premature 1 145 <40 42 ± 10
Newborn 2-3 125 60 ± 10
1 month 4 120 24-35 80 ± 16
6 month 7 130 89 ± 29
1 year 10 130 20-30 96 ± 30
2-3 years 12-14 120 99 ± 25
4-5 years 16-18 100 99 ± 20
6-8 years 20-26 100 12-25 105 ± 13
10-12 years 32-42 75 112 ± 19
>14 years 50 75 12-18 120 ± 2011/12/2019Education & Training Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians
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Airway & Breathing
intervention
Neutral / Sniffing position
High oxygen through Face mask & reservoir bag
Bag & Mask ventilation
Intubation 11/12/2019Education & Training Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians
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Circulation
Higher resting pulse rate
Lower “normal” blood pressure
Limited capacity to increase stroke volume
Rely on increasing HR to increase cardiac output
Hypertension in children is premorbid
Volume resuscitation is with isotonic crystalloid
solutions.11/12/2019Education & Training Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians
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CO = SV x HR
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Circulation - Rapid Assessment
Assess perfusion
Pulse rate & volume
Capillary refill time
Heart rate
Blood pressure (both supine & seated)
Skin colour
Skin temperature (cold line)
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Capillary Refilling Time
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(1) press for 5s
(2) release
(3) colour should return <2s in well-perfused, warm child
(4) A delay of >2s with other signs of shock and in a warm
child suggests poor peripheral perfusion
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Circulation - Assessment
Heart rate outside normal range
Tachycardia consistent sign in shock
Good indicator of severity of shock
A falling heart rate may indicate pre-terminal
decompensation rather than improvement.
Check Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
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Recognition of the seriously ill child
Cardiovascular signs
HYPOTENSION ISA PRE–TERMINAL SIGN
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Shock ≠ Hypotension
Hypotension is a late feature of shock
May indicate pre-terminal decompensation
Signs of shock can be subtle
Rule of thumb:
Over 1 year : 70 + 2 x (age in years)
is the 5th percentile for systolic blood pressure11/12/2019Education & Training Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians
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INITIAL STABILISATION
CIRCULATION
IV access or IO access / Compensated or
Uncompensated shock
Take blood for RBS, FBC, VBG, BC, SE,
Grouping Rh
IV fluids – N Saline 0.9% N Saline 20ml/kg
Check “Hepto-jugular response”
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INITIAL STABILISATION
CIRCULATION
CPR – If HR <60 / poor signs of sings of
circulation
Attach to Cardiac monitor / Identify
the rhythm (Shockable / Non-
shockable)
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Pump failure (Heart) / Response to
fluid therapy (Tank)
Gallop rhythm / murmur
Enlarged liver
Marked tachycardia
Cyanosis despite O2
Absent femoral pulses – new-borns 11/12/2019Education & Training Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians
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Brain Perfusion/Disability
or altered consciousness in absence of
neurological disease severe systemic disease
may manifest as irritability or agitation without cause
consciousness due to neurological disease
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DISABILITY (simultaneous assessment +
treatment)
• A-V-P-U approach
• Glasgow Coma Score (charts
<4 years / > 4 years)
• Glasgow Coma Score – if < 8
and not rapidly improving,
consider intubation to protect
the airway from aspiration
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Conscious level
Posture
Pupillary signs
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A-V-P-U scale
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Alert – patient opens eyes spontaneously and knows time, place, person
Voice- Patient only opens eyes or makes sounds or moves to your voice
Pain – Patient only opens eyes or makes sounds or moves to pain
Unresponsive – patient does not open eyes, make sounds or move to pain or voice even
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Disability
“P” or “U” means that the
child has an unprotected
airway.
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LRH >4year < 4 year Score
Best Eye
Opening
Spontaneously Spontaneously 4
To Speech To Speech 3
To Pain To Pain 2
None None 1
Best
Verbal Response Orientated Coos, babbles 5
Confused Spontaneously Irritable Cry 4
Inappropriate words Cries only to pain 3
Incomprehensible sounds Moans to pain 2
None None 1
Best
Motor Response Obeys commands Spontaneous movements 6
Localizes (pain) Withdraws from touch 5
Withdraws from (pain) Withdraws from pain 4
Abnormal flexion (pain) Abnormal flexion 3
Abnormal Extension(pain) Abnormal Extension 2
None None 1
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DISABILITY (simultaneous assessment +
treatment)
Posture
Decorticated /
Decerbrated
Pupils
Equal / Unequal /
reacting / non-reacting /
size
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Conscious level
Posture
Pupillary signs
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• Decorticate • Decerebrate
Potential central neurological
failure: Posture
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Exposure/Environment
Large surface area in relation to size
results in rapid heat loss.
Look for rashes in skin folds and pressure
areas.
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INITIAL STABILISATION
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“what can kill the quickest”
Simultaneous assessment and treatment
Assessment of basic life functions in a sequence which is determined by
• Potential respiratory failure
• Potential circulatory failure
• Potential central neurological failure
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INITIAL STABILISATION
• MEASURE
– Temperature
– Fingerprick BSL; if hypoglycaemic, give IV dextrose
• MONITOR
– ECG, SaO2, BP
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If the patient suddenly deteriorates
midway through the sequence,
If an abnormality is identified –
stop sequence,
treat the abnormality,
then continue
simultaneous assessment and treatment
The treatment may be simple, such as a chin lift
• go back to the beginning of the sequence
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DIRECTED HISTORY & EXAMINATION
Maintains focus on patient’s immediate illness
Saves time
Focussed history
Communicate with the child and not just the parents
BE HONEST
Respect the child’s modesty
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Directed History
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Directed History - SAMPLE History
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S: Signs and symptoms.
A: Allergies
M: Medications
P: Past medical history
L: Last oral intake
E: Events surrounding the injury or illness
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PAIN!!!!!
Children Feel Pain
Inadequate Analgesia Is Common
Strategies To Help
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Pain Assessment
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Pain Score
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COMMENCE SPECIFIC TREATMENT
Identify pivotal, time critical interventions
Sepsis – antibiotics
Acute Stridor – steroids / intubation
Severe asthma – nebulisation
Snake envenametion – antivenoum
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ONGOING CARE
Reassess, reassess, reassess
Admit: ICU / general ward
Transfer / retrieval
Handover
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ISBAR
Identification
Situation
Background
Assessment
Recommendation
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Situation
Identify yourself the site/unit you are calling from
Identify the patient by name and the reason for your
report
Describe your concern
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Background
Give the patient's reason for admission
Explain significant medical history
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Assessment
Vital signs
Clinical impressions, concerns
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Recommendation
Explain what you need - be specific about request
and time frame
Make suggestions
Clarify expectations
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Principles of handing over on
I.A.T.M.I.S.T principle
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• Identification
• Age and sex of the patient [5 seconds]
• Time of the incidence and estimated time of arrival
[10 seconds]
• Medical complaint [20 seconds]
• Information related to the complaint / Injuries in
trauma patient (seen or suspected) [25 seconds]
• Signs – Vital signs [35 seconds]
• Treatment that was offered [45 seconds]
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Challenging to Assess
Young children
Severely-injured
Cognitive impairment
Immunocompromised
Severe pain
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Structured Approach
DRS approach
Triage
Position
Initial Stabilisation (Airway, Breathing, Circulation,
Disability, Exposure)
Directed History and Examination
Commence Specific Treatment
Ongoing Care
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Structured Approach
“The Blueprint”
Initial Stabilisation
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure
Reassess
• Measurement (Temp & RBS)
• Monitoring (RR, ECG, SpO2)
• Reassess
• Directed History and Examination and Ix –
• Reassess
• Commence Specific Treatment
• Ongoing Care
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