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Applications of Time-DomainApplications of Time-DomainMultiscale Waveform TomographyMultiscale Waveform Tomography
to Marine and Land Datato Marine and Land Data
C. BoonyasiriwatC. Boonyasiriwat11, J. Sheng, J. Sheng33, P. Valasek, P. Valasek22, P. , P. RouthRouth22, B. Macy, B. Macy22, W. Cao, W. Cao11, and G.T. Schuster, and G.T. Schuster11
11 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah22 Seismic Technology Development, ConocoPhillips Seismic Technology Development, ConocoPhillips33 Formerly University of Utah, Currently at Nexus Geoscience Formerly University of Utah, Currently at Nexus Geoscience
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OutlineOutline
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• IntroductionIntroduction• Time-domain multiscale waveform tomographyTime-domain multiscale waveform tomography• Processing workflowProcessing workflow• Field data results:Field data results:
• Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico• Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
• SummarySummary
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Waveform TomographyWaveform Tomography
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• Wave-equation based model building technique.Wave-equation based model building technique.00
44 Dep
th (k
m)
Dep
th (k
m)
00 1616Horizontal Position (km)Horizontal Position (km)
45004500
10001000
Reconstructed VReconstructed Vpp Velocity Model Velocity Model
True VTrue Vpp Velocity of Marmousi II Model Velocity of Marmousi II Model
45004500
10001000
00
44 Dep
th (k
m)
Dep
th (k
m)
Boonyasiriwat et al., 2008Boonyasiriwat et al., 2008
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Problem and SolutionProblem and Solution
3
Problem:Problem:Find a velocity model from seismic data that minimizes the data residual
Proposed Solution:Proposed Solution:- Use a gradient-based method- Use a multiscale method in X-T domain
2calcobs PP
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Observed Wavefield
Waveform TomographyWaveform Tomography
obsP
TrueVelocity
Calculated Wavefield calcP
InitialVelocity
Velocity Update
Wavefield Residualcalcobs PP
Iterate until wavefieldresidual is small
4
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OutlineOutline
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• IntroductionIntroduction• Time-domain multiscale waveform tomographyTime-domain multiscale waveform tomography• Processing workflowProcessing workflow• Field data results:Field data results:
• Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico• Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
• SummarySummary
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Why Use Multiscale?Why Use Multiscale?
Low Frequency
High Frequency
Coarse Scale
Fine Scale
Image from Bunks et al. (1995)
Model parameter (m)
Mis
fit fu
nctio
n ( f
)
6
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Multiscale Waveform TomographyMultiscale Waveform Tomography1. Collect data d(x,t)1. Collect data d(x,t)
2. Generate synthetic data d(x,t) by FD method2. Generate synthetic data d(x,t) by FD methodsynsyn..
3. Adjust v(x,z) until ||d(x,t)-d(x,t) || minimized by CG.3. Adjust v(x,z) until ||d(x,t)-d(x,t) || minimized by CG.synsyn.. 22
4. To prevent getting stuck in local minima:4. To prevent getting stuck in local minima: a). Invert early arrivals initiallya). Invert early arrivals initially
mute
7
b). Use multiscale: low freq. high freq.b). Use multiscale: low freq. high freq.
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OutlineOutline
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• IntroductionIntroduction• Time-domain multiscale waveform tomographyTime-domain multiscale waveform tomography• Processing workflowProcessing workflow• Field data results:Field data results:
• Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico• Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
• SummarySummary
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Processing WorkflowProcessing WorkflowPre-Processing of DataPre-Processing of Data
Estimating Source WaveletEstimating Source Wavelet
Generating Initial ModelGenerating Initial Model
Multiscale Waveform TomographyMultiscale Waveform Tomography
Validating Velocity TomogramsValidating Velocity Tomograms
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Processing WorkflowProcessing Workflow3D-to-2D conversion3D-to-2D conversion
Attenuation compensationAttenuation compensation
Random noise removalRandom noise removal
Pre-Processing of DataPre-Processing of Data
Estimating Source WaveletEstimating Source Wavelet
Generating Initial ModelGenerating Initial Model
Multiscale Waveform TomographyMultiscale Waveform Tomography
Validating Velocity TomogramsValidating Velocity Tomograms
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Processing WorkflowProcessing WorkflowPre-Processing of DataPre-Processing of Data
Estimating Source WaveletEstimating Source Wavelet
Generating Initial ModelGenerating Initial Model
Multiscale Waveform TomographyMultiscale Waveform Tomography
Validating Velocity TomogramsValidating Velocity Tomograms
Pick the water-bottomPick the water-bottom
Stack along the water-bottomStack along the water-bottom
Generate a stacked sectionGenerate a stacked section
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Processing WorkflowProcessing WorkflowPre-Processing of DataPre-Processing of Data
Estimating Source WaveletEstimating Source Wavelet
Generating Initial ModelGenerating Initial Model
Multiscale Waveform TomographyMultiscale Waveform Tomography
Validating Velocity TomogramsValidating Velocity Tomograms
Traveltime pickingTraveltime picking
Initial model: RMS velocityInitial model: RMS velocity
Refraction traveltime inversionRefraction traveltime inversion
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Processing WorkflowProcessing WorkflowPre-Processing of DataPre-Processing of Data
Estimating Source WaveletEstimating Source Wavelet
Generating Initial ModelGenerating Initial Model
Multiscale Waveform TomographyMultiscale Waveform Tomography
Validating Velocity TomogramsValidating Velocity Tomograms
Low-pass filteringLow-pass filtering
Inversion from low- toInversion from low- to high-frequency bandshigh-frequency bands
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Processing WorkflowProcessing WorkflowPre-Processing of DataPre-Processing of Data
Estimating Source WaveletEstimating Source Wavelet
Generating Initial ModelGenerating Initial Model
Multiscale Waveform TomographyMultiscale Waveform Tomography
Validating Velocity TomogramsValidating Velocity TomogramsMigration imagesMigration images
Common image gathersCommon image gathers
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OutlineOutline
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• IntroductionIntroduction• Time-domain multiscale waveform tomographyTime-domain multiscale waveform tomography• Processing workflowProcessing workflow• Field data results:Field data results:
• Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico• Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
• SummarySummary
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515 Shots480 Hydrophones
12.5 mdt = 2 msTmax = 10 s
1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Offset (km)
Tim
e (s
)
b) Original CSG 1
1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Offset (km)Ti
me
(s)
a) Virtual CSG 1
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Gulf of Mexico DataGulf of Mexico Data
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Low-pass FilteringLow-pass Filtering
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Offset (km)
Tim
e (s
)
(a) Original CSG
0 2 4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Offset (km)
Tim
e (s
)
(b) 5-Hz CSG
0 2 4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Offset (km)Ti
me
(s)
(c) 10-Hz CSG
0 2 4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
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Reconstructed VelocityReconstructed Velocity
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Velocity (m/s)
Velocity (m/s)
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Kirchhoff Migration ImagesKirchhoff Migration Images
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Kirchhoff Migration ImagesKirchhoff Migration Images
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Comparing CIGsComparing CIGs
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Comparing CIGsComparing CIGs
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CIG from Traveltime Tomogram CIG from Waveform Tomogram
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Comparing CIGsComparing CIGs
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Comparing CIGsComparing CIGs
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CIG from Traveltime Tomogram CIG from Waveform Tomogram
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Comparing CIGsComparing CIGs
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Comparing CIGsComparing CIGs
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CIG from Traveltime Tomogram CIG from Waveform Tomogram
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OutlineOutline
21
• IntroductionIntroduction• Time-domain multiscale waveform tomographyTime-domain multiscale waveform tomography• Processing workflowProcessing workflow• Field data results:Field data results:
• Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico• Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
• SummarySummary
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Saudi Arabia Land SurveySaudi Arabia Land Survey
0 km0 km
1.6 km1.6 km
X-Coord. (km)X-Coord. (km)00 5050
Y-Coord. (km)Y-Coord. (km)
-3.6-3.6 3.63.6Offset (km)Offset (km)
00
22
Tim
e (s
)T
i me
(s)
100 m100 m
1. 1279 CSGs, 240 traces/gather1. 1279 CSGs, 240 traces/gather
4. Pick 246,000 traveltimes4. Pick 246,000 traveltimes
2. 30 m station interval, 2. 30 m station interval, max. offset = 3.6kmmax. offset = 3.6km
3. Line Length = 46 km3. Line Length = 46 km
5. Traveltime tomography -> V(x,y,z)5. Traveltime tomography -> V(x,y,z)
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Brute Stack SectionBrute Stack Section00
2.02.0
Tim
e (s
)T
i me
(s)
39203920 50705070CDPCDP23
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Traveltime Tomostatics + StackingTraveltime Tomostatics + Stacking00
2.02.0
Tim
e (s
)T
i me
(s)
39203920 50705070CDPCDP24
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Waveform Tomostatics + StackingWaveform Tomostatics + Stacking00
2.02.0
Tim
e (s
)T
i me
(s)
39203920 50705070CDPCDP25
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OutlineOutline
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• IntroductionIntroduction• Time-domain multiscale waveform tomographyTime-domain multiscale waveform tomography• Processing workflowProcessing workflow• Field data results:Field data results:
• Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico• Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
• SummarySummary
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SummarySummaryAcoustic waveform inversion was successfully applied to Acoustic waveform inversion was successfully applied to both marine and land datasets, and can provide accurate both marine and land datasets, and can provide accurate velocity subsurface structures.velocity subsurface structures.
Issues:Issues:• Cost > 100 iterations: How to reduce cost?Cost > 100 iterations: How to reduce cost?• Acoustic vs. Elastic: How far can we go with acoustic?Acoustic vs. Elastic: How far can we go with acoustic?• Anisotropy needed?Anisotropy needed?• Source wavelet important: Source-independent inversion.Source wavelet important: Source-independent inversion.• Missing low frequencies: Better initial model via Missing low frequencies: Better initial model via
reflection tomography.reflection tomography.
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AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment
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We would like to thankWe would like to thank• UTAM sponsors for financial support.UTAM sponsors for financial support.• Amarada Hess and Saudi Aramco for providing Amarada Hess and Saudi Aramco for providing
us the datasets.us the datasets.