Analytica Vietnam , 17-19.04.2013, Ho Chi Minh City
AApplicationpplication of green sampleof green sample preparation preparation techniques for the isolation, preconcentration techniques for the isolation, preconcentration
and gas chromatographic determination and gas chromatographic determination of organic environmental pollutantsof organic environmental pollutants
Marcinkowski Łukasz1, Spietelun Agata1, Kloskowski Adam1, Namieśnik Jacek2
1Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty
Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, 11/12 G. Narutowicza St., Poland
1
Analytica Vietnam , 17-19.04.2013, Ho Chi Minh City
accurately monitoring the state of the environmentand the processes taking place in it
determining an wide range of analytes, often presentin trace and ultratrace amounts in sample matriceswith complex or variable compositions
need to introduce to analytical practice newmethodologies and equipment in order to complywith the principles of sustainable developmentand green chemistry
FURTHERFURTHER CHALLENGES CHALLENGES OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYOF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
2
2003
1997
1996
1995
1993
1991
1987
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxicslaunched a research grants program called Alternative Synthetic Pathways for Pollution Prevention
Paul Anastas coined the term GREEN CHEMISTRY
an annual award was established for achievements in the application of GREEN CHEMISTRY principles
IUPAC Working Party on Green Chemistryfounded
the GREEN CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE (EPA) came into being in the USA. It fosters contacts between governmental agencies and industrial corporations on the one hand, and university research centres on the other
the first international GREEN CHEMISTRY symposium took place
the first national conference devoted to GREEN CHEMISTRY took place in Poland – EkoChemTech’03
GREEN CHEMISTRYGREEN CHEMISTRY (SHORT(SHORT HISTORY)HISTORY)
Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) was published
Green Chemistry Program was inaugurated by the US EPA
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GREEN CHEMISTRY
1. Prevent waste
2. Maximize atom economy
3. Less hazardouschemical syntheses
4. Safer chemicals andproducts
5. Safer solvents andreaction conditions
6. Increase energyefficiency
7. Use renewablefeedstocks
8. Avoid chemicalderivatives
9. Use catalysts
10. Design chemicalsand products to degardeafter use
12. Minimize potential for accidents11. Analyze in real time to
prevent pollution
PRINCIPLES of GREEN CHEMISTRY(P.T. Anastas, J. Warner, Green Chemistry.Theory and Practice,
Oxford University Press,New York, 1998, p. 30)
PRINCIPLES of GREEN CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY(N. Winterton, Green Chem., 3 (2001) G73)
PRINCIPLES of GREEN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING(P.T. Anastas, J.B. Zimmerman, Environ. Sci.Technol., 37 (2003) 94A-101A.)
Analytica Vietnam , 17-19.04.2013, Ho Chi Minh City 4
GREEN CHEMISTRY
GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY-GAC
‘The use of analytical chemistry techniques and methodologies that reduce or eliminate solvents, reagents, preservatives, and other
chemicals that are hazardous to human health or the environment and that also may enable faster and more energy efficient analyses
without compromising required performance criteria’
H. K. Lawrence, Green Analytical Methodology Curriculumhttp://www.chemistshelpingchemists.org/GreenAnalyticalMethodologyCurriculum.ppt#257,2,Curriculum
‘Green chemistry, is the invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and
generation of hazardous substances’
P. T. Anastas, J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Praktice. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford (1998)
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THE COMPONENTS OF GREEN ANALYSIS
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A. Gałuszka, Z.M. Migaszewski, J. Namieśnik Twelve principles of green analytical chemistry –SIGNIFICANCE of green analytical practices. Trends Anal. Chem. Submitted.
6
THE PRINCIPLES OF GAC EXPRESSED ASTHE MNEMONIC SIGNIFICANCE
Analytica Vietnam , 17-19.04.2013, Ho Chi Minh City
A. Gałuszka, Z.M. Migaszewski, J. Namieśnik Twelve principles of green analytical chemistry –SIGNIFICANCE of green analytical practices. Trends Anal. Chem. Submitted.
— select direct analytical technique— integrate analytical processes and operations— generate as little waste as possible and treat it properly— never waste energy— implement automation and miniaturization of methods— favor reagents obtained from renewable source— increase safety for operator— carry out in-situ measurements— avoid derivatization— note that the sample number and size should be minimal— choose multi-analyte or multi-parameter metod— eliminate or replace toxic reagents
7
Analytica Vietnam , 17-19.04.2013, Ho Chi Minh City 8
1974 Development of flow injection analysis - FIA
1974 Development of purge-and-trap technique - PT
1976 Development of solid phase extraction - SPE
1978 Development of cloud point extraction - CPE
1985 Development of microwave-assisted extraction - MAE Development of supercritical fluid extraction - SFE
1987 The concept of ecological chemistry (H. Malissa)The concept of sustainable development
1990 Development of solid-phase microextraction - SPMEDevelopment of micro total analysis system - µTAS
1993 Development of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction - MIMSPE
1995 The concept of environmentally friendly analytical chemistry (M. de la Guardia, J. Ruzicka)
1996 Development of presurized solvent extraction - PSE Development of liquid phase micro extraction - LPME Development of single drop microextration -SDME
1999 The concept of green chemistry (P.T. Anastas)The concept of clean analytical method ( M. de la Guardia)The concept of green analytical chemistry ( J. Namieśnik)
Development of stir bar sorptive extraction- SBSE
MILESTONES IN MILESTONES IN GREEN GREEN ANALYTICAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
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NEW EXTRACTION MEDIA NEW EXTRACTION MEDIA GREEN SOLVENTSGREEN SOLVENTS
Parameter Supercritical CO2 Superheated H2OAnalyte solubility can be changed 10-100 times 50-1000000 times
Extractable analytes polar constituents non-polarconstituents
Easily extractable analytes non-polar constituents polar constituents
Analyte reactivity low low-average
Analyte preconcentration (after extraction) usually easy variable level of
difficulty
Selectivity of extraction of analytes of different polarity average good
Selectivity of extraction from samples with a given matrix
composition (e.g. soils)good poor
Range of analyte polarity(ε) 1-2 10-80
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NEW EXTRACTION MEDIA NEW EXTRACTION MEDIA GREEN SOLVENTSGREEN SOLVENTS
IONIC LIQUIDS IONIC LIQUIDS –– SOLVENTS OF THE 21SOLVENTS OF THE 21STST CENTURY
• at room temperature these salts are liquids;
• dissolve organic and inorganic compounds;
• thermally stable;
• high viscosity;
• hydrofobic/hydrophilic;
• non-volatile (very low vapour pressure at 25°C);
• high electrical conductance
INTERESTING AND PROMISING INTERESTING AND PROMISING PROPERTIESPROPERTIES OF IONIC LIQUIDSOF IONIC LIQUIDS
THEORETICAL NUMBER OF COMBINATIONS CATION-ANION
IS EQUAL 1012
So far known is about 1500 IONIC LIQUIDS.
commercially available just 500.
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SOLVENTSOLVENT--FREEFREE SAMPLE SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUESPREPARATION TECHNIQUES
preconcentration of the analytes to a level above the limit of detection of the measuring/monitoring instrument
isolating the analytes from the original sample matrix and/or matrix simplification
removal of interferents and elimination of sample constituents being strongly adsorbed in the chromatographic column and thus accelerating its consumption
Sample preparation - most critical step of the whole analytical protocoleNO SAMPLE PRETREATMENT BEFORE ANALYSIS NECESSARY
AN IDEAL SOLUTION BUTBUT only a limited number of such techniques!
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Application of streamof inert gas as extractant
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
SOLVENT‐FREE SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
Static Headspace analysis (S-HS)Dynamic Headspace (D-HS)Cryotrapping (CT)
Solid phase extractiontechniques with thermal
desorption
Membrane extractiontechniques
Virtually no solventextraction techniques
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SINGLE DROP MICROEXTRACTIONSINGLE DROP MICROEXTRACTION((SDMESDME))
High selectivityLow detection limitsSimple, fast, and easyMinimal sample preparationCan be automated with commercially available equipmentPossible application for trace water analysis
Ethylene glycol
ButylacetateDiisopropyl ether
Tolueneo -Xylene1-Octanol
n -Octaneiso-Octane
Cyclohexanen -Hexadecane
n -DecaneTetradecane
DI-SDME HS-SDMEn -Hexane n -Octane
EXTRACTING SOLVENTS FOR SDME
IL-SDMEBMIM PF 6
HMIM PF 6
OMIM PF6
HMIM NTf 2
G. Liu, P.K. Dasgupta, Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 1817
Drop volume
1 – 8μL
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CONTINOUS FLOW
LLLME
SDME SDME ModesModes ofof operationoperation
H.F. Wu, J.H. Yen, C.C. Chin, Anal. Chem., 78 (2006) 1707M. Ma, F.F. Cantwell, Anal. Chem.,
70 (1998), p. 3912
W. Liu, H.K. Lee, Anal. Chem., 72 (2000), 4462 L. Xu, C. Basheer, H.K. Lee. J. Chromatog. A, 1152 (2007), 184
T. Sikanen, S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, H. Jensen, R. Kostiainen, K. E. Rasmussen, T. Kotiaho,
Anal. Chim. Acta 658 (2010) 133
DROP-TO-DROP DMD-LPME
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SOLIDIFICATION OF FLOATING ORGANIC SOLIDIFICATION OF FLOATING ORGANIC DROP MICROEXTRACTION (SFOD/SFOME) DROP MICROEXTRACTION (SFOD/SFOME)
Physical and chemical properties of solvents for SFOME:
• immiscible with water• low volatility• low density• able to extract analytes
2-Dodecanol
n-Hexadecane
Common used solvents in SFOMEOrganic solvent Melting point (oC)
1,10-Dichlorodecane
13-15
22-24
17-18
18
14-16
1-Undecanol
1-Dodecanol
M.R.K. Zanjani, Y. Yamini, S. Shariati, J.Å . Jönsson, Anal. Chim.Acta, 585 (2007) 286
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Fig. D. Han, K. H. Row, Microchim. Acta,176 (2012) 1
HF-LPME may be accomplished in:•three-phase mode (a)•two-phase mode (b)
HOLLOW HOLLOW FFIBERIBER LIQUIDLIQUID--PHASEPHASEMICROEXTRACTION MICROEXTRACTION (HF(HF--LPME)LPME)
Inexpensive, simple, clean-upPossibility of automationCompatible with GC, HPLC, CEHigh versatility and selectivity Headspace/immersion modePossibility of n-situ derivatization
ADVANCES IN ADVANCES IN HFHF--LPMELPME TECHNIQUE:TECHNIQUE:
Hollow Fiber Membrane Liquid–Liquid–LiquidMicroextraction (HFM-LLLME)
dynamic-HF-LPME
Solvent Cooling Assisted Dynamic HF-LPME (SC-DHF-LPME)
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ELECTROELECTRO MEMBRANE ISOLATION (EMI) MEMBRANE ISOLATION (EMI) ELECTRO MEMBRANE EXTRACTION (EME)ELECTRO MEMBRANE EXTRACTION (EME)
On chip - EME
M. D. Ramos Payán, H. Jensen, N. J. Petersen, S. H. Hansen, S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, Anal. Chim. Acta, 735 (2012) 46
S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, K.E. Rasmussen, J. Chromatogr., A 1109 (2006) 183.
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DISPERSIVE DISPERSIVE LIQUDLIQUD--LIQUIDLIQUIDMICROEXTRACTION MICROEXTRACTION ((DLLDLLME)ME)
Fig. A. V. Herrera-Herrera, M. Asensio-Ramos, J. Hernández-Borges, M. Á. Rodríguez-Delgado, Trends Anal. Chem., 29 (2010) 728
Inexpensive, simple, fastEasy to operatePossibility of automation Enormous contact area between acceptor phase and sampleCompatible with GC, HPLC, CE, UV-vis spectrometryFast extraction kineticsHigh enrichment factor obtained
M. Rezaee, Y. Assadi, M.R.M. Hosseini, E. Aghaee, F. Ahmadi, S. Berijani, J. Chromatogr., A 1116 (2006) 1.
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ADVANCES IN DLLME TECHNIQUEADVANCES IN DLLME TECHNIQUE
SOLVENT DEMULSIFICATION DLLME
NEW EXTRACTION SOLVENTS
SOLVENT TERMINATED- DLLME
EXTRACTION SOLVENT LIGHTER THAN WATER
IONIC LIQUID
SPECIAL HOME-MADEEXTRACTION DEVICES
DLLME BASED ON THE SOLIDIFICATION OF A FLOATING ORGANIC DROP
COLD- INDUCED AGGREGATION MICROEXTRACTION (CIAME)
IN SITU SOLVENT-FORMATION MICROEXTRACTION (ISFME)
TEMPERATURE-CONTROLLED IONIC LIQUIDEXHAUSTIVELY DLLME (TILDLME)
SEQUENTIAL INJECTION–DLLME
LOW-DENSITY SOLVENT-BASED SOLVENT DEMULSIFICATION-DLLME
SURFACTANT-ASSISTED DLLME
COACERVATES AND REVERSE MICELLES
ULTRASOUND ASSISTED DLLME
VORTEX-ASSISTED DLLME
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Stir Membrane liquid–liquid microextraction(SM-LLME)
M. C. Alcudia-León, R. Lucena, S. Cárdenas, M. Valcárcel, Anal. Chem., 81 (2009) 8957
ROTATING LIQUID PHASE ROTATING LIQUID PHASE EXTRACTION DEVICESEXTRACTION DEVICES
Hollow Fiber Solid-Liquid Phase Microextraction (HF-SLPME)
Z. Es’haghi, M. A.-K. Khooni, T. Heidari, Spectrochim. Acta Part A, 79 (2011) 603
Solvent Bar Microextraction (SBME)
X. Jiang, H. K. Lee, Anal. Chem., 76 (2004) 5591
Dual Solvent Stir Bars Microextraction(DSSBME)
C. Yu, Q. Liu, L. Lan, B. Hu, J. Chromatogr. A, 1188 (2008) 124
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ROTATING SOLID PHASE ROTATING SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION DEVICESEXTRACTION DEVICES
N.R. Neng, A.R.M. Silva, J.M.F. Nogueira, J.Chromatogr. A, 1217 (2010) 7303
Modes:•bar adsorptive μ- extraction (BaμE) •multi-spheres adsorptive μ-extraction (MSAμE)
Adsorptive μ-extraction (AμE)Stir cake sorptive extraction (SCSE)
Rotating disk sorbent extraction (RDSE)
Stir rod sorptive extraction (SRSE)
X. Huang, L. Chen, F Lin, D. Yuan, J. Sep. Sci., 34 (2011) 2145
P. Richter, C. Leiva, C. Choque, A. Giordano, B. Sepulveda, J. Chromatogr. A, 1216 (2009) 8598
Y. B. Luo, Q. Ma, Y. Q. Feng, J. Chromatogr. A, 1217 (2010) 3583.
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STIR BAR SORTPIVE EXTRACTION STIR BAR SORTPIVE EXTRACTION (SBSE)(SBSE)
AdvancesAdvances inin SBSSBSEE techniquetechnique::
Application of poliurethane foams, PPESK, alkyl-diolsilica RAM, silica materials, molecularly imprinted coatings, monoliths and sol-gel technique to prepare of stir bar coatings
Double-phase stir bar coatings
Rapid, simple, solvent-freeSensitive and effective extractionCompatible with GC, HPLC, CEHeadspace and immersion modesHigh thermal and chemical stability of stir bar coatings
E. Baltussen, H. G. Janssen, P. Sandra, C. A. Cramers, J. High. Resolut. Chromatogr., 20 (1997) 385
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MICRO MICRO SOLIDSOLID--PHASEPHASEEXTRACTION (EXTRACTION (µµSPE)SPE)
AdvancesAdvances inin ((µµSPE) SPE) techniquetechnique::
Application of mulberry paper bag, electrospun composite of polyaniline-nylon-6 (PANI-N6),electrospun composite of polypyrrole-polyamide (PP-PA) as sorbent sheet
Inexpensive, simple, clean-upConveniently applicableEasy to be manipulatedCompatible with GC, HPLCHeadspace and immersion modesSufficient sensitivityGood reproducibilityExcellent enrichment
C. Basheer, A. A. Alnedhary,B. S. M. Rao, S. Valliyaveettil, H. K. Lee, Anal. Chem., 78 (2006) 2853
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APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN NANOEXTRACTION TECHNIQUESIN NANOEXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
VARIANT I VARIANT II
Solid-phase nanoextraction(SPNE)H. Wang, A. D. Campiglia, Anal. Chem., 80 (2008) 8202
WATER SAMPLE MICRO‐PLANE GLASS WITH Au NPs
SHAKING AND CENTRIFUGATION
COLLECT PRECIPITATE
SOLVENT ADDITION
SHAKING AND CENTRIFUGATION
SUPERNATANT COLLECTION
HPLC LETRESS
H. Wang, A. D. Campiglia, Anal. Chem., 80 (2008) 8202Y. Zhu, S. Zhang, Y. Tang, M. Guo, C. Jin, T. Qi, J Solid State Electrochem, 14 (2010) 1609.
SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION (SPME)(SPME)
1. Plunger2. Barrel3. Injection needle4. Inner needle5. Coated fused silica fiber
simplicity of operationshort extraction and desorption timesolvent-free operationsmall size (convenient for designing portable devices)possibility of full automationdirect linkup with a GCpossibility to in-situ and in-vivo samplingdirect-immerson and headspace mode
C. L. Arthur, J. Pawliszyn, Anal. Chem., 62 (1990) 2145
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MILESTONES IN THE MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPME DEVELOPMENT OF SPME
HEADSPACE SPME (HS-SPME)
COOLED COATED FIBRE SPME (CCF-SPME)
IN-TUBE SPME
WIRE-IN-TUBE SPMEFIBRE-IN-TUBE SPME
MEMBRANE-SPME (M-SPME)
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ADVANCES IN SPME TECHNIQUE
AUTOMATION
NEW EXTRACTION PHASE
NEW DEVICES AND MODIFICATIONS
IONIC LIQUIDS
CARBON NANOTUBES AND GRAPHEN
SILICA MICROSTRUCTURES
MEMBRANE-SPME
LIQUID-LIQUID-SOLIDMICROEXTRACTION
ELECTROSORPTION ENHANCED-SPME
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COMMERCIAL SPME COMMERCIAL SPME FIBERSFIBERS
limited choicehigh costpoor selectivity for polar analytespossibility of competing of the matrixcompounds with the analytes for available adsorbent sitesneed to high temperatures to be used to desorb the less volatile compounds
degradation of the analytes promote catalytic breakdown of trapped analytes
ADSORPTIONADSORPTIONartefact formation incomplete desorptionstrong catalytic interactions of trapped analytes with adsorbents
ABSORTIONABSORTIONanalytes are retained by dissolutionmoderate desortion temperatures analyte decomposition can be ruled outnon-specific interactions between analyte and sorbent
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LIQUIDLIQUID––LIQUIDLIQUID––SOLIDSOLIDMICROEXTRACTION (LLSME)MICROEXTRACTION (LLSME)
simpleexciting low-cost environment-friendly negligible organic solvent consumption enhanced efficiencyhigh selective and sensitive pretreatment
Y. Hu, Y. Wang, Y. Hu, G. Li, J. Chromatogr. A, 1216 (2009) 8304
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ELECTROSORPTION ENHANCED SPME ELECTROSORPTION ENHANCED SPME ((EEEE--SPMESPME))
simple, fast, sensitivegood performance short adsorption timewide linear rangelow detection limithigh recoveries
X. Chai, Y. He, D. Ying, J. Jia, T. Sun, J. Chromatogr. A, 1165 (2007) 26
Q. Li, Y. Ding, D. Yuan, Talanta 85 (2011) 1148
Nanoparticle-coated WE electrodein EE-SPME mode is known as:
ELECTROCHEMICAL SOLID-PHASE NANOEXTRACTION
Y. Zhu, S. Zhang, Y. Tang, M. Guo, C. Jin, T. Qi, J. Solid State Electrochem, 14 (2010) 1609.
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MEMBRANEMEMBRANE--SPMESPME ((MM--SPMESPME))
1) silica fiber2) coating of polyethylene glycol (PEG)3) coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
Inner coating Outer coatingAbsorbent material PEG PDMSAverage thickness of coating 40-50μm 100-110μmLength of sorbent coating 1cm 1,2 cmThe role of sorbent coating very polar
retaining mediumhydrophobic,
nonpolar membrane
A. Kloskowski, M. Pilarczyk, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Chem., 81 (2009) 7363.
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MM--SPME ADVANTAGESSPME ADVANTAGESlow cost of fiber preparation
high thermal stability (PDMS is stable up to 300oC)
short extraction and desorption time
lack of water sorption (due to the presence of hydrophobic membrane)
high affinity to polar analytes
At the extraction temperature PEG of low molecular weight behaves as an immobilised liquid (viscous liquid polymer)
Analytes are retained by dissolution in the sorbent layer
absorption nature of the retentionpartitioning mechanism of the extraction
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A. Kloskowski, M. Pilarczyk, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Chem., 81 (2009) 7363
DeterminationDetermination ofof phenolsphenolsusingusing MM--SPMESPME andand GCGC
Compound Linearity range (µg/L) R2
LOD (µg/L)
M-SPME PA
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 15-1500 0.9953 7 50
2-Chlorophenol 3-300 0.9936 43 530
2,4-Dichlorophenol 3-300 0.9987 15 120
2,4-Dimethylphenol 3-300 0.9921 9 110
2,4-Dinitrophenol 10-1000 0.9963 110 950
2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 15-1500 0.9898 81 680
2-Nitrophenol 3-300 0.9945 9 60
4-Nitrophenol 15-1500 0.9937 150 1800
Pentachlorophenol 15-1500 0.9914 83 740
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 10-1000 0.9932 61 440
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Compound
R2 LOD (mg/L) RSD (%)
M-SPME DVB/CAR/PDMS M-SPME DVB/CAR
/PDMS M-SPME DVB/CAR/PDMS
chlorobenzene 0.997 0.994 0.031 0.016 11 9p-xylene 0.992 0.986 0.022 0.015 9 6o-xylene 0.986 0.994 0.018 0.014 12 7
isopropylbenzene 0.994 0.995 0.015 0.018 12 8n-propylbenzene 0.998 0.997 0.013 0.017 14 102-chlorotoluene 0.997 0.993 0.016 0.019 8 64-chlorotoluene 0.995 0.995 0.017 0.018 10 6t-butylbenzene 0.997 0.985 0.011 0.021 12 8
sec-butylbenzene 0.987 0.992 0.011 0.021 11 81,3-dichlorobenzene 0.989 0.998 0.017 0.017 14 101,4-dichlorobenzene 0.994 0.987 0.017 0.023 13 71,2-dichlorobenzene 0.986 0.988 0.016 0.028 13 7
DeterminationDetermination ofof VOCsVOCsusingusing MM--SPMESPME andand GCGC
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MM--SPMESPME conclusionconclusionpartitioning mechanism of the extraction, which is characterized by significantly higher linearity range when compared to commercial fibre
enabling highly polar sorbents to be used without the risk of dissolving in polar sample matrix
povides opportunity of application of quite new kinds of materials, which due to low melting temperatures or solubility in water have not been taken into consideration so far in this kind of applications
high extraction efficiency of phenols and VOCs obtainable with M-SPME fibres, comparable and better than the extraction efficiency using commercially available fibres
M-SPME combined with determination by GC may become a powerful, environmentally friendly tool for sampling, isolation and preconcentration of organic pollutants
• applicable on the sample preparation step prior to the finalquantitative determination of analytes on the ppb level
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EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IIMPACT OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURESMPACT OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
TOOLS:
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)1
Eco- Scale2
Eco-Compass3
1 Consoli, F., D. Allen, R. Weston, I. Boustead, J. Fava, W. Franklin, A. Jensen, N. de Oude, R. Parrish, R. Perriman, D. Postlethwaite, B. Quay, J. Séguin and B. Vigon., Guidelines for life cycleassessment: A Code of practice. SETAC, Brussels and Pensacola, 1993.
2 Aken K., L. Strekowski, L. Patiny, EcoScale, a semi-quantitative tool to select an organic preparation based on economical and ecological parameters, Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2, 3, 2006.
3 Home Sustainability Assessment, http://www.ecocompass.com.au/
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A new tool for evaluation of the greenness of analytical methodology
Eco-Scale = 100 – total penalty points
The result is ranked on the following scale:>75 – excellent green analysis>50 – acceptable green analysis<50 – inadequate green analysis
Penalty points are assigned for amount of reagents, hazards (physical, environmental,
health and occupational), energy used and waste generated in the analytical procedure
Gałuszka A., Konieczka P., Migaszewski Z.M., Namieśnik J. 2012. Analytical Eco-Scale for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures.
Trends in Analytical Chemistry 37, 61–72.
ANALYTICAL ANALYTICAL ECOECO--SCALESCALE
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REAGENTSSubtotal PP Total PP
Amount<10 mL (g) 1
Amount PP×Hazard
PP
10-100 mL (g) 2>100 mL (g) 3
Hazard (physical, environmental, health)
None 0Less severe hazard 1More severe hazard 2
INSTRUMENTS
Energy
≤0.1 kWh per sample 0
≤1.5 kWh per sample 1
>1.5 kWh per sample 2
Occupational hazardAnalytical process hermetization 0
Emission of vapors and gases to the air 3
Waste
None 0
<1 mL (g) 1
1-10 mL (g) 3
>10 mL (g) 5
RecyclingDegradation PassivationNo treatment
0123
THE PENALTY POINTS (PPS) THE PENALTY POINTS (PPS) TO CALCULATE ANALYTICAL TO CALCULATE ANALYTICAL ECOECO--SCALESCALE
Analytica Vietnam , 17-19.04.2013, Ho Chi Minh City 39
DDEPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL EPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL FACULTYCHEMICAL FACULTYGDANSK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYGDANSK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Analytical Chemistry
This lecture can also be found on the homepageof the Department of Analytical Chemistry
http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/Katedry/Analityczna/analit.html
Analytica Vietnam , 17-19.04.2013, Ho Chi Minh City 40
EUROPEAN MASTER IN QUALITY EUROPEAN MASTER IN QUALITY IN ANALYTICAL LABORATORIESIN ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES-- EMQALEMQAL
http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/Analytica Vietnam , 17-19.04.2013, Ho Chi Minh City 41
MODAS„Production and attestation of new types of reference
materials crucial for achieving European accreditation for polish industrial laboratories ‐
MODAS”
http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/modas/
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MMEMBERS OF MY RESEARCH GROUPEMBERS OF MY RESEARCH GROUP
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