Download - Appendix A Hardware Appendix B Software
APPENDIX A HARDWAREAPPENDIX B SOFTWARE
STUFF FOR CLASS
Case is $80,000 enough on web
IS THIS ENOUGH MONEY?
Is the $80,000 question a credible problem? What happens if you answer the $80,000 question
incorrectly? What kind of reputation are you building for yourself Whom do you think you are competing against
As we go through this chapter what questions might you ask to answer the $80,000 question correctly
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SIX MAJOR ROLES AND GOALS OF IT
1. Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using
2. Enhance decision making 3. Improve team collaboration 4. Create business partnerships and alliances 5. Enable global reach all over the world taking into
consideration the culture of each nation or society. 6. Facilitate organizational transformation as the
organization evolves and responds to the ever-changing marketplace.
A-5
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Output Device Monitor
Input Device Keyboard Processing Device
The System Unit
A-6
INPUT DEVICES – TEXT AND POINTING
A-7
INPUT NEEDS AND DEVICES
A-8
PROCESSINGProcessingThe role of processing in a computer system is to translate inputs into outputs. This is done through a combination of language and system components
LanguageComputers speak a language called binary or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s
System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer
A-9
PROCESSING – LANGUAGEBinary or Machine Language• The language that all computers use• IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below)• Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal characters to binary code (e.g.
A = 0100 0001 in binary)
A = 0100 0001
BitA single
0 or 1
Byte(8 bits)
Makes up one
character
Binary Example How a Computer Uses it
A-10
PROCESSING – THE SYSTEM UNIT
The System UnitThe physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer
Components• Support – electronic equipment to run the machine• Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer• Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to
operate• Secondary Storage – longer-term storage for data• Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors
A-11
PROCESSING – MOTHER BOARD
Motherboard• Central Processing Unit (CPU)• RAM and ROM• Secondary Storage Devices (e.g. hard drive)• Slots - connecting specialty processors • Ports - connecting input/output devices
A-12
PROCESSING – CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITCentral Processing Unit (CPU)
Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components:•Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components
•Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions
A-13
PROCESSING – CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Moore’s Law (1970s)Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months
CPU ProcessingIntel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors
A-14
PROCESSING – PRIMARY STORAGEPrimary StorageThis storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in RAM and ROM types
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)
A-15
PROCESSING – SECONDARY STORAGE
Hard Drives
Diskettes
Magnetic Tape
Optical Disk • Magneto-Optical (MO)• Compact Disk (CD)• Digital Video Disk (DVD
Secondary Storage This nonvolatile storage is used to permanently store information and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types:
A-16
PROCESSING – PORTS AND SLOTSThese are devices used to provide hardware interfaces – plugs and sockets - to connect devices to computers and components to provide a fully functional computer
A-17
OUTPUT DEVICES Video A visual display of data that supports motion using a monitor (monochrome or colour) coming in two types: • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD• Projection – A device that projects a picture onto a screen
CRT
LCD
A-18
OUTPUT DEVICES Printers and PlottersA visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper)• Dot Matrix – • Ink-jet – • Laser
Audio
A-19
TYPES OF COMPUTERSSupercomputers
MainframeComputers Workstations
Microcomputers
MidrangeComputers
A-20
TYPES OF COMPUTERS – MICROCOMPUTERSPersonal
Computers
NetworkComputers
Notebook
Tablet PC http://pergatory.mit.edu/robotworld/multimedia/index.htmlHandheld Computer http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windowsmobile/business/videocasestudies.mspx
1 laptop per child
B-21
CLASSES OF SOFTWARESystem SoftwareThe collection of programs that control the basic functions of computer hardware
Application SoftwarePrograms that let the user perform a specific task or operation by interacting with the system software
Development Languages and EnvironmentsAutomated software tools used by system developers to design and implement information systems
B-22
SYSTEM SOFTWARE – A.K.A. OPERATING SYSTEMS
Common Functions• Booting or (starting) the computer• Reading programs into memory and
managing memory allocation• Managing where programs and files
are located in secondary storage• Maintaining the structure of
directories and subdirectories• Formatting disks• Controlling the computer monitor• Sending documents to the printer
B-23
OPERATING SYSTEM – INTERFACES InterfacesAfter boot up, the computer provides an interface for the user or programmer to interact with it. Different operating systems use different types
Common Interface Type• Command-based interface– • Menu interface – • Graphical user interface (GUI)
B-24
COMMON OPERATING SYSTEMS
B-25
OPERATING SYSTEMS - UTILITIES Utilities:Programs that manage computer resources and files and may be included in the operating system or purchased separately as needed
B-26
APPLICATION SOFTWARE Application SoftwareThis software performs specific user functions (e.g. e-mail)
Customized Application SoftwareSoftware that is developed to meet the specification of an organization. This can be developed “in-house” by IS staff or by an outside vendor. Advantages include:• Customizability – tailored to meet specific needs• Problem specificity – pay for only those functions that are
developed for and used by the organization
Off-the-Shelf SoftwarePackaged software developed by a vendor for a particular problem or industry but is not specific to an organization. This is a lower cost approach that may be combined with custom development to tailor it
B-27
TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARETypes of Application Software Application software come in two types for use by organizations: 1) large business systems and office automation; 2) personal productivity tools
Business SystemsThese large systems support enterprise-wide operations such as:• Accounting -A/P, A/R,
general ledger, payroll• Operations - inventory
management, order processing, shipping, etc.
Personal ProductivityUsed by individuals or groups to support a variety of common tasks such as:• Communication – e-mail,
word processing• Scheduling – group calendars• Analysis - spreadsheets
B-28
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWAREOpen SourceA special class of software that includes operating systems, application software, and programming languages in which the source code (the actual program code) is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification
Popular Open Source ApplicationsA number of mainstream open source applications can be found across many organizations. Here are just a few:
• Operating systems – Linux• Web browsers – Mozilla• Web servers – Apache• E-mail processing – Sendmail• Internet domain naming service – BIND• Secure connection standard - OpenSSL
B-29
COMPILERS, LANGUAGES, AND ENVIRONMENTSCompilers and Interpreters
Software designed to translate programming languages into machine code or binary in order to allow the computer to execute the program instructions
Programming LanguagesLanguages used to write program instructions that have evolved from early “machine language” to higher-level languages that are easier to write and understand
Automated Development EnvironmentsAutomated software tools used by systems developers to design and implement information systems and increase quality and productivity
B-30
COMPILERS AND INTERPRETERSCompilersThese highly-specialized software applications are used to convert program instructions (source code) into the machine code (object code) prior to being loaded into a computer’s secondary storage ( entire program )
Compiler Example
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COMPILERS AND INTERPRETERSInterpreterThese specialized software applications are similar to compilers but instead of translating the source code to machine language prior to loading, it reads, translates, and executes one line of source code at a time during operation ( one line at a time )
Interpreter Example
B-32
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES - GENERATIONSProgramming Languages
These languages are used to write program instructions and have evolved over time making them more powerful, easier to read and write, and more natural language-focused
1st
MachineBinary
2nd
SymbolicUse of
symbols
1940s3rd
High-LevelUse English
like words for procedures
4th
OutcomeOriented
Use outcome focused words
1950smid
1950s 1970s5th
Artificial Intelligence
Natural language(spoken English)
Generations of Programming Languages
1990s
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POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
B-34
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES – MORE RECENT HIGH-LEVELObject-Oriented Programming (OOP)
These languages allow programmers to group data and program instructions together into modules (objects) that can be manipulated by a programmer (e.g Java or C++).
Visual LanguagesThese languages take advantage of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) allowing additions of visual objects (e.g. buttons) with a few clicks versus coding the object pixel by pixel
B-35
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES – WEB DEVELOPMENTWeb Development Languages
These languages are used to develop Web pages and operations using both static and dynamic content
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Dynamic ContentMarkup languages are used for laying out or formatting content, while dynamic languages are needed to provide animation or dynamic (changing) content
Dynamic LanguagesSeveral languages are available for creating dynamic content such as:• Java –• ActiveX – • Scripting Languages (JavaScript) –
IS THIS ENOUGH MONEY?
What is the money supposed to cover Hardware Software PC for employees or servers and networks and other
infrastructure Type of work employees do Is existing equipment sufficient for anticipated workload
( who do I involve in decision ) Types of hardware, software etc
Get me the Geeks