Download - AP World History
AP World History
Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations,
to 600 BCE• Humans emerge from Africa, spread around the
globe
– Adaptations (control of fire, increasingly sophisticated tools) allow us to thrive in varied environments
– Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic Eras
– Use of stone tools, then bronze, then iron
Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to
600 BCESocieties:
• Hunter-gatherers
• Pastoral nomads
• Agriculturalists (after the Neolithic Revolution)
Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to
600 BCETechnology/adaptations: • Agriculture• Domestication• Metallurgy
Human-Environment Interactions:• Irrigation/water control• Domesticated plants• Large animal extinctions
Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to
600 BCEFirst civs develop in river valleys:
• Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates)
• Egypt (Nile)
• India (Indus)
• China (Huang He)
Later, in Sub-Saharan Africa, Papua New Guinea, the Andes, Mesoamerica
Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to
600 BCEMonumental Architecture:
• Pyramids
• Ziggurats
• Temples
• Defensive walls
• Sewer systems
• Streets/roads
Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to
600 BCEEarly forms of record keeping:
• Cuneiform
• Hieroglyphics
• Glyph writing
• Pictographs
• Alphabets
• Quipu/khipu
Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to
600 BCE
New worldviews:
• animism/shamanism
• Vedic religion (India)
• Judaism
• Zoroastrianism (Persia)
Trade interactions:– Egypt and Nubia– Mesopotamia and Indus
Valley
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CEWorldviews develop/evolve:• Judaism• Vedic religion becomes Hinduism• Confucianism, Daoism in China• Buddhism in India• Greek and Roman pantheons• Christianity• Ancestor veneration
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CE
Key States and Empires: • Persia
– Achaemenid (550 BCE-350 BCE) – Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes; Royal Road, Persepolis, Greco-Persian Wars; defeated by Alexander the Great
– Parthian (247 BCE-284 CE) – trade w/ Rome, Han China– Sassanid (224-651 CE) – defeated by Arab Muslims; heavy influence
on the caliphates
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CE• Qin dynasty China
(221-206 BCE)– Unified China under
Shi Huangdi– Legalism developed by
Han Feizi– Great Wall
• Han dynasty China (206 BCE-220 CE)– Liu Bang– Silk Road trade
w/Rome, Parthia– Confucianism – Civil service– Threats from Xiongnu
nomads
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CE• Maurya and Gupta India
– Maurya (321-180 BCE)- unified by Chandragupta Maurya, greatest leader was Ashoka; trade, state spread of Buddhism
– Gupta (320-550 CE)- Chandra Gupta II, Golden Age, use of Arabic numerals, decimals, 0 and pi in math
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CE• Ancient Greece
– dominated by the polis (Athens, Sparta, etc.)
– Development of aristocracy, democracy
• Draco, Solon, Cleisthenes, Pericles
– Slavery, colonization of Mediterranean region
– Persian Wars (Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis); Peloponnesian Wars (Sparta defeats Athens)
• Culture– Greek mythology– Philosophy: Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle– Architecture– Literature:
• Homer (Iliad and Odyssey)• Poetry• History• Drama
– Comedy – Aristophanes– Tragedy – Sophocles,
Euripides, Aeschylus
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CEHellenistic Empire – Alexander the Great
• spread Greek culture throughout Mediterranean and Central Asia
• At his death Alexander’s empire divided into 3 kingdoms:
– Antigonid (Greece and Macedonia)
– Seleucid (Bactria, Anatolia)
– Ptolemaic (Egypt)
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CERome (509 BCE-476 CE)• Gov’ts: monarchy, republic, empire
• Classes: patricians, plebeians, slaves; paterfamilias led the family
• Laws of the Twelve Tables; Latin language; Aenead, aqueducts and roads connecting all parts of the empire, circuses, Colosseum, gladiators
• Defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars
• Leaders: Cincinnatus, Sulla, Marius, the Gracchi, Julius Caesar, Augustus, Caligula, Nero, Marcus Aurelius
• Pax Romana, Silk Road trade with Han China
• Polytheistic; Edict of Milan (313 CE) allows practice of Christianity
• Split by Diocletian into Eastern and Western halves – capitals at Rome and Constantinople
• Weak leaders, barbarian invasions, economic problems lead to collapse of the Western half of empire; Eastern half continues as the Byzantine Empire
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CEMesoamerica
• Teotihuacan (100 BCE-750 CE) – huge city, w/pyramids and priestly elite
• Maya
• Olmec
• Moche and Chavin in South America
Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies,
600 BCE to 600 CE
• Major trade routes flourish:
• Silk Roads- Rome, Parthia, Gupta India, Han China
• Indian Ocean trade• Trans-Saharan trade (gold!
salt!)• Mediterranean sea lanes
• New tech allows long-distance travel:– Yokes, stirrups, saddles– Domestication of horses,
camels, oxen, llamas– Dhows and lateen sails for
ships
Key Trade Routes