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AP Biology
Endocrine Systems
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Signal Transduction Pathway
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Kinases “turn on” processesPhosphotases “turn off” processes
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Basic Hormone Pattern
Targeteffectors
Response
Simple endocrine pathway
Glycogenbreakdown,glucose releaseinto blood
Liver
Bloodvessel
Pancreassecretesglucagon ( )
Endocrinecell
Low bloodglucose
Receptorprotein
Stimulus
Pathway Example
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Remember the “hands” on cell membranes? (In GREEN)
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LE 45-7
Mammary glands,uterine muscles
Hypothalamus
Kidney tubules
OxytocinHORMONE
TARGET
ADH
Posteriorpituitary
Neurosecretorycells of thehypothalamus
Axon
Anteriorpituitary
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CytokinesIL 1 – Macrophage to Helper T
IL2 – Helper T to B or Cytotoxic T
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Polar versus Non-polar Hormone
Signal Reception
SECRETORYCELL
Hormonemolecule
Signal receptor
VIABLOOD
VIABLOOD
TARGETCELL TARGET
CELLSignaltransductionpathway
OR
Cytoplasmicresponse
DNA
NUCLEUS
Nuclearresponse
Receptor in plasma membrane Receptor in cell nucleus
DNA
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Synthesis ofspecific proteins
Signaltransductionand response
Signalreceptor
Hormonemolecule
SECRETORYCELL
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Examples of Negative Feedback Loops
Hypothalamus
TRH
Anteriorpituitary
TSH
Thyroid
T3 T4
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Positive Feedback Loop
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Tropic Hormones of the
PosteriorPituitary
Mammary glands,uterine muscles
Hypothalamus
Kidney tubules
OxytocinHORMONE
TARGET
ADH
Posteriorpituitary
Neurosecretorycells of thehypothalamus
Axon
Anteriorpituitary
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Tropic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
Endocrine cells of theanterior pituitary
Portal vessels
Pituitary hormones(blue dots)
Pain receptorsin the brain
Endorphin Growth hormone
BonesLiver
MSH
Melanocytes
Prolactin
Mammaryglands
ACTH
Adrenalcortex
TSH
ThyroidTestes orovaries
FSH and LH
TARGET
HORMONE
Hypothalamicreleasinghormones(red dots)
Tropic Effects OnlyFSH, follicle-stimulating hormoneLH, luteinizing hormoneTSH, thyroid-stimulating hormoneACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
Nontropic Effects OnlyProlactinMSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormoneEndorphin
Nontropic and Tropic EffectsGrowth hormone