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“Qualitative and Quantitative Water Scarcity Issues in Bihar, India”
ASHOK GHOSHDEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT & WATERDEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT & WATER
MANAGEMENTA.N.COLLEGE, PATNA
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Water Quality and Quantity
"Water quality and quantity is going to be the biggest challenge in coming years to human beings on planet Earth.......Many persons have survived without love, but none without water"
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if lOur Life Style ???
If everyone on Earth continue our current life style, it would take more than 7 Earths to support human population by the end of this century.
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THEONLYONLYONEWEWE
KNOWOFOF…
…TODATE !DATE !
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Changes in the present century: GlaciersGangotri Glacier(NASA)
g– Receding since
1870 when data gathering began
– 1,147 meters melted away during the 61 years between 1936 andbetween 1936 and 1996 (19 meters per year)per year)
– Receded 850 meters during the g25 years between 1975 and 1999 (34
)meters per year)
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Bihar- A Water Resource Hub
• Playground of perennial Himalayan and seasonal Peninsular Streams
• Abundance of aquifers at all levelsq
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NEPAL
Satellite view of
E t BihEast Bihar Plains
RR. Ganges Indian Craton
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Aquifers of Bihar
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GANGA‐MEGHNA‐
BRAMHAPUTRAGMB Plains -Area 569 thousand sq km
Population >500 million
RIVER BASINS
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Annual Per Capita Availability of WaterAnnual Per Capita Availability of WaterAnnual Per Capita Availability of Water Annual Per Capita Availability of Water in the Eastern Plains of Indiain the Eastern Plains of India
2,300
Precipitation : 4,000 km3
Wh l di2,100
2,200 Adequate Water Where are we leading to ?
1,800
1,900
2,000
Water Scarcity
1,600
1,700
,
1,500
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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WATER RESOURCE THE - CURRENT SITUTATIONWATER RESOURCE THE CURRENT SITUTATION
i h d d d• High dependence on ground water (85%)O t ti f d t• Over extraction of ground water for irrigation
• Uncontrolled deforestation• Uncontrolled deforestation• Neglect of traditional practices
and systems including rain waterand systems, including rain water harvesting
• Inadequate integrated water dequ e eg ed w emanagement and watershed development
• Emerging water quality problems
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WATER QUANTITYWATER QUANTITY
Shrinking Wetlands of Bihar- Current Climatic and Tectonic Changes? (Ghosh et g (
al,2004)
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Projection of Climate Change on Water Availability
• The gross per capita water availability in Bihar will decline from about 1,950 m3/yr in 2001 towill decline from about 1,950 m /yr in 2001 to as low as about 1,170 m3/yr in 2050
• Bihar will reach a state of water stress before 2020 when the availability of clean water falls below 1000 m3 per capitabelow 1000 m per capita
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Remote Sensing Image - 1984
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Remote Sensing Image - 2004
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Current Status ofCurrent Status of “Surplus River Water” State – Bihar
• Surface water coverage in Ghagra-Gandak& G d k K i Z d d b 43 4%& Gandak-Kosi Zones decreased by 43.4% and 37.8% respectivelyM i di t ti l di t• Massive sedimentation leading to near obliteration of water bodies, including channel flowschannel flows
• Increase in surface water area in Kosi Fan by 7 65%by 7.65%
• Eastward shift in mid-section of the Kosi.
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• Impact on ground water rechargep g g• Impact on fish culture and “makhana”
cultivationcultivation• Shrinkage and disappearance of wetland
lecology • Shrinking Kabar Tal is a proposed g p p
Ramsar Site. It covered 6786.05 hectares in 1984, but in 2004 revealed shrinkage , gto 5043.825 hectares.
• Seismotectonic changes were indicatedSeismotectonic changes were indicated by our studies in North Bihar
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CHANGES IN MAJOR LAND USE CATEGORIES IN BIHAR[Based on 1984 & 2004 remote sensing images]
1984 2004Land use types 1984 [Fig. in Hectares]
2004
[Fig. in Hectares]
Change [in %]
W tl d 4023 91 2409 86 40 11Wetlands 4023.91 2409.86 -40.11
Forests, 4812.63 5773.54 19.96,including plantationsCropped Area 27148 52 24764 96 -8 78Cropped Area 27148.52 24764.96 -8.78
Fallow 18653.12 20956.63 12.35
Sand and Cloud
978.53 1373.12 40.32
cover/HazeUnclassified land
521.52 860.12 64.93land
TOTAL 56138.23 56138.23 -
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S l il bilit Seasonal availability of surface water of surface water declined by 43% for declined by 43% for the state of Bihar as a the state of Bihar as a whole.
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Therefore lesser availability of surfaceTherefore lesser availability of surface water accounted for decline in the seasonal cropped area in west Biharseasonal cropped area in west Bihar.Conversely in the middle plains, h i ki l dshrinking wetlands gave way to new
arable land in their outer confines.The eastern segment is subject to rising water tables and swamping of the arablewater tables and swamping of the arable lands
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WATER QUALITYWATER QUALITY
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Water Disease Triangle Source of Health Hazardate sease a g e Sou ce o ea t a a dLack of
Clean Water
Lack of
Safe SanitationLack of
Hygiene Safe SanitationHygiene
Source: WHO/UNICEF, 2009
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Surface Water DeteriorationSurface Water Deterioration Due to Climatic changes and g
Anthropogenic activities
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f l hStatus of Water Quality in Bihar
• Surface water pollution –B t i l i l d Ch i lBacteriological and Chemical
• Ground water contamination – IronGround water contamination Iron, Arsenic, Fluoride and Nitrate…….
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The Ganges is the glongest river in South Asia. With a total length of 2,640 km
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Ganga at Gomukh
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Ganga at Gangotri
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Ganga in UPGanga in UP
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Ganga at PatnaGanga at PatnaBihar
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Ganga at Patna
…and also, a morgue…
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G t P tGanga at Patna
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Herniation in Zooplanktons
The Ganga water has become highly polluted with very high bacterial contaminationvery high bacterial contaminationthe growing urbanization and industrialization h i d h ll i l d di h d ihave increased the pollution load discharged into the River Ganga resulting in loss of the river’s
i il i iassimilative capacity.Very high rate of herniation has been detected in Ganga Water in Bihar
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Herniation: Cladocera Bosmina
Bosmina Herniation%
0.60.7
ntag
e (%
)
Bosmina Herniation%
0.30.40.5
ion
Per
cen
00.10.2
Her
niat
0 5 10 15Serial Numbers
bosmina herniati…
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Herniation: Nauplius
Nauplius Herniation %
0.70.80.9
ntag
e (%
)
0.40.50.60.7
tion
Per
cen
0.10.20.3
Her
niat
00 5 10 15
Serial NumbersSerial Numbers
Nauplius …
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GROUNDGROUND WATER DETERIORATIONWATER DETERIORATION
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ARSENIC IN GROUND WATER OF BIHAROF BIHAR
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Tibet PlateauTibet Plateau
Himalayay
Ganga GMB PlainArea 569749 sq km Population >500 million
Bay of Bengal
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West Champaran
Arsenic Map of Bihar ‐2010
Ch Sheohar
p
East ChamparanSitamarhi Madhubani
SupaulAraria
Kishanganj
Muzaffarpur
Sheohar
Siwan
Gopalganj
PurniaDarbhanga
Muzaffarpur
Saran
Siwan
Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
KatiharBhojpur
Rohtas
Buxar Patna
JehanabadNalanda MungerSheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
RohtasKaimur
Jehanabad
GayaAurangabad
Nawada
Jamui
BankaLakhisarai
16 Arsenic Affected DistrictsSource Data: Dept. of EWM, A.N.C ollege, Patna
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NEPAL
BIHAR -BIHAR Play Ground
of
Rivers
Arsenic in Bihar ‐
hlHighly Arsenic f d Ganga Indian Craton
Infested
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BIHAR FINDINGS (Ghosh et al 2008)BIHAR FINDINGS (Ghosh et.al.‐2008)• More than 30 thousand hand pumps p p
tested – 32 % of tested sources had arsenic contaminated water of>10 ppb.
• Highest As. Value Recorded – 1861 ppb• A total of 16 Bihar districts ( 57 blocks)
are affected by high level of arsenic in the groundwaterthe groundwater
• Trivalent arsenic 87 % in ground water of Biharof Bihar
• Worst‐affected districts are Bhojpur, Bhagalpur, Samastipur, and Khagaria,Bhagalpur, Samastipur, and Khagaria,
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Th H tt t A i H d P f BihThe Hottest Arsenic Hand Pump of Bihar
Krishna Kumar Panday,Pandaytola,Bhojpur – Owner of hand pump with highest recorded
Arsenic Concentration of 1861 ppb in Bihar
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Maize:Total As -0.24 ug As g-1
Arsenic in foodArsenic in food chain of BiharFood ChainRice - 0.36 ug As g-1
Irrigation Tube well =As 980 ppb
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Gift of home coming………………..g
Ram Ashan Panday – Ex Army Man – Developed Symptoms after his Return to native village - Panday Tola,Bhojpur
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Gift of home coming………………..g
Kisan Panday –Ex Army Man – DevelopedEx Army Man Developed Symptoms after his Return to native villageReturn to native village –Panday Tola,Bhojpur
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Arsenic Patients – Bhaglpur- PirpaintiArsenic Patients Bhaglpur Pirpainti
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Arsenic Patients – Bhaglpur- Kahalgaon
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hArsenic Patients – Khagaria
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FLUORIDE IN GROUND WATER OF
BIHAR
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FLUORIDE CONTAMINATED WATER SOURCES
Fluoride contaminated aquifers in dry areas of following southern districts of Bihar isfollowing southern districts of Bihar is confirmed:–
• Gaya• Nawada • Rohtas• Katihar• Katihar• Munger• Bhagalpur
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West Champaran
Bihar - Fluoride in Ground Water
Ch SheoharEast ChamparanSitamarhi Madhubani
SupaulAraria
Kishanganj
Muzaffarpur
Sheohar
Siwan
Gopalganj
PurniaDarbhanga
Muzaffarpur
Saran
Siwan
Vaishali Samastipur Saharsa
Madhepura
KatiharBhojpur
Rohtas
Buxar Patna
JehanabadNalanda MungerSheikhpura
Begusarai
Bhagalpur
Khagaria
RohtasKaimur
Jehanabad
GayaAurangabad
Nawada
JamuiBanka
Lakhisarai
Fluoride affected Districts
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Our Fluuride Reserch …
• We have initiated study on Fluoride contamination in Nawada District
• Fluoride level up to 6.8 ppm has been detected p ppagainst the permissible limit of 1.5 ppm
• Majority of water sources of many villages haveMajority of water sources of many villages have very high concentration of Fluoride
• Hundreds of persons with symptoms of Fluorosis• Hundreds of persons with symptoms of Fluorosis have been identified
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Clinical Outcomes of Endemic Fluorosis
• Dental Fluorosis in Children• Skeletal Fluorosis in Adults• Non Skeletal Fluorosis• Non Skeletal Fluorosis
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Children of Kachariya Dih, Nawada
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Trauma of Kachariya Dih, Nawada
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Kachariya Dih Nawada: DeterioratingKachariya Dih, Nawada: Deteriorating water quality striking humanity
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Dental Fluorosis
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Kachariya Dih, Nawada: WE are yallowing this happen to our children
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Nature vs. Man
Will water crisis becomeWill water crisis become endemic in thisendemic in this
“WATER SURPLUSWATER SURPLUS STATE”?STATE ?
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Faced with Such a Complex and ExpansiveFaced with Such a Complex and Expansive Challenge, Where Do We Begin?
Priorities
1. Control of indiscriminate ground water usage.2. Match specific water demand to
quality needed3. Maximize use of reclaimed
water at sitewater at site4. Sustained resources for technology,
training, infrastructureg5. Enforce healthy land use policy6. Attention on agriculture and industry7. Emphasis on water education, water as ultimate human
resource
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Path Forward1 6
Development and1.4
1.6
Projections
Development and application of more sustainable technologies
1.2
Number of Earths Used by Humanity
Target
of Earths
0.8
1.0
Number of Earths Available
Target pathway
Opportunities for
Num
ber
0.6
Opportunities for innovation
0.4
Today0.2
1980 2000 20201970 1990 2010 2030
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YES Water resource ttmatters
b i lbecause survival of thisof this civilization matters !
THANKS