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City of Virginia Beach / Public Works
“Public Health Pest Control”
Dreda A. Symonds, Mosquito Control Biologist
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Public Health Pests
Life CyclesPublic Health Concerns
SurveillanceControl
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Arachnids:TicksSpiders
Insects:LiceCockroachesFlies & Mosquitoes
Invertebrates -
Rodents:MiceRats
Vertebrates
Arthropods (Exoskeleton)
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Using several different surveillance, prevention and control techniques to
control a pest.
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Steps in Safe & Effective Pest Management1. Proper identification & understanding of pest
Biology & Chemistry
Life Cycle
Behavior
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2. Monitoring pest populations & disease potential.
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3. Preventing pest infestations (Source Reduction)
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4. Using Control Measures
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FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS!!!
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SAFETYREAD THE LABEL!!!!!!!!
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Mosquitoes
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Over 3,000 different species worldwide
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Mosquito Life Cycle
1. Egg2. Larva3. Pupa
4. Adult
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proboscislegs
wing
abdomen
eye
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2. Nuisance control
1. Mosquito-Borne disease control
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Mosquito-borne Diseases
A. Arboviral Encephalitis1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)2. West Nile Virus (WNV)3. Lacrosse Encephalitis (LACE)
B. Malaria (protozoan)
C. Dog Heartworms (nematode)
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1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
Very high fever & quick onset
Most often in coastal regions of VA Not common in humans, but serious
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2. West Nile Virus (WNV)
Stumbling
Impaired coordination
Weakness of limbs
NO FEVER
Fever, headache and body aches Mild rash or swollen lymph glands
Mild
Severe
High fever, severe headache, eye pain gastrointestinal problems, muscle weakness, back pain, stiff neck, confusion, loss of consciousness long-term neurological problems
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3. Lacrosse Encephalitis (LACE)Most often in children in mountainous regions of VA
Flu-like illness - some long-term learning & behavioral prolemsTransmitted by container breeding mosquitoes
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MalariaPlasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax
300 - 500 million cases each year
Over 1 million deaths each year
In Africa, 1 child dies from malaria every 30 sec
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Dog Heartworms
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Mosquito Population Surveillance and Arboviral Disease Testing
A. Mosquito Trapping
B. Arboviral Disease Testing
1. Mosquito pools
2. Sentinel Chicken Sera
1. Larval Dips
2. CO2 baited CDC traps
3. Gravid Traps
4. Bee Gee Traps
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1. Larval Dipping
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2. CO2 baited CDC Trap
A. Mosquito Trapping
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3. Gravid Traps
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4. BG Traps
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1. Speciation and Pooling
B. Arboviral Disease Testing
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2. Sentinel Chicken Flock Testing
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Serostudies - Testing blood samples
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IPM Mosquito Control Methods
III. Larviciding
I. Source Reduction- Drainage Maintenance - Container Control
II. Public Education
IV. Adulticiding
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I. Source Reduction
A. Drainage Maintenance
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B. Open Marsh Water Management
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C. Container Control
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II. Public Education
Asian Tiger Mosquito
Methods:
A. Backyard inspections
B. Media programs
C. Classroom projects & Special events
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A. Backyard inspectionsService requests
Referrals from other sources
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Asia Tiger Container Breeding Sites
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B. Media programs
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C. Classroom projects & Special events
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IV. Larviciding
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Fast-Acting Materials Sustained-Release
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V. Adulticiding
A. Ground Ultra Low Volume (ULV)
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B. Handspray yards
C. Aerial adulticide
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Rodents
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Roof Rat Rattus rattus
Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus
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House mouse (Mus musculus)
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Life Cycle & Behavior
Gestations Period = 19 - 22 days
Maturity in about 3 months
Like the familiar
Harborage
Feeding habits (steady vs. nibbling)
Gnawing
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Public Health Concerns
Property Damage & Electrical Hazards
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Salmonellosis (acute food poisoning), Rickettsia Pox, Hantavirus (via droppings), tapeworm, infectious jaundice, and tularemia.
Contaminate Food & Spread Disease
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Hantivirus & Arenavirus - Not common - usually in people who spend lots of time in wild habitats or seasonal homes with severe
infestations.
Deermouse
Southeast - deermouse, cotton rat, rice rat
Northeast - white-footed mouse
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Bubonic Plague
Rat Flea
Introduced into U.S. at San Francisco in 1900.
Last U.S. plague epidemic was 1924-45 in Los Angeles
Celebrating elimination of plague - 1908
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Signs of rodent infestation
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1. Exclusion
STUF-FIT COPPER MESH WOOL
Rodent Control
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Commercial Food Storage
2. Eliminate Food Sources & Harborage
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Home Food Storage
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Waste Disposal
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TIMING IS EVERYTHING !!!!!
1. Bait or trap
2. Clean up
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Glue Boards
Live Traps (mice)
“Zappers”
3. Exterminate Rodents
Less desirable methods
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Indoor - Snap Traps
More desirable methods
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Mode of action:
Most are anticoagulants.
Rodents bleed internally
Most rodenticides “mimic” vitamin K
Outdoors -Rodenticides
Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting
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Bromadiolone, brodifacoum, bromethalin, cholecalciferol and difethialone are the rodenticides most commonly available. Difethialone baits are reported to be more effective against mice
BEST FOR OUTDOOR USE.
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Primary poisoning of non-targets
ALWAYS use bait stations
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
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Bait Placement
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Secondary Poisoning & Secondary Ingestion
Possible, but not likely
Difficult for a predator to ingest enough for harm
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Ticks
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Ixodes scapularis - Deer Tick
Dermacentor variabilis - American Dog Tick
Amblyomma americanum - Lonestar Tick
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Tick Life Cycle
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“Questing”
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4 - 6 hours
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Dermacentor variabilis
American Dog Tick
Other symptoms: Moderate to high fever FatigueDeep muscle painChills
Rash starting on wrists, forearms, ankles & bottom of feet.
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Ixodes scapularis Deer TickLyme Disease
“Bulls-eye” rash beginning at site of tick attachment.
Other symptoms: Moderate to high fever
Fatigue
Headache, stiff neck
Sore throat, swollen glands
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Tick Surveillance1. Tick Drag
3. Deer tagging station
2. Dry Ice & Sticky Tape or white cloth
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Tick Check
Tick Removal
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1. ? Reduce food sources?
Tick Control
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2. Physical control of tick habitat
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3. Acaricides - Pesticides used to control ticks & mites.
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Cockroaches
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Robert G. Bellinger, Clemson University
American Cockroach Periplaneta americana
Robert G. Bellinger, Clemson University
German Cockroach Blatella germanica
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Cockroach Life Cycle
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Salmonellosis (food poisoning)Gastroenteritis Staphylococcus spp. infections Generalized diarrheaTyphoid fever
Public Health Concerns
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Allergies to body parts & droppings
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Surveillance
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Photo credit: Jo ana Kubiak
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Control 1. Sanitation
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2. Exclusion
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3. Traps
Phermone traps
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4. Baits
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5. Insecticides Boric acid
Chlorpyrifos
Cypermethrin
Diazinon
Hydroprene
Propoxur
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Lice
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Head Body
Crab
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Louse Life Cycle
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Public Health Concerns - Pediculosis
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Epidemic Louse-borne Typhus
Earlier Phase:
Malaise
Abrupt onset of fever / chills
Unproductive cough
Dull mental status
Sometimes diarrhea
Later: Rash
Later Phase:
Tachycardia & hypotension
Coma
Nervous system damage
Urinary & bowel incontinence
Complications:
Bronchopneumonia
GangreneRelapsing Fever
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Severe head louse infestation
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Body Louse Eggs
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Pediculicide
Pyrethrum + Piperonyl ButoxidePermethrin
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Flies
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Order Diptera - One of the largest insect orders
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Fly Life Cycle - Complete Metamorphosis
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Fly-borne DiseasesHousefly
Manifestations: Cramping abdominal painDiarrhea Blood and mucus in the feces
Bacillary Dysentery
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Typhoid Fever
Willianna Watsondaughter ofJames Alfred & Sue WatsonBorn Nov. 9, 1873Died June 21, 1893Age 19 years, 6 mos. & 23 daysA precious one from us has goneA voice we love is stilled.A place is vacant in our homeWhich never can be filled."
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Sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F Weakness Stomach pains & loss of appetiteHeadacheRash of flat, rose-colored spots
"Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it"
Typhoid Fever manifestations:
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Tsetse flies - African sleeping sickness
FeverSkin lesions,Rash or edemaSwollen glandsEventually meningoencephalitis
Biological vector
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The green and fertile banks of Lake Awasa in Ethiopia's southern valleysis unpopulated because of the tsetse fly and mosquitoes.
“Rural disease”
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Sandflies - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
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Small cracks and holes in the ground, the ventilation shafts of termite hills, animal burrows, cracks in mud walls and masonry, and among tree roots. Large populations of sandflies can build up in family compounds where cattle are kept at night. The cattle provide an abundant source of blood, while the stables and houses provide suitable resting places
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Fly Surveillance
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1. Eliminate food sources
Fly Control
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2. Fly Traps
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3. Sterile Males (tsetse flies)
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4. Repellants - DEET or Pyrethroids
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Insecticide impregnated bed nets
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5. Insecticides Usually target adult stage
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Spraying of residual insecticides on surfaces in & outside the home
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6. Exclusion - screens
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Spiders
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Black Widow
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Brown Recluse Never recorded in Virginia
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chelicera
Spider Body Parts
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Egg Sac
SpiderlingsAdult
Spider Life Cycle
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Female Black Widow with Spiderlings
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Web-builders
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Black Widow
Female Male
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Funnel Web Spiders
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American House Spider
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Wolf SpidersNot web-builders
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“Jumping Spider”
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Inspection for Spiders
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ALL Spiders are Venomous.
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Pain bite site abdomen and back.
Severe cramping or rigidity in the abdominal muscles
Nausea, profuse perspiration, tremors, labored breathing, restlessness, increased blood pressure, and fever.
Black Widow Spider Bite Manifestations
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Brown Recluse Spider Bite Manifestations
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Control:1. Eliminate food sources
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2. Eliminate cobwebs
by: Corey McCarty
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3. Traps
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4. Pesiticides - Synthetic Pyrethroids
(Allethrin) (Cypermethrin & imiprothrin) (Permethrin)