PDEA‟s
College of Ayurved and Research Centre
Akurdi, Pune – 44.
Post graduate department of Swasthavritta
Dissertation submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine,
[M.D. (Ayu) Swasthavritta]
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
Guide
Dr. ARTI R FIRKE M. D. (Swasthavritta)
Reader, Dept. Of Swasthavritta,
College of Ayurved & Research Center,
Akurdi, Pune-44
Research Scholar
Dr. PRATIK MARUTI PATIL B.A.M.S (MUHS, Nashik).
MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, NASHIK.
December – 2010-11
Dissertation Submitted to M.U.H.S. for the
Degree of M. D. in Swasthavritta.
Sr. No.
Head Details
1 Name of
University
Maharashtra University of Health
Sciences, Nashik
2 Name of Course
M.D.(AYURVED)
3 Name of Subject
Swasthavritta
4 Admission
Year(Academic) of student
2008-2009
5 Submission
Year(Academic) of student
2010-2011
6 Topic
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
“HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-
RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO VISION.
This is certify that
Dr. Pratik Maruti Patil
has sincerely done his work on
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-
RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.
Under my guidance & supervision, for the post graduate degree of
M.D. (Ayurveda) Swasthavritta, awarded by Maharashtra University of
Health Sciences, Nashik.
I am satisfied with his research work.
Dr. Arti R. Firke,
M.D. (Swasthavritta)
Guide,
Reader, Department of Swasthavritta,
College of Ayurved & Research Centre,
Akurdi, Pune – 44.
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that
Dr. Pratik Maruti Patil
Student of
College of Ayurved and Research Centre, Akurdi, Pune – 44.
Has sincerely done his work in our Department of Swasthavritta,
on entitled topic,
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-
HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION”
Under the able guidance of
Dr. Arti R. Firke.
M. D. (Swasthavritta.)
Reader, Dept. Of Swasthavritta,
College of Ayurved & Research Center,
Akurdi, Pune-44
I forward this dissertation to
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik,
for evaluation.
Dr. R. B. Bobade,
B.A.M.S, Diploma in Swasthavritta,
Head of Department,
Professor, Department of Swasthavritta,
College of Ayurved & Research Centre,
Akurdi, Pune –44.
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that
Dr. Pratik Maruti Patil
Student of
College of Ayurved and Research Centre, Akurdi, Pune – 44.
In the Post Graduate Dept. of Swasthavritta,
He has sincerely done his work in our institution on entitled topic,
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-
HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION”
Under the able guidance of
Dr. Arti. R. Firke.
M. D. (Swasthavritta.)
Reader, Dept. Of Swasthavritta,
College of Ayurved & Research Center,
Akurdi, Pune-44
I forward this dissertation to Maharashtra University of Health
Sciences, Nashik for evaluation.
Dr. Mrs. M. D. Lad, M.D.(Ayu)
Director,
Post Graduate Studies, College of Ayurved and Research Centre,
Akurdi, Pune – 44
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that
Dr. Pratik Maruti Patil
is a bonafide student of
College of Ayurved and Research Centre, Akurdi, Pune – 44.
In the Post Graduate Dept. of Swasthavritta.
He has sincerely done his work in our institution on entitled topic,
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-
HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION”
Under the able guidance of
Dr. Arti R. Firke.
M. D. (Swasthavritta.)
Reader, Dept. Of Swasthavritta,
College of Ayurved & Research Center,
Akurdi, Pune-44
I forward this dissertation to Maharashtra University of Health
Sciences, Nashik for evaluation.
Dr. Mrs. Ragini R. Patil M.D.(Ayurved)
Principal, College of Ayurved and Research Centre,
Akurdi, Pune – 44
CERTIFICATE
Name of University :- Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik
Name of Faculty :- Ayurved
Name of College:- College of Ayurved & Research centre, Nigdi, Pune.
Name of Course :- M.D.(AYURVED)
Name of Subject :- Swasthavritta
Name of Candidate :- Dr. Pratik M. Patil.
Name of Guide :- Dr. Arti R. Firke
Admission Year(Academic) of student :- 2008-2009
Submission Year(Academic) of student :- 2010-2011
Date of submission:- 22nd Nov.2010
Topic – “COMPARATIVE STUDY OF „HARITAKI‟ & „RUTU-HARITAKI-
RASAYANA‟ WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION”.
One of the important tasks to be completed in the course of Post-Graduation is the
dissertation work. On this occasion I would first of all like to salute Lord Ganesha & Lord
Dhanvantari. Without their blessings this work would never have been complete.
It is beyond words to pay my homage to my parents Mrs. Vijaya & Mr.M. H. Patil my
inspirational sources through each & every phase of my life. I pay my whole hearted gratitude to
my parents & my brother Pankaj whose love and care was always motivating me for my work.
Without their blessings it was never ever possible for me to take a single step in my life. Thank
you very much for your love, care & always guiding me to the right direction.
I express my special thanks to My Mentor, Respected Vd. Jamadagni sir for his blessings.
His guidance & words of wisdom are always motivating us to perform at our best.
It is great pleasure for me to express my gratitude with profound respect to my revered
guide Dr. Mrs. Arti R. Firke Reader, Dept. of Swasthavritta, & Dr. R. B. Bobade Vice
Principal, Prof. & HOD, Dept. of Swasthavritta, College of Ayurved & Research Centre,
Akurdi, Pune for their ceaseless, indefatigable guidance throughout the course. Their constant
encouragement, untiring efforts throughout the course of dissertation gave me substantial
driving force in achieving the milestone.
Special thanks to Dr. Nilmani Barve sir & Dr. Chandana Virkar madam from Dept. of
Shalakya Tantra without whom the dissertation would have ever been completed. Thank you
very much for being with me for your valuable suggestion & untiring efforts throughout the
study.
I am particularly grateful to Dr. Yogini Kulkarni madam & Vd. Bhise sir for kind co-
operation, moral support, help and much more.
I pay my sincere thank to my teachers Dr. Ila Bhor madam, Dr.Jamdade madam and Dr.
Piyush Gandhi sir for their valuable suggestions.
Also I thank Mr. Yewale Sir for their valuable guidance in Statistics.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special vote of thanks to Dr. Mrs. Ragini R. Patil, Principal and Dr.Mrs. Meenal Lad
P.G. Director, College of Ayurveda & Research Centre, Akurdi for giving me enough space &
valuable guidance without which my dissertation wouldn’t have been completed. I am very
much thankful for the same.
I also thank my friends Dr. Soniya Mulay, Dr. Kiran Jadhav, Dr.Pankaj Musale,
Dr. Gaurav Sawarkar, Dr. Ranjit Deshmukh, Dr.Umesh Yelne, Dr.Chaitany Gaikwad,
Dr. Santosh Talekar, Dr.Devyani Shinde, Dr. Suhas Chavhan, Dr. Swapnil Patil,
Dr.Mrs.Manisha Pingale, Dr.Mrs.Mohini Lakade and Dr.Mrs.Kiran Kharbade for their
valuable help & support.
My all seniors, colleagues and juniors deserve special thanks for their constant
coordinate support.
I am very much thankful to librarian Mr. Sachin Suryavanshi & Mrs.Kadlak madam
who extended full Co-operation for my studies.
Special thanks to Mr. Mahesh Shette, Mr. Shitole, Mr. Khalate & Smt.Pandit for
helping me from time to time.
I am also thankful to all the staff members of Ayurved and General Hospital for their
Co-operation.
It is not possible for a human brain to remember names of each & every person but still I
whole heartedly apologise to those who are missed out & thank from the bottom of my Heart to
many of those who helped in the completion of this Dissertation.
All the debts can’t be repaid there are some debts in everybody’s life for which one has to
remain indebted throughout the life. I realise these feelings on this turn of my life with
respectful salutations to all the great personalities, I seek for their blessings for my further
journey of life.
Dr. Pratik M. Patil
|| ´ÉÏ: ||
UÉaÉÉÌSUÉåaÉÉlÉç xÉiÉiÉÉlÉÑwÉ£üÉlÉzÉåwÉMüÉrÉmÉëxÉ×iÉÉlÉzÉåwÉÉlÉç |
AÉæixÉÑYrÉqÉÉåWûÉUÌiÉSÉgÉç eÉbÉÉlÉ rÉÉåmÉÔuÉïuÉæ±ÉrÉ lÉqÉÉåxiÉÑ iÉxqÉæ ||
ABBREVIATIONS
Cha. - Charaka Samhita
Shu. - Sushruta Samhita
Va. - Ashtanga Hrudaya (Vagbhatta)
A. Sa - Ashtanga Sangraha
H. S. - Harita Samhita
Su. - Sutrasthana
Chi. - Chikitsasthana
Vi. - Vimanasthana
Sha. - Sharirasthana
Ni. - Nidanasthana
Ut. - Uttartantra
Khil. - Khilsthana
Chp. - Chapter
Bh - Bhela Samhita
SS - Sushruta Samhita
BP - Bhava Prakasha
MN - Madhava Nidana
YR - Yoga Ratnakara
VS - Vangasena Samhita.
D/ dpt - Dioptres
NBM - Nil by Mouth
mg - Milligram
PSM - Preventive & Social Medicine (park)
WHO - World Health Organization
CRF - Case Record Form
Yrs - Years
K/c/o - Known case of
TV - Television
INDEX
SR NO.
CONTENT / TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Introduction. 1
2 Aim & Objectives. 4
Previous work done. 4
3 Review of Literature. 5 - 91
Historical review of -
Rutu & Rutucharya. 5
Anupana. 32
Rasayana. 34
Netra Sharira. 37
Drishti. 46
Drishti-mandya. 60
Modern review of disease. 69
Drug review. 76
Haritaki. 77
Pippali. 82
Rutu Haritaki Rasayana. 88
4 Materials & Methodology. 92
5 Observations. 97
6 Statistical Analysis. 104
7 Discussions. 120
8 Summary. 127
9 Conclusion. 128
10 Bibliography. 129
11 Annexure.
Abbreviations.
Case Record Form & Inform Consent Form.
Standardization & Authentification Report.
Master Chart.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 1 -
INTRODUCTION:-
In today‘s era of globalization being healthy is not the only
thing which is required. Along with proper health, immunity also
plays an important role. The ability to perform work in best probable
way is only possible if all the senses are in good condition and
among those eyes plays a special role.
Nowadays use of the glasses are seen right from Paediatric to
Geriatric population. Reasons may be from work to entertainment
i.e. excessive use of the sense Organ is carried out due to some or
the other reasons.
Excess use of computer and television may be for work or
entertainment is seen now days, leading to over functioning of sense
Organ Eye. This leads to stress and strain.
Increasing work and pressure has resulted in increasing the
average daily workload, resulting in the fast and busy life, where
relaxation has lost its space, and result of which has reduced daily
hours of sleep, directly or indirectly affecting the health of an
individual and its vital sense organ.
Ayurveda has mentioned in detail about almost each & every
aspect of life of an individual like personal, social, as well as global
conditions, & had suggested best probable solutions. If chosen
wisely it helps us to cover most of the problems related to health
with small changes in lifestyle & few simple medications if at all
required, & for the rest critical part of the health various branches of
Ayurveda are always available.
Even this Immortal science has focused on Preventive aspect
before starting with Curative aspect as almost all the Samhitas of
Ayurveda starts with Sutrasthana elaborating the preventive
element present in it. This is enough to emphasise the passion of
the science to remain Healthy.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Being from the subject of Swasthavritta the topic was selected
after a deep discussion which included prime factors from the
preventive aspect of Ayurveda like Rutucharya, Rasayana, Sense
organs & their health, Rasayana Dravyas, lifestyle & last but not the
least contribution towards the society. After considering all the
above said problems & watchful observation in the surrounding, it
was clearely visible that most important sense organ Eye was over
stressed due to some or the other reason, might be avoidable or
sometimes unavoidable circumstances.
When studied further it was seen that, globally the statistical
data regarding problems related to vision was not as it should have
been ideally. Hence to work on this topic with the prospective of
Preventive angle & not the Curative angle was desired, & it seemed
possible after overlooking the Drugs like Haritaki & especially Rutu-
Haritaki which was mentioned in Ayurveda under the head of
Rasayana.
Rutu-Haritaki-Rasayana is, use of Haritaki with various Anupanas
according to diffrent Rutus, like Haritaki + Saindhav in Varsha
Rutu, Haritaki + Sharkara in Sharada, Haritaki + Shunthi in
Hemanta, etc.
ÍxÉÇkÉÑijÉzÉMïüUÉzÉÑhPûÏ MühÉÉqÉkÉÑaÉÑQæû: ¢üqÉÉiÉç |
uÉwÉÉïÌSwuÉpÉrÉÉ mÉëÉzrÉÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉaÉÑhÉÌwÉhÉÉ || -pÉÉ. mÉë. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï. /34.
Shishira Rutu was selected as it is one of the healthiest Rutu of
all & would be ideal to observe Rasayana effect in this Rutu.
While describing various Gunas of Haritaki, Aacharya CHARAKA
has stated its importance & work on Indriyas in RASAYANA
ADHYAYA.
xÉuÉïUÉåaÉmÉëzÉqÉlÉÏÇ oÉÑήÎlSìrÉoÉsÉmÉëSÉqÉç || -cÉ.ÍcÉ. 1/29-30
& also in falashruti, they have told action of Rasayana on Indriyas.
mÉëpÉÉuÉhÉïxuÉUÉæSÉrÉïÇ SåWåûÎlSìrÉoÉsÉÇ mÉUqÉç || -cÉ.ÍcÉ. 1/7
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Hence the effect of HARITAKI & RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA
was studied with special refrance to VISION & various other health
parameters.
The drug seemed to be more effective for the conditions related
to Eye & Vision as it is mentioned as Chakshushya, Netrya, and
Netra-roga-nashini etc by very renowned Aapta‟s like CHARAKA,
Bhavprakasha, Chakradutta & many more. Also as compared to
present gold standard treatment available for the conditions like
Drishti-Mandya, Disorders related to Vision/Eye, it seemed to be
very convenient, Effective, and Cheap as compared to others. Hence
the study was selected under the label of ―COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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AIM :-
Comparative study of HARITAKI & RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA.
OBJECTIVES:-
To assess Chakshushya karma of Haritaki.
To assess effect of Rutu-Haritaki on Health.
HYPOTHESIS:-
H0 – There is no significant difference in effect of Haritaki &
Rutu-Haritaki.
H1 –RUTU-HARITAKI works more effectively as compared to
plain HARITAKI.
PREVIOUS WORK DONE:-
Sr.
no. Title of the Study Done by Year University
1]
The study of effect
of Nidan Parivarjan
& Rutu-Haritaki
Rasayana with
special reference to
Amlapitta
Vd. Kamalesh
S. Mahajan
2006 -
07
SANT
GADGEBABA
AMRAVATI
UNIVERSITY.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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LITERARY REVIEW:-
Rutu-Haritaki Rasayana as described by „Bhavprakasha‟ has a
very broad spectrum of action on various organs & systems of our
body. Briefly the concept can be elaborated as ―use of Haritaki with
specific Anupana for each Rutu.‖ i.e.
Haritaki + Saindhava in Varsha, Haritaki + Sharkara in Sharada,
Haritaki + Shunthi in Hemanta, Haritaki + Pippali in Shishira,
Haritaki + Madhu in Vasanta, Haritaki + Guda in Greeshma,
The literary review was done on the concepts of:-
Rutu & Rutucharya,
Rasayana,
Anupana,
Drishti-mandya,
Modern review of Myopia,
Drug review-
Haritaki
Pippali
Rutu-Haritaki.
HISTORICAL ASPECT OF RUTUS:-
VEDIC PERIOD:-
RUGVEDA-
In RUGVEDA mainly 3 Rutus are described in a year, i.e. Vasanta,
Greeshma & Sharada (10/90/6). Also detail description of Varsha
& Hemanta Rutu is given. In other chapter Rutus are described of
5 types. Rutus are also described as months in RUGVEDA.
SAMVEDA-
In Samveda, description of Rutu is given in 6th chapter “Aaranya
Kandam” in which all the 6 Rutus are described. They have also
stated that Rutus are responsible for happy & unhappy life. In
some chapters Vedas has given the name ―Rutu‖ to human
beings.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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ATHARVAVEDA-
Descriptions regarding Rutus are given in Bramhavidya Prakaran
(part 1).i.e. Vasanta/Greesham/Varsha/Sharada/Hemanta/Shishira.
Also in „Grahastha-ashram‟ the ref. regarding Rutus are available
(7/8/1/1)
Also in ‗Dirgha-jevan & Arogya‟ chapter it is stated that medicines
should be given in Rutusandhi Kala, & mahayadnyas should be
performed as it is this period which is responsible for illness, also in
one chapter division of Kala is explained.
In „Dirgha-ayushya & Tejasvita‟ the importance of Rutus is stated as
it is one of the three divine principles that are responsible for
healthy life.
In „Krishna yajurvediya tatteriya bramhana‟ the description of Rutus
is available.
AYURVEDA:-
In Ayurveda descriptions of Rutu & Rutucharya is available in almost
all the Samhitas,
CHARAKA SAMHITA-
Cha. Su. 6 Tasyasheetiya – Detail description of Rutu & Rutucharya.
Cha. Su. 27 Annapanavidhi – Contraindication of foods like Dahi in
specific Rutus, Quality of water in different Rutus, etc.
Cha. Su. 22 Langhana Bruhaniya–Appropriate times for Langhan &
Bruhan.
Cha. Vi. 8 - Roga Bhaishajya Viman – Shodhana karmas & Rutus.
Cha. Chi. 30 – Rutu & Dosha relationship.
SUSHRUT SAMHITA-
Shu. Su. 1 – Relation of Rutu & Kala on the result of medicines.
Shu. Su. 6 – Detail description of Rutucharya.
Shu. Su. 45 – Diet & Rutu detail description.
Shu. Ut. 63 – Rutu rasa description.
Shu. Ut. 64 - Diet & Rutu description.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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VAGBHAT SAMHITA-
Va. Su. 3 - Diet & Rutu.
Va. Su. 4 – Rutu & Rutusandhi.
Va. Su. 21- Rutu & Dosha.
Va. Su. 23 – Dosha shodhan Kala.
Va. Ut. 49 – Rasayana & Rutu.
SHARANGDHAR SAMHITA-
Chapter 1 – Rutu & RutuKala.
Chapter 2 - Rutu & Dosha.
Chapter 3 – Various Kashaya according to Rutu.
MADHAVNIDAN-
Description of Varsha Rutu is available in „Amlapittanidanam‟.
BHAVPRAKASHA NIGANTHU-
This is an important ref. regarding the thesis as the detail
description of ‗Haritaki‘ & ‗Rutu-Haritaki-Rasayana‘ is
mentioned which is the topic of the dissertation.
YOGRATNAKAR-
There are many ref. regarding Rutu & its charya, relation with
doshas, shodhan karmas, „Rutu-Haritaki‟ etc in scattered form.
BHAISHAJYA RATNAVALI-
The ref. of Rutu is available in „Paribhasya Prakaran‟ where
collection of plants & their useful parts in specified Rutus is stated.
BHEL SAMHITA-
Under the title of ‗VIMANAM‟ description of various Rutus are
described. E.g. Sharad Rutu Vimanam.
KASHYAP SAMHITA-
In chap.7/6-261 detail description regarding Rutu is available.
CHAKRADUTTA-
Chp. 65 ‗Rasayana Adhikara‘ - description of ‗Rutu-Haritaki‘.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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AYURVEDIC REVIEW OF RUTU & RUTUCHARYA:-
Kala or time regulates the phenomenon in the world, universe, &
all the type of existing phenomenon in the moving universe & hence
it is called as Kala.
Kala or time has its body or unit quantity in the form of year. Its
limbs or parts are various seasons, depending upon the movement
of almighty Sun, the year is further divided & subdivided into
Nimesha, Kashta, Kala, Muhurta, Ahoratra (Day + Night), Paksha,
Masa, Rutu, Ayana, Samvatsar, Yuga.
One year has 12 months which are subdivided into 2 parts –
Uttarayana & Dakshinayana, which has 3 Rutus of 2 months each.
Uttarayana is hot & is also called as ‗Aadana Kala‘ which means
‗to take away‘ the strength of the body, whereas Dakshinayana is
also called as ‗Visarga Kala‘ because it is cold & which literally
means ‗to gain‘ the strength & vitality of the body.
Uttarayana Dakshinayana
Also called as Aadana Kala. Also called as Visarga Kala.
Shishira, Vasanta & Greeshma Rutus
are seen in this period.
Varsha, Sharada, Hemanta Rutus are
seen in this period.
This phase is Agneya in nature. This phase is Saumya in nature.
Vayu is Ati Ruksha in this period. Vayu is not Ati Ruksha in this period.
Surya bala is increased & Chandra
bala is decreased.
Surya bala is decreased & Chandra
bala is increased
Surya & Vayu brings Rukshata in
nature. It is not seen in this period.
Ruksha rasa i.e. Tikta, Katu, Kashaya
is seen increased.
Snigdha rasa i.e. Madura, Amla &
Lavana is seen increased.
Bala decreases as the period
progresses.
Bala increases as the period
progresses
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Some Acharya‟s have mentioned Pravrutta Rutu instead of
Shishira Rutu for which reason is in Bhavprakasha.
According to Bhavprakasha the regions above river Ganga
(Northern regions) have colder climate & less rainfall, hence here
Shishira Rutu is mentioned instead of Pravrutta Rutu.
Whereas in the regions below river Ganga (Southern regions) have
more rainfall & less colder climate as compare to northern regions &
hence Pravrutta Rutu is mentioned instead of Shishira Rutu.
Acharya Sushruta has devided one Ahoratra (24 hrs) in 6 Rutus.
iÉ§É mÉÑuÉÉïWåû uÉxÉliÉxrÉ ÍsÉ…¡û, qÉkrÉÉWåû aÉëÏwqÉxrÉ, AmÉUÉWåû mÉëuÉ×wÉ:,mÉëSÉåwÉå uÉÌwÉïMÇü, zÉÉUSqÉkÉïUɧÉå, mÉëirÉÑwÉÉxÉå
WæûqÉliÉmÉsɤrÉåiÉç , LuÉqÉWûÉåUɧÉqÉÌmÉ, uÉwÉÉïqÉåuÉ zÉÏiÉÉåwhÉ uÉwÉïsɤÉhÉÇ SÉåwÉÉåmÉcÉrÉmÉëMüÉåmÉÉåmÉzÉqÉæeÉÉïlÉÏrÉÉiÉç || -xÉÑ.xÉÔ.6/15.
Early morning – Vasanta Rutu, Midday – Greeshma Rutu,
Period between noon & Evening – Pravruta Rutu,
Evening – Varsha Rutu, Mid night – Sharada Rutu,
Dawn – Hemanta Rutu.
RUTU CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MONTHS:-
RUTU CHARAKA SUSHRUT VAGBHAT SADHYA KAL ENGLISH
MONTHS.
Shishira Magha,
Falguna.
Magha,
Falguna.
Pausha,
Magha.
Magha,
Falguna.
March,
April,
May.
Vasanta Chitra,
Vaishakha.
Chitra,
Vaishakha.
Falgun,
Chitra.
Chitra,
Vaishakha.
May,
June,
July.
Greeshma Jeshtha,
Aashada.
Jeshtha,
Aashada.
Vaishakha,
Jeshtha.
Jeshtha,
Aashada.
July,
Aug,
Sept.
Varsha Shravana,
Bhadrapada.
Shravana,
Bhadrapada.
Aashada,
Shravana.
Shravana,
Bhadrapada
Sept,
Oct,
Nov.
Sharada Ashwin,
Kartik.
Ashwin,
Kartik.
Bhadrapada,
Ashwin
Ashwin,
Kartik.
Nov,
Dec,
Jan.
Hemanta Margashisha,
Pausha.
Margashisha,
Pausha.
Kartik,
Margashisha
Margashisha,
Pausha.
Jan, Feb,
March.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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RUTU – BALA – VYAYAMA RELATION :-
RUTU BALA VYAYAMA
Hemanta, Shishira. Uttama Bala Adhik Vyayam
Sharada, Vasanta. Madhyam Bala Alpa Vyayam
Varsha, Greeshma. Alpa Bala Vyayam Nishedh
RUTU – DOSHA RELATION:-
DOSHA SANCHAYA PRAKOPA PRASHAMA
VATA Greeshma Varsha Sharada
PITTA Varsha Sharada Hemanta
KAPHA Hemanta Vasanta Greeshma
RUTU – MAHABHUT - RASA RELATION:-
RUTU MAHABHUT SANYOG RASA
Shishira Vayu + Aakash Tikta
Vasant Vayu + Pruthvi Kashaya
Greeshma Vayu + Agni Katu
Varsha Pruthvi + Agni Amla
Sharad Jala + Agni Lavana
Hemant Pruthvi + Jala Madhura
RUTU – PRAKUPITA DOSHA - UPAKRAMA RELATION:-
RUTU PRAKUPITA DOSHA UPAKRAMA
Varsha VATA Basti
Sharada PITTA Virechana / Raktamokshana
Vasanta KAPHA Vamana
DOSHAPRADHANA VYADHI – RUCHARYA RELATION:-
DOSHA PRAKOPA RUTUCHARYA
VATA + PITTA GREESHMA RUTUCHARYA
KAPHA + VATA VASANTA RUTUCHARYA
KAPHA +PITTA SHARADA RUTUCHARYA
RUTU-SATMYA RELATION:-
PRAKRUTI SATMAJ RUTU ASATMAJ RUTU
VATA SHARADA, HEMANTA SHISHIR, GREESHMA, VARSHA
PITTA HEMANTA SHARADA, VARSHA
KAPHA GREESHMA, SHARADA VASANTA, SHISHIRA
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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RUTU – RASHI RELATION:-
..........aÉëÏwqÉÉå qÉåwÉuÉ×wÉÉæ mÉëÉå£üÉæ mÉëÉuÉ×OûÍqÉjÉÑlÉMüMïürÉÉå:
ÍxÉÇWûMülrÉå xqÉ×iÉÉ uÉwÉÉïxiÉÑsÉÉuÉ×ͶÉMürÉÉå: zÉUiÉ kÉlÉÑaÉëÉïWûÉæ cÉ WåûqÉliÉÉå uÉxÉliÉ: MÑüqpÉqÉÏlÉrÉÉå: -zÉÉ. xÉÇ /25-26
RUTU RASHI SYMBOLIC
REPRESENTATION
Varsha Sinha – Kanya
a
Sharad Tula – Vrushcihk
Hemant Dhanu – Makar
Vasant Kumbh – Meen
Gresham Mesha – Vrushubh
Pravrutta Mithun – Karka
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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RUTUCHARYA:-
Rutu means season (Kala vibhag)
Charya means regimen (acharan)
Hence Rutu charya denotes the regimen to be followed by
people during different season to prevent diseases and to maintain
health.
Different atmospheric changes take place due to change in
seasons and these changes affects all living things. As per the
external environmental conditions man has to change his diet and
life style to maintain healthy internal body conditions, Ayurveda has
prescribed certain rules in regard to diet, behavior and medicines
called “RUTUCHARYA” or “SEASONAL REGIMEN”.
Each dosha accumulates (Chaya), aggravates (Prakopa) and
becomes normal (Prasamana) in different Rutus (Seasons). In
order to maintain the normal state of doshas in body it is necessary
to follow Rutucharya.
Importance Of Ritucharya
To develop a proper rapport between the Internal Environment of
the body and the constantly changing External Environment is the
main aim of Rutucharya.
The Rutu at the time of birth affect the Sharir & Manasik Prakruti
of the newborn baby in a beneficial or harmful way.
To study the kind of Climate found during each Rutu,
To study the various Vegetables, Fruits, Flowers & Plants
available.
For each season there is -
1. A unique diet (aahar)
2. A distinct mode of living (vihara)
These keep doshas in a state of equilibrium and help to cope
with the stresses and strains of changing seasons.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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RUTU SANDHI KAL:-
The last week of the outgoing and the first week of the
incoming season are called „Rutusandhi Kala‟.
During this Kala the charya of the outgoing season should be
gradually omitted and the charya of the incoming season should be
gradually introduced.
Detail regarding this was seen in Ashtang-Sangraha as follows
GiuÉÏUlirÉÉÌSxÉmiÉÉWûÉSØiÉÑxÉÎlkÉËUÌiÉ xqÉ×iÉ: | iɧÉmÉÑuÉÉåï ÌuÉÍkÉxirÉÉerÉ: xÉåuÉlÉÏrÉÉå mÉU: ¢üqÉÉiÉç |
AxÉÉiqrÉeÉÉ ÌWû UÉåaÉÉ: xrÉÑ: xÉWûxÉÉ irÉÉaÉzÉÏsÉlÉÉiÉç || - A. xÉÇ. xÉÔ. 4/61
This is described in tabular format as follows
Day Rutucharya to be
followed of current Rutu Rutucharya to be followed
of upcoming Rutu.
Day 1 3 parts 1 part
Day 2 4 parts 0 parts
Day 3 3 parts 1 parts
Day 4 2 parts 2 parts
Day 5 3 parts 1 parts
Day 6 2 parts 2 parts
Day 7 2 parts 2 parts
Day 8 1 part 3 parts
Day 9 2 parts 2 parts
Day 10 2 parts 2 parts
Day 11 2 parts 2 parts
Day 12 1 part 3 parts
Day 13 0 parts 4 parts
Day 14 1 part 3 parts
Day 15 0 parts 4 parts
YAMADRANSTA:-
MüÉÌiÉïMüxrÉ ÌSlÉÉlrɹÉaÉëWûhÉxrÉ cÉÇ | rÉqÉSì·íÉ xÉqÉÉZrÉÉiÉÉ xuÉsmÉpÉÑ£üÉå ÌWû eÉÏuÉÌiÉ || zÉÉ…¡ïûkÉU
Sharangdhara has quoted the last Eight days of Kartika Masa
& first Eight days of Margashish Masa as Yamadransta, i.e. Dadha of
Yama. He has also advised to eat as less as possible in this period
for healthy life.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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MODERN REVIEW OF SEASONS:-
A season is a division of the year, marked by changes in weather,
ecology, and hours of daylight.
Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around
the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of
revolution. In temperate and Polar Regions, the seasons are marked
by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's
surface, variations of which may cause animals to go into
hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. The cycle of
seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is
opposite to that in the other. When it is summer in the Northern
Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice
versa.
AXIS OF EARTH WITH ITS REVOLUTION.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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During May, June and July, the northern hemisphere is
exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the
sun. The same is true of the southern hemisphere in November,
December and January. It is the tilt of the Earth that causes the Sun
to be higher in the sky during the summer months which increases
the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July and August
are the hottest months in the northern hemisphere and December,
January and February are the hottest months in the southern
hemisphere.In temperate and subpolar regions generally four
calendar based seasons are recognized: spring (adj. vernal),
summer (adj. estival), autumn (adj. autumnal), and winter (adj.
hibernal). However, ecologists in Europe and Australia are
increasingly using a six season model for temperate climate regions
that includes pre-spring (adj. prevernal) and late summer (adj.
seritonal) as distinct seasons along with the traditional four (See
Ecological Seasons below).In some tropical and subtropical regions it
is more common to speak of the rainy (or wet, or monsoon) season
versus the dry season, because the amount of precipitation may
vary more dramatically than the average temperature.In other
tropical areas a three-way division into hot, rainy and cool season is
used.
In some parts of the world, special "seasons" are loosely
defined based upon important events such as a hurricane season,
tornado season or a wildfire season.
Chinese seasons are traditionally based on 24 periods known as
solar terms, and begin at the midpoint of solstices and equinoxes.
In India, and in the Hindu calendar, there are six seasons or Rutu:
Hemanta (Pre-Winter), Shishira (Winter),
Vasanta (Spring), Greeshma (Summer),
Varsha (Rainy), & Sharada (Autumn).
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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CLIMATE OF INDIA:-
The climate of India defies easy generalization, comprising a wide
range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and
varied topography.
India hosts six major climatic subtypes, the nation has four
seasons: Winter (January and February), Summer (March to May), a
Monsoon (rainy) season (June to September), and a Post-Monsoon
period (October to December).
India's unique geography and geology strongly influence its
climate; this is particularly true of the Himalayas in the north and
the Thar Desert in the northwest. The Himalayas act as a barrier to
the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus,
North India is kept warm or only mildly cold during winter; in
summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot.
Although the Tropic of Cancer—the boundary between the tropics
and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the whole
country is considered to be tropical.
As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather
conditions in India are unstable: major droughts, floods, cyclones
and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have killed or displaced
millions.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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DETAIL DISCRIPTION OF RUTUCHARYA OF EACH RUTU:-
SHISHIRA RUTU – (the late winter):-
Months-
According to Hindu calendar - Magha, Falgun.
According to English calendar - January - February.
Zodiac signs - According to Sharangdhara – not specified.
Rasa – nirmiti – Tikta,
Jala pana – Ushana Jala sewan,
Madya pana – Varuni, Sura.
Dosha stithi – Kapha Sanchaya, Pitta shaman.
Upakrama – As there is no Prakopavastha of any dosha there
is no shodhan Upakrama mentioned for this Rutu.
Kala bala – Sharirik as well as Manasik Bala is Uttama.
Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Pippali
Rutu Lakshan –
Atmosphere is drier and cooler than Hemant.
Sun cannot be well visualized because of mist.
As it is beginning of Adana Kala the dryness is more in atmosphere.
Trees shed their leaves completely.
Lakshans of Hemant Rutu are seen in augmented form.
Acharya CHARAKA & Sushruta has stated the presence of rain in
this Rutu, as one of the reasons for decrease in temperature.
AHARA –
Balya, Ushana, Snigdha, Guru, Aahar sewan
Ushana Virya Aahar sewan like Guda-Roti, Tila-Guda, etc.
Madhur, Amla, Lavan, Rasa sewan
Mansa, Mansarasa sewan of animals from Anup Desh.
Also plenty of milk & milk products, cane juice.
Drink warm water and it will improve your life span.
Avoid light food to pacify Vatta.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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VIHARA –
Acharya CHARAKA has advised to use Nir-Vata & Ushana
places for the purpose of shelter, where direct contact of cold
breezes is avoided & should be sufficiently warm with the help
of artificial heaters in some or the other forms.
Do strong exercise,
Do Udvartan i.e. massage with medicated oils & powdered
formulations before taking bath with warm water.
Induce perspiration with warm cloths and live in warm place,
The nights are long so, the people generally sleep for long time.
Exposure to sunlight is good.
NISHEDH –
Katu, Tikta, Kashaya, Rasa sewan,
Diva swap,
Vatakar ,Laghu ,Sheeta Anna pan,
Alpa bhojan nishedh.
Many references of Shishir Rutu had stated to follow Hemant
Rutu-Charya more precisely.
Also as the BALA in this Rutu is excellent the JATHARAGNI
bala is well enlightened, so health of an individual is properly
maintained.
Hence the SHISHIRA RUTU is also known as ‗HEALTHY
SEASON‘. Which was also the Rutu used for the study to see the
Rasayana effects of Haritaki & Rutu-Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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VASANTA RUTU (spring).
Months -
According to Hindu calendar – Chaitra, Vaishakh.
According to English calendar – March – April.
Zodiac signs – (According to Sharangdhara) – Kumbh – Meen.
Rasa – nirmiti – Kashaya Rasa.
Jala pana – Luke warm water, medicated with Shunthi, Chandan
etc. Also Kaphaghna, Sugndhi (Sweet smelling) & Snigdha dravya
mixed jala is advised in this Rutu.
Madya pana –Drakshasava, Madhavi, Madhu, Panchakolasav.
Dosha stithi – Kapha Prakopa.
Upakrama – Vamana.
Kala Bala – Madhyam Bala.
Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Madhu (Honey).
Rutu Lakshan –
Singing of the Cuckoo bird is one of the first signs of this Rutu
Breeze flows from south to north direction.
This Rutu marks the beginning of summer.
The days are longer than nights.
There is increase in temperature but the heat from sun is not
that intense.
Initially all the trees are leafless but later these Trees blossoms
with fresh leaves.
Old barks get replaced by new ones
Environment is clear & non-dusty.
Flowers bloom on trees & there is beautiful fragrance in the
Environment.
In this Rutu shleshma which had occulted in Shishir Rutu melts
off due to initiation of increase in temperature, causing sever
Kaphaj vyadhis.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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AHARA –
Honey should be consumed daily as it is Kaphaghna by nature.
Yaw, Puranshali, Godhum & one year old grains should be
consumed.
Vegetables to be used like Brinjawal, Neem leafs, Kadu Padwala etc,
Non vegetarian persons should have Meat & Mansarasa,
especially Jangal & Vishkera Mansa & Yusha.
Luke warm water should be used for all purposes.
Asavas, sidhu, mardik, mardvik, madhav & arishtas should be
consumed on regular basis.
Shunthi should be boiled in water & then consumed with honey.
All cold stuff should be avoided.
Snigdha food stuff should be avoided.
Stuff that contains Madhura & Amla rasa should be avoided.
While cooking food lasuna, hinga, mohari, mirchi, mire, aadraka,
dalchini should be used.
Milk & butter milk should be consumed in large quantity.
Diet to be taken should be less in quantity & should be
beneficial.
Kashaya Rasatmaka fruits like Belaphala (WoodApple) should be
consumed.
In Short Tikshna, Ushna, Ruksha, Katu, Lavana & Kashaya
rasatmaka diet should be consumed.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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VIHARA –
Body should be thoroughly cleaned by undersaid panchakarma
procedures like–
Tikshna Vamana, Dhumapan, Gandush, Anjana & Nasya.
This help in removing Sanchit / Prakupit Kapha Dosha from the
body of an individual & avoiding major diseases in future.
Person should exercise regularly.
Sleeping in day time is strictly prohibited in Vasanta Rutu.
One should bath with warm water regularly & should apply
natural fragrances on the body.
Avoid exposure to direct air.
Oil massages should be done.
Chandan & Aguru should be applied on the body.
Udvartan, heavy & tiering works, exercise should be done as
much as possible.
NISHEDH –
Madhura, Amla, Snigdha, Guru, Sheeta foodstuff should be
avoided.
Afternoon Naps should be strictly avoided.
Abhishyandi & Kapha Prakopaka foodstuffs should not be
consumed.
New grains should not be eaten.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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GREESHMA RUTU (summer).
Months -
According to Hindu calendar - Jeshtha, Aashada.
According to English calendar – May - June
Zodiac signs – (According to Sharandhara) - Mesha - Vrushubh
Rasa – nirmiti – Katu Rasa.
Jala pana – Useer, Chandan, Rose, Jai, Mogra etc. Mixed
Sugandhi Jala should be used.
Madya pana – Madyapan Contraindicated.
Dosha stithi – Vata Sanchaya, Kapha Shaman.
Upakrama - As there is no Prakopavastha of any dosha there is no
shodhan Upakrama mentioned for this Rutu.
Kala bala – Heena Bala.
Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Guda (Jaggary).
Rutu Lakshan –
Sun appears to be like flower of Attasi & very bright.
All the surface & surrounding climate appears to be very hot
emitting hot radiations.
Warm breezes are flowing from Nairutya Disha.
Body tends to become very hot, & sweats causing burning &
irritating sensation.
Animals make themselves comfortable by submerging in water
reservoirs in warm afternoons causing impurities in water.
Level of water reservoirs are found to be reduced due to high
rate of evaporation making bank of the reservoirs wider.
Trees tend to become dry, leafless & barks become rough & dry.
Creepers on the trees dries & potency of plants are reduced.
Sun tends to absorb all the energy & make the universe dry.
Days are longer as compared to other Rutus.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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AHARA –
Madura, Amla, Lavan rasatmak diet should be consumed.
Cool & liquid diet like juices, milk, butter milk etc. should be used daily.
Snigdha Aahar (made of Ghee, Taila etc.) should be consumed.
Sugandhi, Sharkara mishrit, cold water from Pots should be used
for consumption.
Satu along with water & Ghruta should be consumed in this Rutu.
Cooled milk after boiling should be used in dinner.
Citric & Amla rasatmaka fruits like Mango, Oranges, Amlaki, etc
should be consumed.
VIHARA –
Cool rooms in day time & under open sky in night should be used
for sleeping.
Cold water is advised for bath in this Rutu.
Diwaswap is advised in this Rutu (but prior to meal).
Sugandhi Dravyas should be applied over the body.
Ornaments made of pearl, and garlands of Sweet smelling
Flowers should be used.
Breeze with the leaf of Tada Vruksha gives soothing effect.
Light & cotton wears should be used for clothing.
NISHEDH –
Madyapana is contraindicated in this Rutu.
Bajari, Lasuna, Spices & ruksha, ushna diet should be avoided.
Katu Rasatmaka, Ushna viryatmak diet is contraindicated.
Maithun karma is varjya in this Rutu.
Vyayama should be avoided as far as possible.
Agnikarma, Atishrama, and roaming in hot Envoierment should
be avoided.
Laghana should not be practiced in this Rutu.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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VARSHA RUTU (Rainy season),
Months –
According to Hindu calendar - Shravana, Bhadrapada.
According to English calendar – July – August.
Zodiac signs – (According to Sharandhara) - Sinha - Kanya
Nature of the Season – Ruksha, Sheeta.
Rasa – nirmiti – Amla Rasa.
Jala pana – ShrutaSheeta Jala (Boiled & cooled water.), Sushruta
has advised to consume with Honey.
Madya pana – Madhu mishreta Madya & Arishtas.
Dosha stithi – Vatta Prakopa, Pitta Sanchaya.
Upakrama – Basti Upakrama.
Kala bala – Heena Bala.
Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Saindhav.
Rutu Lakshan –
Water resources cross their limits & flows over the banks of
rivers causing the damages of the trees & plants nearby.
Ponds are decorated with the beautiful floras like lotus etc.
Lands are covered by green grass & water hiding the potholes.
Varity of rich flora is seen in the surrounding.
Sun & sky is not visible due to dense clouds in the sky.
Climate becomes cold due to unavailability of warm sun rays.
Forest & Hilly areas are seen in different shades & colours.
Water in the resources becomes slightly muddy making it
difficult to consume in as it is state.
Air breezes are filled with rain droplets.
Cloudy climate, cold breezes & impure water tends Vata Dosha
to reallocate from prakruta awastha to Prakupit awastha.
All the disha‟s are full of Noisy clouds causing showers of rain.
Large no of insects are seen in the surroundings.
Some insects like Indragope are seen perticularly in this Rutu.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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AHARA –
Amla, Lavan, Snigdha diet should be consumed to avoid Vata Prakopa.
Old grains, Jangal Mansa should be consumed with Yusha as
Jatharagni Mandya is seen in this Rutu.
Proper amount of Madya should be consumed with the diet.
Old grains should be used with the help of spices.
Mansa rasa should be consumed after appropriate sanskaras.
Laghu bhojana should be consumed with Madya.
Katu, Amla rasatmak Dravyas & Kshar‘s help in Shamana of Vata
& Kapha Dosha, also Acharya Sushruta has mentioned to
consume Kashaya, Katu, Tikta rasa pradhan Dravyas.
Mahiendra jala, Boiled water & water from Wells & Ponds should
be used for drinking purpose.
Acharya CHARAKA has advised to consume Tridoshahara &
Agnipradipaka Aahar.
VIHARA –
Ruksha, Khara cloths should be used for Mardana.
It is advised to sleep on beds or furnitures high from ground level
to avoid direct contact with cold surface.
Udvartana should be done with the help of Snigdha Dravyas &
Sugandhi Churnas.
Sweet smelling flowers should be used as garlands.
Clean, Dry & preferably cotton wares should be used for clothing.
Acharya Vagbhatta has advised use of Elephants etc. Animals for
travelling.
Acharya Harita has mentioned to practise Swedan, Mardana,
regular exercise & Niruha Basti.
Cloths should be dried regularly.
Shelters should be warm & avoiding cold breeze & direct contact
of Rain.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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NISHEDH –
Avoid travelling in rain especially walking & that to bare
foot.
Avoid wearing wet clothes.
Avoid over eating that to new grains.
Avoid excess drinking of water.
Avoid drinking Tikshna Madya, flowing water from rivers etc.
Avoid eating Guru Gunatmaka Aahar.
Avoid Diwaswap (sleeping in day time) & Ratri Jagrana
(sleeping late night).
Avoid Maithun karma (coitus).
Avoid excessive Exercise.
Avoid use of Heaters using fire in direct form.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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SHARADA RUTU (Autumn),
Months -
According to Hindu calendar - Ashwin, Kartik.
According to English calendar – September – October.
Zodiac signs – (According to Sharandhara) - Tula – Vrushcihk.
Rasa – nirmiti – Lavana Rasa.
Jala pana – Sheeta Jala (Agasti Udaya).
Madya pana – Drakshasav.
Dosha stithi – Pitta Prakopa, Vatta Shamana.
Upakrama – Virechana & Raktamokshana.
Kala bala – Madhyama Bala.
Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Sharkara.
Rutu Lakshan –
Days are warmer as compared to Varsha Rutu as cloudy climate
vanishes after rainy season.
Agasti Star appears in the sky which is assumed to detoxify the
toxic effect of Jala which is also called as Hansodaka by Acharya
CHARAKA.
Days are warm & nights are equally cold because of clear climate
allowing rays of sun as well as moon to fall on surface of the
earth, creating a pleasant atmosphere.
Water in this Rutu is good for drinking, bath, Avgaha etc.
Sky appears to be clear & bright, also cold winds in early
morning bring foggy climates.
Ponds are filled with many birds, fishes, lotus & other floras
making the surrounding beautiful.
Various floras & faunas are seen in the envoierment.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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AHARA –
Madhur,Kashaya,Tikta rasa pradhana, Shetal Ahar to be consumed.
Specific Meats should be consumed like of Lava, Titara, and Rabbit.
Salishashtika, yava, Godhum, sugar, Guda, Mudga should be used.
Tikta & Mahatikta Ghruta should be used as it helps in shaman of
Prakupita Pitta.
Food should be served only when feeling of Appetite is developed
Water from reservoirs should be used after proper Sanskara.
Yogratnakar has advised to use Anshudoka i.e. water kept under
sun in day time & under moon in night time it acts as Pitta Shamak
in action.
VIHARA –
Virechana & Raktamokshana should be done in this Rutu.
Ornaments of Pearl & garlends of Sweet smelling flowers should be
used.
Swimming in ponds full of Lotus is advised.
Light & Clean clothes should be used for wearing.
Sitting under open sky in night under cool rays of moon & stars
is advised for health.
Ardha-Shakti-Vyayama should be done.
In short all Pitta Shamaka vihar should be followed.
NISHEDH –
Curds, fermented food are strongly contraindicated.
Tikta, Lavan, Amla rasatmaka Aahar should not be consumed in
excess e.g. radish, salts, drumsticks, ginger etc.
Tomatoes, brinjals, ladies finger, chilies etc should be avoided.
Tikshana Madyas & Beverages containing sour fruits should be
avoided.
Diwaswap & Ratri-Jagaran should be avoided.
Cold breezes from easten directions should be avoided.
Maithun karma is to be avoided.
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HEMANTA RUTU (early winter).
Months -
According to Hindu calendar - Margashisha, Pausha.
According to English calendar – November – December.
Zodiac signs – (According to Sharandhara) - Dhanu - Makar
Rasa – nirmiti – Madhur Rasa.
Jala pana – Boiled water.
Madya pana – Varuni, Madya.
Dosha stithi – Kapha Sanchaya, Pitta Shamana.
Upakrama - As there is no Prakopavastha of any dosha there is no
shodhan Upakrama mentioned for this Rutu.
Kala bala – Uttama Bala.
Rasayana (Rutu-Haritaki) – Haritaki + Shunthi.
Rutu Lakshan –
Direct & warm rays of sun in Sharad Rutu are diminished.
Coldness in the environment starts to increases.
Days are shorter & nights are long.
Appetite increases because body heat gets captured in the body
itself as heat regulation with the medium of skin alters.
Cold breezes from north directions are flowing in the
surroundings.
A sometimes water reservoir freezes to ice.
Hot & cold vapours are seen on the water resources.
Water from the wells is warm as compare to open reservoirs.
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AHARA –
Jathara-agni is more Pradipta.
Guru Padartha should be consumed in more amounts.
Madhura, Amla, Lavana rasatmaka Ushna & Snegdha Aahar should
be consumed.
According to Acharya Sushruta Katu, Tikta, Lavan, Amla
rasatmaka, Snigdha & ksharyukta Aahar along with Gruta & Taila
should be consumed.
Spicy & Festive diet should be consumed.
Atimedasvi & Audak Mansa, Bileshya Mansa, Anupa Mansa fishes
etc. Should be consumed if having non-veg diet.
Water from Rivers, Ponds, and Wells should be used for drinking &
preparing food.
Tikshna Madyas are advised in this Rutu.
New grains are advised specially in this Rutu, which are otherwise
contraindicated.
Dairy products, Fruits, Dry fruits, Non-veg, Pulses should be
consumed.
VIHARA –
Exercise should be practice daily early in the morning.
Taila-Abhyanga should be followed later to avoid stress & fatigue.
Kashaya rasatmak Dravyas should be used for Udvartana.
Lepas of Keshar, Chandana etc should be advised.
Bath should be done early in this Rutu.
Atapasewan should be done.
Warm & woollen cloths should be used.
Residential rooms should be kept warm.
More amounts of Diet & Exercise should be practised in this Rutu as
compared to other Rutus.
Maithun Karma (Coitus) is advised in this Rutu.
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NISHEDH –
Laghu, vatta vardhaka Aahar should be avoided.
Pravatta (direct breezes) should be avoided.
Diwaswap should be strictly avoided.
Alpa bhojan should not be consumed as it causes the Dhatus to get
affected if not taken sufficient diet.
Some Acharyas had also mentioned Pravrutta Rutu but detail
description is not available & also it is present in very scattered
form. It can be assumed the period in between Greeshma & Varsha
Rutu.
These are some of the rough outlines of the Rutu &
Rutucharya‘s mentioned in Ayurveda which are described in short.
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HISTORICAL ASPECT OF ANUPANA:-
Anupana roughly means media of intake.
ÌlÉ£üÏ:-
1) ―AlÉÑmÉzcÉÉSè mÉÏrÉiÉå CirÉlÉÑmÉÉlÉqÉç |‖ - WåûqÉÉÌSì A. ¾û.
It literally means that part of medicine which is taken after main medicine.
2) ―pÉæwÉeÉxrÉ AlÉÑmÉzcÉÉiÉç xÉWûÉrrÉMüÉUÏ CÌiÉ pÉæwÉerÉxrÉåuÉ |‖ - UxÉiÉUÇÌaÉhÉÏ 6
The drug which is helpful along with main drug & is taken afterwards is Anupana.
3) ―AlÉÑpÉåwÉeÉålÉ xÉWû mÉzcÉÉS mÉÏrÉiÉå MüqÉïÍhÉ srÉÑOû | AÉæwÉkÉålÉ xÉWû iÉimÉzcÉÉ²É mÉårÉå qÉkÉÑaÉÑhÉ SÉæ |
mÉÉlÉxrÉ eÉsÉxrÉ xÉqÉÏmÉå AirÉrÉÏ | eÉsÉxÉÉqÉÏmÉÉå AirÉ |‖ - uÉÉcÉxmÉirÉqÉç
Anupana which is in Drava-form i.e. liquid state & taken along with main
drug is Anupana. e.g. – Honey, Water, etc.
urÉÑimÉÌ¨É :- 1) AlÉÑ + mÉÉ + srÉÑOû - (AÉmÉOåû xÉÇxM×üiÉ ÌWûlSÏ MüÉåzÉ)
―AlÉÑ‖ EmÉxÉaÉïmÉÑuÉïMü ―mÉÉ‖ kÉÉiÉÑ mÉÉxÉÑlÉ srÉÑOû mÉëirÉrÉ sÉÉaÉÑlÉ “AlÉÑmÉÉlÉ” zÉoS
Synonyms:-
i) After, behind, along.
ii) After; in consequence of being indicated by,
iii) Corresponding which,
iv) Account of, by reason of as a separate adverb.
―AlÉÑ‖ is used even in Vedas which means afterwards, later on, now, at this
time again, once more, then & further.
―mÉÉ‖ to drink, to inhale, to absorb.
In short Anupana means media of intake, in Ayurveda medicines are
prescribed to be taken with various media of intake like hot water, honey,
milk etc. They are also called as vehicles of medicines.
The concept of Anupana is mentioned in almost all the Samhitas
Rug Veda – ―Aushadhinamadhiraja‖ (10/17)
CHARAKA Samhita – cha.Su. 27. & various Adhyayas from chikitsa sthana.
Shushruta Samhita – Shu. Su. 46, Su. Ut. 35 as well as chikitsa &
uttartantra provide some scattered ref.
Vagbhata – Sutra as well as chikitsa sthana provide some scattered ref.
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Sharandhara Samhita – Madhya Khanda chap. 6.
Yogaratnakara – disease wise Anupana is mentioned in this classical text.
Also in Kashyapa Samhita, Bhavprakasha, Rasatarangini & various
Niganthu’s ref. of Anupana is available in scattered form.
Out of which the ref. from Bhavprakasha, Yogaratnakara are of special
importance as they are related with topic of the dissertation.
Also some special description of Anupana is available in –
Anupana Manjiri, Anupana Tarangiri,
Anupana Vidhi & Anupana Kalpataru.
All of the above ref. books had elaborated concept of Anupana in detail &
also have given use of, how one single drug can be used in different
conditions of different diseases with the help of change in Anupana.
How Anupana Acts?
1) Anupana have ‗yogavahi‘ properties.
2) Sometimes they also serve as catalytic or flavoring agents.
―rÉjÉÉ eÉsÉaÉiÉÇ iÉæsÉÇ AhÉålÉæuÉ mÉëxÉmÉïÌiÉ | iÉjÉÉ pÉæwÉerÉqÉsaÉåwÉÑ mÉëxÉmÉï¦ÉÑmÉÉlÉiÉÇ ||
rÉÉåaÉuÉÉWûÏ mÉUÇ uÉÉrÉÑÇ xÉÇrÉÉåaÉÉspÉrÉÉxiÉM×üiÉ | SÉWûM×üiÉiÉåeÉxÉÉÇ rÉÑ£Çü zÉÏiÉM×üiÉÇ xÉÉåqÉxÉÇ´ÉrÉÉM×üiÉ ||
lÉÉlÉÉ SìurÉÉiqÉMüiuÉÉcÉ rÉÉåaÉuÉÉWûÏ mÉUÇ qÉkÉÑ | uÉ×wrÉrÉÉåaÉåxiÉÉårÉÑ£Çü uÉ×wÉiÉÉqÉlÉÑ || - A. xÉÇ. xÉÑ. 6/77
Use of Haritaki w.r.t. Anupana in various diseases:-
1) In Arsha : - Haritaki + Guda - Cha. Chi. 14,
2) In Atisara : - Haritaki + Ghee / Honey – Cha. Chi. 16,
3) In Pakvatisara : - Haritaki + Warm water – Cha. Chi. 16,
4) In Chardi : - Haritaki + Honey – Cha. Chi. 20,
5) In Pandu : - Haritaki + Gomutra – Cha. Chi. 16,
6) In Vatarakta : - Haritaki + Guda – Shu. Chi. 5,
7) In Shleepad : - Haritaki + Gomutra – Shu. Chi. 16,
8) In Arbuda : - Haritaki + Guda – Shu. Ut. 42,
9) In Ashmari : - Haritaki seed churna + Milk –A.Sa.Chi. 21
10) In Madatyaya : - Haritaki + Honey –H. S. Chi. 21,
These were few of the many uses described regarding to Haritaki in
various Classical texts of Ayurveda.
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-: HISTORICAL ASPECT OF RASAYANA:-
Ayurveda has always emphasized on healthy life & maintaining
the health status of the individuals.
Rasayana is one of the multidimensional concepts of Ayurveda
which deals with both preventive & curative aspect of health. Also,
Rasayana is one of the eight branches of Ayurveda.
Rasa has different meanings like juice, taste, essence, flavor or
emotion, but is not limited to any of these in itself. In therapeutic
process Rasa is concerned with the conservation, transformation,
and revitalization of energy. Rasa nourishes our body, boosts
immunity and helps to keep the body and mind in best of health.
The Aim Of Rasayana
The Rasayana therapy enhances the qualities of rasa,
enriches it with nutrients. With such enriched excellent Rasa, one
attains longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from disorder,
youthfulness, and excellence of luster, complexion & voice, optimum
development of physique and sense organs, mastery over phonetics,
respectability and brilliance. Rasayana preparations can be
consumed according to the needs,
a). Kamya Rasayana
b). Naimittika Rasayana
c). Kuti Praveshika Rasayana - Indoor Rasayana Therapy.
d). Vatatapika Rasayana - Outdoor Rasayana Therapy.
e). Achara Rasayana - Lifestyle Rasayana.
By following Achara Rasayana one can be more Satvik and
surge ahead in the spiritual field by his pure daily routines like
speaking truth, not getting angry, by having control over his sense
organs and calmness.
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Effect of Rasayana Therapy:-
Rasayana therapy enriches nutritional quality of Rasa,
enhances digestion and metabolism by normalizing Agni, Bala and
promoting the competence of channels.
Preparation for Rasayana Therapy
It is very essential for a person who wishes to undergo
Rasayana therapy to undergo samshodhana (detoxification) as a
preparatory procedure. The samshodhana process detoxifies both
body and mind. A detoxified body and mind is a like a clean cloth
which readily absorbs the color in which it has been dipped unlike a
soiled, dirty cloth which looks soiled & dirty even after coloring with
best colors available.
But when a person is not eligible for samshodhana or is not
able to get samshodhana then he can also consume Rasayana
preparations which still boost the qualities of Rasa in his body.
Benefits of Rasayana :-
SÏbÉïqÉÉrÉÑ: xqÉ×ÌiÉÇ qÉåkÉÉqÉÉUÉåarÉÇ iÉÂhÉÇ uÉrÉ: mÉëpÉÉuÉhÉïxuÉUÉæSÉrÉïÇ SåWåûÎlSìrÉoÉsÉÇ mÉUqÉç
uÉÉÎYxÉ먂 mÉëhÉÌiÉÇ MüÉÎliÉÇ sÉpÉiÉå lÉÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉÉiÉç sÉÉpÉÉåmÉÉrÉÉå ÌWû zÉxiÉÉlÉÉÇ UxÉÉSÏlÉÉÇ UxÉÉrÉlÉqÉç - cÉ.ÍcÉ. 1/7-8.
The main purpose of Rasayana therapy is to retard the aging process
and to delay the degenerative process in the body.
It enhances the intelligence, memory, body strength, luster of the
skin, and modulation of voice.
It nourishes the blood, lymph, muscles, tissues, semen, and thus
prevents chronic degenerative disorders like Arthritis.
Improves metabolic process and quality of body tissues and eradicates
diseases of old age.
Helps to attain optimal physical strength and sharpness sense organs.
Rasayana has marked action on reproductive organs and also
nourishes shukra dhatu.
Rasayana nourishes the whole body and improves Immune system and
hence the natural resistance to infection will be more.
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The concept of Rasayana is described in detail in all the classical
texts, Samhitas of Ayurveda. Acharya CHARAKA has started the most
important Chikitsa Sthan with Rasayana ADHYAYA which itself can
indicates its importance. Even in Rasayana Adyaya the pre medication
before starting Rasayana Chikitsa includes Haritaki with some other
drugs in combination. Also the first Rasayana mentioned by Acharya
CHARAKA is nothing but Haritaki as it is said to be Pancharasatmaka
(having 5 Rasas except Lavan rasa), as the action of Lavan rasa is
known for Premature Aging. Similarly it proves to be Superior to Amlaki
which is also same in terms of Gunas other then Virya i.e. Haritaki is
Ushna Virya whereas Amlaki is Sheeta Viryatmaka, But inspite of having
same properties other then Virya, Haritaki works as Jara-Roganashini as
well as Rasayana, whereas Amlaki is said to be only Rasayana when
compared to Haritaki.
Haritaki is mentioned in some of the Rasayana‘s mentioned in
CHARAKA Samhita like –
Pratham Brahmya Rasayana,
Dwitiya Brahmya Rasayana,
Chayvanprash Rasayana,
Haritakyadi yoga Prathama
Haritakyadi yoga Dwitiya,
Amlaka Rasayana,
Haritakyadi Rasayana 1 – 5,
Aamlakaayasa Braahma Rasayana. Etc.
There are many other references available in Brihat-Trayee in
scattered form. Acharya Vagbhata has also mentioned various
Rasayana Yogas in Rasayan Adhikara as well as in other Adhyayas in
scattered format, which works equally well in Swastha as well as in
Atura-Awastha.
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NETRA SHARIR & DRISHTI-MANDYA
(AYURVEDIC & MODERN REVIEW)
Eyes are the windows to the mind. A pair of sparking eyes is
the most beautiful and attractive features in a person. One need not
emphasize the importance of the eyes as ―nothing in this world is as
good as perfect, unaided vision‖. Eyes were greatly valued by
ancient Indians and much importance was accorded to their
protection. Man, a miniature representative of the universe is in
continuous efforts to make a suitable environment to maintain his
health. A pair of eyes certainly has visualized him new path to step
in new horizons to grow. That‘s why eye care is one of the priorities
since the ages.
A separate branch namely Shalakya Tantra has been
dedicated in Ayurveda to care the precious parts above the clavicles
and eye is one of them. The history of Ayurveda reveals that this
branch has witnessed phenomenal growth in the ancient era since
Vedas to Samhita period. Shalakya Tantra being a surgical discipline
has been taken up by Sushruta Samhita and is mentioned in Uttara
Tantra part of the text. The beginning of the Uttara Tantra with vivid
description of eye, its anatomy, classification of its diseases and
their management shows the importance of this organ of sight. In
forthcoming pages an attempt has been made to understand the
structure and functional description of the organ of sight followed by
description of the diseases related to Refractive Errors.
SYNONYMS OF THE EYE:
Akashi,
Chakshu,
Drishti,
Netra,
Nayana,
Lochana etc.
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ETYMOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS:
The scientific meanings of each of the synonyms as per
Ayurvedic classics with their etymological derivations are as follows:
Netra:
A.√Ni – to drive + ―Ktin Karane‖ pratyaya (Shabdakalpadrum)
Means which takes or drives one towards knowledge.
B. According to V.S. Apte, Netra means conducting.
• Akashi:
A. √Ashu – to reach + ―Ktin Karane‖ pratyaya
(Shabdakalpadrum),this means source of reaching or seeing.
B. √Aks + ―in‖ pratyaya (Panini 4/118).This means eye is more
luminous part than the other parts of the body.
C.√As+Kshi – means, which grasps objects (Unadi Sutra 3/155/6).
D. According to V. S. Apte, Akshi means eye.
• Drishti:
A. √Drish – to see + ―Ktin Karane‖ pratyaya (Shabdakalpadrum)
Means source or tool with which one sees.The word ‗Drishti‘ has
different meanings in Ayurvedic texts including Netra,
DrishtiMandala, Netrakriya (vision), Darshana etc.
• Chakshu:
A.√Chaksh – Darshane + ―Sinch Karane‖ pratyaya (Vachaspatyam).
Responsible for sight.
B. √Chaksh + ―us‖ pratyaya (Shabdakalpadrum) Which means
Darshanendriya.
C. According to Sir M.M. William (page 382) - It means eye, vision,
faculty to see, Lord Shiva, name of Maruta, Sage, Sun etc.
D. According to V. S. Apte, Chakshu means the faculty of sight.
E. Chakshin – ‗Chakshate yena Chakshu‘ (Panini in Unadi 4/118).
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• Nayana:
A. √Ni –to drive, to lead + ―Karane lyut‖ pratyaya
(Shabdakalpadrum). Means the source, which drives towards the
subject.
B. According to V. S. Apte, Nayana means ruling, governing or
obtaining.
• Lochana:
A. √Loch – to see + ―Karane lyut‖ pratyaya (Shabdakalpadrum) the
tool with which one sees.
B. Lochyate Anena Iti (Amarkosha). Which has the capacity to see.
C. According to V. S. Apte, Lochana means illuminating brightening,
visible or sight.
Thus it is clear from the above discussion of the synonyms
related to the organ of sight that Akshi, Netra, Nayana, and Lochana
are the words used in anatomical sense and Chakshu in functional
sense; whereas Drishti is having amphisitomous meaning. Netra is
the widely used word for the organ of sight.
PANCHABHAUTIKA CONCEPT OF NETRA :
The Netra, like all other organs of the body is built up of 5
basic elements – the Panchamahabhutas. For the Indriyas, Sushruta
has clearly mentioned the contribution of Panchamahabhutas
(Shu.Ut.1/11-12) as follows:-
PART MAHABHOOTA
Muscular portion (Mamsabhaga) Prithvi
White portion Jala
Red portion Tejas (Agni)
Black portion Vayu
Tear channels (Strotas) Akasha
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In Upanishad period, ocular anatomy was depicted in
philosophical manner. In Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad different
structures of eyeball were said to be evolved from different Gods as
follows –
NAME OF GOD PARTS FORMED WITH THEIR PROBABLE
SYNONYMS (MODERN CORRELATES)
Rudra Reddish part of eye ball (Blood vessels)
Parajanya Liquid portion (Aqueous & Vitreous humour)
Aditya Kaninika, Ashrumarga (Lacrimal apparatus)
Agni Blackish portion (Cornea, iris)
Indra Whitish part (Conjunctiva, sclera)
Prithvi Adho Vartma (Lower eyelid)
Akasha Urdhva Vartma (Upper eyelid)
Vagbhatta described that developmental origin of different
structures is attributed to various Bhavas. The development of senses
according to Vagbhatta is attributed to Kapha and Raktavaha Strotas.
EYEBALL STRUCTURE BHAVA
Shveta Mandala (conjunctiva & Sclera)
Prasada of Shleshma Pitrija (Paternal)
Krishna Mandala (cornea)
Prasada of Rakta Matrija (Maternal)
Drishti Mandala
(Pupil, lens, retina) Pitrija + Matrija
The color of the Netra is also determined by the association of
Doshas and Dhatus with Teja mahabhoota (As.Sha.2/36).
Rakta Dhatu in association with Teja Mahabhoota Raktakshi
Pitta Dhatu in association with Teja Mahabhoota Pingakshi
Kapha Dhatu in association with Teja Mahabhoota Shuklakshi
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ANATOMY OF NETRA:
The description of the anatomy of Netra is available in Sushruta Samhita.
Situation:
Head is the supreme part of the human body, when compared to all
other parts. It is the site of life for living beings. All the senses are
situated in and supported by the head (Ch.Su.17/3). Two eye orbits
are situated in the head, which are the shelters of two Netra, but one
Chakshurindriya. These Netraguhas are the two among the seven
external openings of the Shira.
Shape:
In Sushruta Samhita Uttar-tantra, Acharya Sushruta had described
Netra as Suvrittam, Gostanakaram and Nayana Budbudam, which
denotes the shape and consistency of the Netra (Shu.Ut.1/10).
a) Suvrittam: By the word Suvrittam means, that eye is spherical
from all sides.
b) Gostanakaram: By the word we mean, that eye is shaped like the
teat of cow i.e. oblong shaped or oval shaped. Eyeball seen along with
extra-ocular muscles and optic nerve is very muchsimilar to Cows teat.
c) Nayana Budbudam : It means like a bubble floating on the water
i.e. round in shape and soft in consistency and glossy/glistening in
character, this term suggestive of external ppearance of the eye in the
eye orbit.
DIMENSIONS OF NETRA:
The measurements of the eyeball were described by Sushruta
in terms of Anguli like any other organ but, Anguli in context to
measurement of Netra is equal to Swangushtodara in the words of
Sushruta, which has been supported and clearly written by the
commentator Dalhana. While describing the dimensions of eye,
Sushruta had given two dimensions – 2 Angula Bahulya and 2½
Angula Sarvata. It is difficult to trace the exact meaning of the words
Bahulya and Sarvata.
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According to some scholars, the word Bahulya means antero-posterior
diameter or depth of the eyeball and it is 2 Angula. As per their views, the
word ‗Sarvata‘ can be considered as the side-to-side measurement or
circumference of the eyeball; and it is 2½ Angulas. But the exact
measurement of 2½ Angula is better applicable to the side to side
distance of the eye. There is some different interpretation for the word
‗Dvyangulam Sardham‘. According to Dalhana, the word ‗Dvyangulam
Sardham‘ means ‗Ardha Triteeyangula‘. This was commented by some
scholars as 3½ Angula, & they apply it as circumference of the eyeball.
ANATOMICAL PARTS OF THE NETRA:
The anatomical parts of the eye were described by Sushruta as
Mandala, Sandhi and Patala. There are 5 Mandala, 6 Sandhi and
6 Patala described by Vagbhatta, Madhavakara & Bhavamishra.
• Mandala:
The word Mandala is made from root ‗Mad‟ + ‗Klach‟ pratyaya –
meaning by covering circular areas or concentric circles.
The five Mandala of the eye are:
1) Pakshma Mandala 2) Vartma Mandala
3) Shweta Mandala 4) Krishna Mandala
5) Drishti Mandala
1) Pakshma Mandala:
This is the first and outermost Mandala of the eye formed by
the Pakshma or the eyelashes.
2) Vartma Mandala:
Upper and lower eyelids jointly form a circle in front of the
eyeball, which is termed as Vartma Mandala.
3) Shukla Mandala:
Shukla Mandala is the Mandala, which is present just inside
the Vartma Mandala and beyond the black circle. This portion
appears as whitish and therefore known as Shukla Mandala.
4) Krishna Mandala:
The black portion of the eyeball is called as Krishna Mandala.
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5) Drishti Mandala:
Last and innermost circular structure of the Netra encloses
Drishti in it and hence named Drishti Mandala.
Sandhi:
Sandhis are the junction areas between two Mandala. Sandhis are
important as far as the pathogenesis of the diseases is concerned,
because the diseases, of one Mandala may spread to another
through these junction areas. The Sandhi‟s are 6 in number.
i. Pakshma – Vartma gata Sandhi,
ii. Vartma – Shukla gata Sandhi,
iii. Shukla – Krishna gata Sandh,
iv. Krishna – Drishti gata Sandhi,
v. Apanga Sandhi,
vi. Kaneenika Sandhi.
• Patala:
Patala is one of the structures told by Sushruta in Netra
Sharir. Various authors have described and interpreted the concept
of Patalas in their own way and yet no consensus has reached upon
among them on this subject. V.S. Apte, in his Sanskrit – English
dictionary describes the meaning of Patala as a film or coating over
the eyes. Also according to Monier Williams, it can be considered as
a layer of the eyeball.
The four Akashi Patala are related to the eyeball itself. The
controversy, regarding Patalas is mainly confined to Akashi Patala.
In Ayurveda, the diseases of Drishti are considered as of utmost
importance, as the complication of these diseases will lead to
absolute blindness. The Patalas are considered as important as the
Drishti, because the pathogenesis of Drishtigata Rogas, especially
Timira has been described in terms of involvement of successive
Patalas. The prognosis of the disease also depends upon the
involvement of respective Patala.
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Sushruta considers different Akashi Patala and their
constituting factors as
NAME CONSTITUTING
FACTOR ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
1st
Patala
Tejas + Jala
(Tejojala Raktashrita) Cornea & Aqueous humour
2nd Patala
Mamsa (Pisita or Mamsashrita)
Iris and Ciliary body
3rd Patala
Medas (Medoashrita)
Vitreous humour
4th
Patala
Asthi
(Asthyashrita) Lens
According to some other scholars, Patala can be taken as the layers
of the cornea, layers of the lens itself, and different layers of retina.
To conclude, we can say that Patalas were described by
Ancient Acharyas in order to show the severity of the diseases
when they involve deeper tissues.
AKSHI BANDHANA:
Shira, Kandara, Meda and Kalkasthi with their excellent properties,
which they attain inherently, keep both eyes in their normal position.
Shleshma along with Siras take part in the Bandhana karma of the eye
(Shu.Ut.1/19). Dalhana opines that Sira includes the Snayu and Peshi.
Thus the different parts of the eyeball are held together by blood vessels,
muscles, fat and a black substance.
MARMA:
Marma are the vital points of the body, the damage to them
may result in various complications. Apanga and Avarta are the two
Marmas related with the eyes.
Apanga is situated in the lateral end of the eyes, which is a
Sira Marma of the size of half Anguli.
Avarta is a Sandhi Marma which lie above the eyebrows; it is
also of the size of half Anguli.
The damage to these may result in loss of sight or impairment of
vision (Shu.Sha.6/28; Va.Sha.4/31).
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SIRA AND DHAMANI:
There are 38 Siras, which transport Vata (8 in number), Pitta
(10), Kapha (10) and Rakta (10) to the eyes (Shu.Sha.7/8).
Vagbhata increased this number to 65, but he has not given the
details (A.Sa.Su.3/29). Siras are said to be useful in palpebral
movements.
There are two Dhamani‟s, one in each eye for transmission of
Rupa (visual impulse) to mind. Two other Dhamanis are there to
drain tears (Shu.Sha.9/5).
PESHI AND SNAYU:
According to Arundatta, Mandala variety of Peshi and Prithu
variety of Snayus are found in the eye. There are two Peshis and
thirty Snayus in both the eyes (Shu.Sha.5/48; As.H.Sha.3/17).
Mandala type of Peshi may be Orbicularis Oculi muscle while the
Snayus (ligaments) may be the tendons of the extra ocular muscles.
ASTHI AND SANDHIS:
Akshikosha contain a Tarunasthi, according to Arundatta (Ah.
Sha. 3/16). Sandhis of Mandala variety are also situated in the eye
beside the six mentioned earlier.
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CONCEPT OF DRISHTI
• Etymology:- √Drish + „Ktin Karane‟ pratyaya Meaning “the
tools to see”.
The concept of Drishti by Acharya Shushruta is little different and
all the description of Drishti given by him points to the pupil. Drishti
is described as:-
Masura dala matra [size of a Masura dala]
Prasada of Panchamahaboota
Covered by the external Patala
Sparkle like glow worm (Khadyotavisfulingabha)
Constantly irrigated by the cold aqueous
Shape resembles a hole (Vivirakritim)
Benefited with cold things
The anatomical description of Drishti is present only in
Shushruta Samhita. But now it is very clear that the word Drishti is
a broad sense having a wide range of meaning. If pupil alone will be
taken as Drishti, then the Drishtighna Rogas should be confined only
to the pupil. But it is clear that none of the Drishtigata Rogas are
confined to the pupil. Instead, the Drishtigata Rogas are the
diseases, where the structural lesion is present somewhere in the
refractive medium or retina. In some of the Drishtigata Rogas,
higher centers like optic nerve and visual cortex are also been
involved. So it is better to take these all in toto as the Drishti.
Drishti in simple sense means vision. All the anatomical structures
through which light passes to reach the retina including the optical
zone of cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour and retina
can be included in the Drishti.
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CONCEPT OF VISION IN AYURVEDA:
Visual perception, like all other sensory phenomena, is dependent
upon the state of mind and soul. Acharya CHARAKA has described this
process as the conjuncture of soul, mind and the sense organ with the
objects (Ch.Su.11/20). Kashyapa classifies senses into Sannikrishta
Indriyas and Viprakrishta Indriyas. Eyes and ears are the Viprakrishta
Indriyas, wherein object need not directly fall on the senses. Eye has
developed sufficient skills to perceive the object from a sufficiently large
distance. The theory of Panchapanchaka given by Acharya CHARAKA
depicts the phenomenon of sensory perception by enumerating the five
important factors that take part in this process. They are as follows :
Indriya Chakshu
Indriya Dravya Teja (Jyoti)
Indriya Artha Rupa
Indriya Adhishthana Eyes (2 Netra)
Indriya Buddhi Chakshurbuddhi
At the level of Chakshurbuddhi (Indriya Buddhi) to give actual
knowledge of the objects. As Doshas pervade all aspects of
physiology, their impacts on these processes are worth-knowing to
understand ancient considerations of visual perception. Vata is
responsible for Pravartana (stimulation, activation) of the Indriya
whereas Pitta performs Alochana (perception) of the Indriya Artha.
Kapha bestows Sthairya (stability) to the Indriya Adhisthana by
providing Tarpana. Further, the subtypes of Doshas like Prana Vayu
and Vyana Vayu are specifically held responsible for Vata Karmas,
Alochaka Pitta for Darshana and Tarpaka Kapha for Akshi Tarpana
(Shu.Su.21/14; As.H.Su.12/17).
Eyes are most important among the five Dynanendriyas. So its
function can be considered as the function of Dynanendriya. Here, eye is
the Indriya and external object is the Indriyartha. In order to get a clear
image of the external object, there should be Indriyartha Sannikarsha,
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Roopalochana and Jnanotpatti. In the first step, the externally situated
object is conducted into the eye in the form of light rays. Conduction is
the function of Vata. As the refractive media are Kapha predominant,
normal consistency of Kapha is absolutely necessary for the normal
process of refraction.
In the next stage, the analysis of the object is performed. The
Dosha, which functions in presence of light, is Alochaka Pitta. So all the
changes that take place in the retina after the convergence of light rays
are due to the action of Alochaka Pitta. Here mind is considered as the
basement factor, because the function of Alochaka Pitta is possible only in
the presence of mind. For Jnanotpatti to occur, the visual impulse formed
is to be converted to actual visual sense.
According to Bhela, Alochaka Pitta is having two functional fractions
– Chakshurvaisheshika Alochaka Pitta & Buddhirvaisheshika
Alochaka Pitta (Bhela Sha. 4/4-5).
The first one acts at the level of retina while the later acts on
occipital cortex. The Buddhirvaisheshika Alochaka Pitta receives
impulses sent by the Chakshurvaisheshika Alochaka Pitta and gives
determination and confirmation; and this confirmed knowledge is known
as Pratyakshajnana.
This conduction of visual impulses is carried out by Prana Vayu.
Similar ideas are reflected in the description of two phases of
Chakshurbuddhi. The momentary knowledge is obtained by Kshanika
Chakshurbuddhi, which will be further confirmed in the second stage by
Nischayatmika Chakshurbuddhi, according to Chakrapanidatta (Cha. Su.
8/3-12). Shushruta relates the theory of common origin (Tulya yoni) as
the basis of sensory perceptions. It is believed that light which illuminates
the objects and the eye which receives the light, both are derivatives of
Tejo Mahabhoota, hence eye perceives only Rupa of the objects and not
other characters like sound etc. (Shu. Sha. 1/15).
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-:MODERN REVIEW OF EYE:-
The evolution of the eyes can be best described in two groups:
A. In invertebrates. B. In vertebrates.
[A] The eye in invertebrates:
Amoeba is the typical example of the most primitive unicellular
organism that reacts as a whole to light. A multi cellular organism
may have two types of eyes.
1. Simple eye 2. Compound eye.
The simple eye is a group of light sensitive cells acting without
any discriminating functional association. The typical example being
the vesicular eye of snail. It is interesting that spiders have multiple
groups of simple eyes acting independently of each other.
The compound eye is composed of sensory cells arranged in
different functioning groups. These eyes have a lens and pigment
cells. Typical examples are arthropods like insects, scorpion etc.
[B] The eye in vertebrates:
THE EYEBALL AT BIRTH:
The eyeball at birth is 16 mm in diameter and hence hypermetropic.
The cornea is relatively large in size. The sclera is thin and bluish in
colour. The lens is round. The cones are short. The infant starts
fixing objects by 6 weeks. He follows objects with both eyes by 6
months of age and develops full range of binocular vision by the age
of 6 years. The eyeball as a whole is developed to full adult normal
size by the age of 10 years.
ANATOMY OF THE EYE:
The eye is the most highly specialized sense organ serving the
most vital function of providing sight to living creatures. It is not
generally understood that the eyeball only serves the purpose of
condensing and directing the rays of light on a sensitive retina from
which impulses are transmitted to the occipital lobe of brain. The
eyeball, therefore, acts mainly as peripheral receptor and all the
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images formed on the retina are actually appreciated, interpreted,
evaluated and analyzed at the higher centers only.
The eye is the organ of sight situated in the orbital cavity. It is
almost spherical in shape and is about 2.5 cm. in diameter. Of its
total surface area, only the anterior one sixth is exposed. The
remainder is recessed and protected by the orbit into which it fits.
The volume of an eyeball is approximately 7 cc. The space between
the eye and the orbital cavity is occupied by fatty tissue. Structurally
the two eyes are separate but they function as a pair. It is possible
to see with only one eye, but three-dimensional vision is impaired
when only one eye is used specially in relation to the judgment of
distance.
Anatomically, the wall of the eyeball can be divided into three layers:
Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, & Nervous tunic.
(i) Fibrous Tunic:
The wall of the eyeball is composed of a dense imperfectly elastic
supporting membrane.
The anterior part of the membrane is transparent- the cornea.
The remainder is opaque – the sclera.
The refractive index is about 1.37 and Dioptric power of cornea is
+ 43 to + 45 D.
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The cornea is an avascular structure. It derives nutrition from
perilimbal blood vessels, aqueous humour and oxygen directly from
atmospheric air.
The sclera is a strong, opaque, white fibrous layer, which forms
5/6 of the external tunic of the eye. It is relatively avascular,
therefore infections rarely affect it. If they do occur, they are chronic
and sluggish. It is blue and thin in childhood and in pathological
conditions where uvea shines through it. It may be yellow in old age
due to fat deposition.
(ii) Vascular Tunic:
The vascular tunic or the uveal tract consists of three parts, of
which the two posterior, the choroid and ciliary body, line the sclera
while the anterior forms a free circular diaphragm, the iris.
(iii) Nervous Tunic:
Nervous tunic or the retina is the innermost layer of the eye
and is derived from neuro-ectoderm. Retina is a thin membrane
extending from the optic disc to the ora serrata in front. It varies in
thickness from 0.4 mm near the optic nerve to 0.15 mm anteriorly
at the ora serrata.
There are no blood vessels in the retina at the macula, its
nourishment is entirely dependent upon the choroid.
OPTIC NERVE:
The optic nerve extends from the lamina cribrosa upto the
optic chiasma. The fibers of the optic nerve originate from the nerve
fibre layer of the retina. All the retinal fibers converge to form the
optic nerve about 5 mm to the nasal side of the macula lutea. The
nerve pierces the lamina cribrosa to pass backwards and medially
through the orbital cavity. It then passes through the optic foramen
of the sphenoid bone, backwards and medially to meet the nerve
from the other eye at the optic chiasma.
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The optic nerve is covered with the meningeal sheaths, i.e. the
piamater, arachnoid mater and duramater after it pierces the lamina
cribrosa. These meningeal spaces are continuous with those in the
brain. The total length of the optic nerve is 5 cm.
It can be divided into four parts:
1) Intraocular : 1 mm;
2) Intra orbital : 25 mm
3) Intracanalicular : 4 – 10 mm
4) Intracranial : 10 mm
OPTIC DISC:
It represents the optic nerve head. It has only nerve fibre
layer so it does not excite any visual response so it is called as
―blind spot‖. It is a pink, oval or circular disc of 1.5 mm diameter.
There is a depression in its central part, which is known as the
―physiological cup‖. It occupies the central 1/3 of the optic disc.
Therefore normal cup-disc ratio is 1:3 or 0.3
INTERIOR OF THE EYE: (Crystalline Lens):-
The lens is a biconvex mass of peculiarly differentiated epithelium. The
lens is suspended by the suspensory ligament of the lens or zonule of
Zinn, which is attached to the ciliary body and equator of the lens.
The parts of the crystalline lens are:
(i) Lens capsule. (ii) Cortex, (iii) Nucleus
The lens capsule is a smooth, homogenous acellular envelop,
secreted by the underlying epithelial cells. It is thicker anteriorly and
thinnest posteriorly.
The cortex lies in between the lens capsule and the nucleus. It
consists of lens fibers. The anterior cuboidal cells gradually become
columnar and elongated towards the equator. Anterior and posterior
Y shaped suture lines are formed at the junction of lens fibers.
The lens has four nucleuses, which are formed at different stages
of life up to late adolescence namely
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Aqueous Humour:
The aqueous humour is a clear watery fluid filling the anterior
chamber (0.25ml) and posterior chamber (0.06 ml) of the eyeball.
In addition to its role in maintaining normal intra ocular pressure, it
also plays an important role in providing nutrients and removing
metabolites from the avascular cornea and lens.
Vitreous:
The vitreous is an inert, avascular, transparent, jelly like
structure, which serves only optical functions.
The vitreous forms one of the refractive media of the eye. The
vitreous does not have any blood vessels. It derives nutrition from
the surrounding structures like choroid and ciliary body.
EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES:
The eyeballs are moved by six extrinsic muscles, attached at one
end to the eyeball and at the other to the walls of the orbital cavity.
There are four straight and two oblique muscles. They consist of
striated muscle fibers. Movement of the eyes to look in a particular
direction is under voluntary control, but coordination of movement
needed for convergence and accommodation to near or distant
vision, is under autonomic control.
The extra ocular muscles are:
(i) Medial rectus: Rotates the eyeball inwards.
(ii) Lateral rectus: Rotates the eyeball outwards
(iii) Superior rectus: Rotates the eyeball upwards
(iv) Inferior rectus: Rotates the eyeball downwards.
(v) Superior oblique: Rotates the eyeball as cornea can turns in
a downward and outward direction.
(vi) Inferior oblique: Rotates the eyeball so that the cornea
turns upwards and outwards.
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BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE EYE:
Arterial supply:
The eye is supplied by the short (about 20 in number) and
long ciliary (2 in number) arteries and the central retinal artery.
These are the branches of the ophthalmic artery, one of the
branches of the internal carotid artery.
Venous drainage:
Venous drainage is done by the short ciliary veins, anterior
ciliary veins, four vortex veins and the central retinal vein. These
eventually empty into the cavernous sinus.
NERVE SUPPLY TO THE EYE:
The eye is supplied by three types of nerves,
1. The motor nerves. 2. The sensory nerves
3. The autonomic nerves.
1. The motor nerves:-
i. 3rd cranial nerve (Oculomotor)
ii. 4th cranial nerve (Trochlear): It supplies superior oblique muscle.
iii. 6th cranial nerve (Abducent): It supplies lateral rectus muscle.
iv. 7th cranial nerve (Facial): It supplies the orbcularis oculi muscle.
2. The sensory nerves:
The 5th cranial nerve (Trigeminal):Ophthalmic division supplies whole eye.
3. The autonomic nerves:
a) The sympathetic nerve supply is through the cervical
sympathetic fibers to:
(i) Iris – Dilator pupillae muscle
(ii) Ciliary body
(iii) Muller‘s muscle in the lids
(iv) Lacrimal gland
b) The parasympathetic nerve supply originates from the nuclei
in the mid brain. It gives branches to:
i) Iris – Sphincter pupillae muscle
ii) Ciliary body
iii) Lacrimal gland
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PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION:
When light falls upon the retina, it acts as a stimulus to the
rods and cones, which serve as the sensory nerve endings. An
image focused on the retina stimulates photoreceptors, which
transduce the light stimulus into receptor potentials and pass the
information on to bipolar cells. Bipolar cells, in turn, communicate
with ganglion cells, which project their axons to the lateral
geniculate body of the thalamus. From the thalamus, fibers carrying
visual nerve impulses extend to primary visual cortex in the occipital
lobe.
The first step in visual transduction is the absorption of light
by a photo pigment. Photo pigments are colored proteins in outer
segment membranes that undergo structural changes upon light
absorption. They initiate the events that lead to production of a
receptor potential. The single type of photo pigment in rods is called
rhodopsin. A cone contains one of the three different kinds of photo
pigments; thus there are three types of cones.
All visual pigments contain two parts: a glycoprotein known as
opsin and a derivative of vitamin A called retinal. Vitamin A
derivatives are formed from the carotenoids.
Retinal is the light absorbing portion of all visual photo
pigments. In the human retina, there are four different opsins, one
for each cone photo pigment and one for rhodopsin. Small variations
in the amino acid sequences of the different opsins permit the rods
and cones to absorb different colors of incoming light.
Rhodopsin absorbs blue to green light most effectively
whereas the three cone photo pigments most effectively absorb
blue, green or yellow to red light. A very important characteristic of
retinal is that it exists in two forms. In darkness, retinal has a bent
shape, called cis-retinal, which snugly fits against the opsin portion
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of the photo pigment. When it absorbs light, cis-retinal straightens
out to a shape called Trans retinal. This cis to Tran‘s conversion is
called isomerisation and it is the first step in transduction. Forming
of a visual image begins with isomerisation of particular photo
pigments in certain rods and cones. After retinal isomerizes several
unstable substances form and disappear. In about a minute, Trans
retinal completely separates from opsin. The final product looks
colorless, so the whole process is called bleaching of photo pigment.
In darkness, an enzyme called retinal isomerase‘s can
reconvert Trans – to cis –retinal, which then binds to opsin and
reforms a functional photo pigment. Re-synthesis of a photo-
pigment is called regeneration. The pigment epithelium adjacent to
the photoreceptors stores a large quantity of vitamin A and
contributes to the regeneration process in rods. Cone photo-
pigments regenerate much more quickly than does rhodopsin and
are less dependent on the pigment epithelium. After complete
bleaching, it takes 5 minutes to regenerate half of the rhodopsin but
only 1½ minute to regenerate half of the cone photo-pigments. Full
regeneration of bleached rhodopsin takes 30 to 40 minutes.
In darkness, Na+ flows into photoreceptor outer segments
through Na+ channels that are held open by a molecule called cyclic
GMP (guanosine monophosphate). This inflow of Na+, called the
‗dark current‘, triggers continual release of neurotransmitter from
synaptic terminals. The neurotransmitter in rods, and perhaps in
cones also, in glutamate (glutamic acid). Glutamate inhibits
(hyperpolarises) the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods.
When light strikes the retina and cis-retinal undergoes
isomerisation, the Na+ channels close. Na+ inflow thus decreases,
the inside of the rod becomes more negative (hyperpolarisation),
and release of glutamate decreases. Two enzymes regulate closing
and reopening of the Na+ channels in the outer segment. In light,
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an enzyme called tranducin activates another enzyme called PDE
(phosphodiesterase), which breaks down the cyclic GMP. This closes
the Na+ channels resulting in hyperpolarisation of rods and
decreased release of glutamate. In darkness, tranducin is in an
inactive form, and cyclic GMP hold the Na+ channels open. In
darkness, an enzyme called recoverin activates guanylate cyclase,
the enzyme that stimulates synthesis of cyclic GMP. As the cyclic
GMP level rises the Na+ channels are held in the open position and
the inflow of Na+ triggers increased release of glutamate.
VISUAL PATHWAY:
The axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide output from the
retina to the brain; they exit the eyeball via the optic nerve (II
cranial nerve). Within the retina certain features of the visual input
are enhanced while other features maybe discarded. Input from
several cells may converge upon a smaller number of post-synaptic
neurons or may diverge to a large number. On the whole, however,
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convergence predominates since there are only one million ganglion
cells that serve about 126 million photoreceptors.
Once receptor potential arises in rods and cones, they spread
through the inner segments to the synaptic terminals.
Neurotransmitters released by rods and cones induce graded, local
potentials in both bipolar cells and horizontal cells. Between 6 and
600 rods synapse with a single bipolar cell in the outer synaptic
layer, whereas a cone more often synapses with just one bipolar
cell. The convergence of many rods on to a single bipolar cell is one
reason that rod vision is more sensitive but less acute than cone
vision.
The axons of the optic nerve pass through the optic chiasma,
a crossing point of the optic nerves. Some fibres cross to the
opposite side. Others remain uncrossed. After passing through the
optic chiasma, fibers form optic tract, enter the brain and terminate
in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Here they synapse
with neurons whose axons form the optic radiations. These fibers
project to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex, which are located
in the occipital lobes.
In the optic chiasma, nerve fibers from the nasal halves of
both retinas cross and continue on to the opposite lateral geniculate
nuclei of the thalamus. Nerve fibers from the temporal halves of
retinas do not cross but continue directly on to the lateral geniculate
nuclei on the same side. As a result, the primary visual area of the
cerebral cortex of the right occipital lobe receives visual images from
the left side of an object via nerve impulses from the temporal half
of the retina of the right eye and the nasal half of the retina of the
left eye. The primary visual area of the cerebral cortex of the left
occipital lobe receives visual images from the right side of an object
via impulses from the nasal half of the right eye and the temporal
half of the left eye.
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OPTICS OF THE EYE:
Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in the path of
light, when it goes from one medium to another. The basic cause of
refraction is the change in the velocity of light in going from one
medium to another.
The eye can be compared as an optical instrument, with a camera as
below:
Eyelids act as shutter of the camera
Cornea and crystalline lens act as the focusing system of the
cornea.
Iris acts as diaphragm, which regulates the size of the
aperture and therefore the amount of light entering the eye.
Choroid helps in forming the darkened interior of the camera.
Retina acts as light sensitive plate or film on which image is
formed.
To be more precise, the functioning of the eye can be considered
to be analogous to a close circuit TV system. The optic nerve and its
connections convey the details of the image to the occipital region of
the cerebral cortex where they are processed before reaching
consciousness.
As a whole the focusing system of eye is composed of cornea,
aqueous humour, crystalline lens and vitreous humour. These
structures constitute a homocentric system of lenses, which when
combined in action form a very strong system of short focal length.
The total Dioptric power of the eye is about +58 D, out of which
about +43 D is contributed by the cornea and +15 D by the
crystalline lens.
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CLASSIFICATION OF AYURVEDIC DISEASES RELATED TO EYE‟S:
Most of the authors have classified the eye diseases according
to the site of occurrence (Mandala) of the diseases. The eye
diseases according to various ancient scholars are tabulated as
follow:
Netra Rogas according to different Acharyas :
S
S
A
S
A
H
M
N
Y
R
B
P
S
A
N
P
K
T
RR
S
Vartmagatarogas 21 24 24 21 21 21 24 24 27 24
Sandhigatarogas 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 29 09 09
Shuklagatarogas 11 13 13 11 11 11 13 13 13 13
Krishnagatarogas 04 05 05 04 04 04 05 05 06 05
Drishtigatarogas 12 27 27 12 12 12 08 - 25 08
Sarvagatarogas 17 16 16 17 17 17 08 - 16 08
Others 02 - - 02 17 17 08 - 16 08
Total 78 94 94 78 78 78 94 10
0 96 94
SS = Sushruta Samhita BP = Bhava Prakasha
AS = Ashtanga Sangraha SA= Sharangadhara Samhita
AH = Ashtanga Hridaya NP = Netra Prakashika
MN = Madhava Nidana KT = Karala Tantra
YR = Yoga Ratnakara RRS=RasaRatnaSamucchaya
CONCEPT OF DRISHTIGATA ROGA‟s:
Ancient Acharya‟s described diseases of eye in very systematic
and scientific manner. After enlisting of other parts of eye they
specified disease affecting vision. The diminished vision can be
simple diminution of vision, monochromatic visual disorders, and
failure to perceive the shape and size or form of objects, failure to
see near or far objects, various field defects, day or night blindness,
or complete loss of vision. Sushruta enumerated twelve visual
disorders (ShuUt.1/45) whereas Vagbhata stated 27 visual
disorders. Timira is the most important one which is of six types
among the 12 visual disorders of Drishti.
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CONCEPT OF PATALAGATA DOSHAS:
In Ayurvedic ophthalmology, the progression of pathogenesis
of Drishtigata Rogas is explained in terms of involvement of
successive Patalas. Vitiated Doshas produces various clinical
pictures, when they are situated in different Patalas. Involvement of
successive Patalas means the pathology progresses to deeper
tissues and the prognosis worsens accordingly. The symptoms,
which are produced when the Doshas are vitiated in separate
Patalas are as follows:
• Doshas in 1st Patala:
The only symptom produced when the Doshas are vitiated in
the first Patala is Avyakta Darshana (ShuUt.7/3-4, 7). The patient is
not able to appreciate the exact nature of the object and there is
slight blurring of vision.
• Doshas in 2nd Patala:
The second Patala is constituted by Mamsa (Shu.Ut.1/18)
having Kandaras, giving attachment (Indu on As. H. Ut. 15/2). The
main symptom when the Doshas are situated in this Patala is
Vihwala Darshana. The clinical picture can be summarized as follows
(Shu. Ut. 7/7-10).
More dimness of vision
Floaters in the visual field
Scotoma in visual field
Accommodation anomalies
Increasing hypermetropia
Metamorphopsia, micropsia
Diplopia
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• Doshas in 3rd Patala:
The third Patala is constituted by Meda. The clinical picture
when Doshas are vitiated in third Patala includes(Shu.Ut.7/11-14).
Pupillary leucokoria
Gradual loss of vision
Details of even big objects not visible
Visual field defects according to location of Doshas
Diplopia or polyopia
• Doshas in 4th Patala:
The fourth Patala is the innermost Patala of eye and it is onstituted
by Asthi, which is supportive in function. The clinical features when
Doshas are situated in the fourth Patala are (Shu.Ut. 7/15-17).
Loss of vision
Drishti Mandala covered by vitiated Doshas
Perception of bright illuminations unless there is some gross
pathology in eye.
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TT II MM II RR AA
Human body is affected by many diseases but any disease which
starts in the form of simple symptom but ends in complete loss of
natural physiological phenomenon invites special consideration.
Timira is one such disease, which starts from simple visual
disturbance but ends in complete loss of vision. It is due to this
reason that Acharyas paid special attention to this disease. Indian
bio-scientists are making all efforts to fight against this disease,
since the time they have recognized it; not only in the management
but they have given their deep and conceptual thinking in
understanding the pathology of Timira. A separate concept and
consideration of Patalas especially in reference to Timira is the direct
evidence met within Sushruta Samhita. (Shu.Ut.7/5-18)
Many of the clinical features described for Timira are having
similarities with the refractive errors, hence an attempt has been
made to understand the etiopathology of Timira in this context.
CONCEPT OF TIMIRA:
Every disease in this universe is the effect of some root cause i.e.
Nidana. The specific aetiology of Timira is not mentioned in the
classics. However, certain general causes of the disease of the
Indriyas in general and Chakshurindriya in particular are described
here. The disease also has been mentioned as a symptom or sequel
of some diseases in few Ayurvedic classics. Thus Timira Roga varies
from a symptom to a full-established disease. Even other
Urdhvajatrugata rogas can also be the cause of this disease as many
Nidan for other diseases are same as of eye disorders. The
etiological factors responsible for eyes diseases, which are also
meant for Timira as per different Acharya are as follows.
Excessive or deficient or wrong use of senses, Diwaswapna,
Vegavirodha or Veganigraha, Atimaithuna, Virudhahara are the
causes as mentioned by Acharya CHARAKA (Ch. Su. 11/39-41).
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These have bad effect on all senses so on Chakshuindriya.
Acharya Harita mentioned intake of Ushna, Atikshara and Katu
Ahara, injury and looking at fine object to have deleterious effect on
eyes (Harita 45/5). Abhighata to Avarta and Apanga Marmas may
lead to the loss of vision both partial and complete (Shu.Sha.6/28).
Netra Prakashika has enlisted the causes of eye diseases in detail,
which include excessive or deficient oil bath, working with shaking
hands, drug addiction, heavy weight lifting, looking at illuminating
objects like sun, gems, gold, or hot iron etc.
Acharya Sushruta and others have described following Nidan for eye
diseases, which can be categorized into general and specific Nidan.
A) General Causative Factors According To Various Acharyas:-
Causative Factors SS MN BP YR VS
Diving into water immediately after exposure to heat
+ + + + +
Excessive looking at distant objects + + + + +
Sleeping during day/awakening at night + + + + +
Excessive weeping + + + + +
Anger/grief + + + + +
Injury to head + + + + +
Excessive use of sour, gruel and vinegar + - + - -
Kulattha and Masha pulses + - + - -
Suppression of natural urges + + + + +
Excessive perspiration + + + + +
Smoking or working in smoke + + + + +
Suppression of/or excessive vomiting + + + + +
Suppressing tears + + + + +
Concentrating on minute objects + + + + +
Intake of fluids and other foods at night - + - + +
Alcohol - + - + +
Change of seasons - + - + +
Traveling in very high speed - - + - -
Abhishyanda - - - - -
SS = Sushruta Samhita BP = Bhava Prakasha
MN = Madhava Nidana YR = Yoga Ratnakara
VS = Vangasena Samhita.
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B) Specific Causes of Disease Timira:
1) Grahani Roga: Acharya CHARAKA specifies that Grahani if not
treated will result in Timira (Ch. Chi. 15/61).
2) Nasya Karma: Acharya CHARAKA described that a person
suffering from fever, grief or has consumed alcohol if given
Nasya Karma can suffer from Timira roga (Ch. Si. 9/115).
3) Pinasa: Andhatva (blindness) and severe eye ailments are
mentioned as complications of Pratishyaya by Sushruta (Shu.
Ut. 24/17).
4) Raktasrava: Excessive hemorrhage leads to Timira (Shu.Su.
14/30).
5) Constipation: Constipation and Vega nigraha leads to Timira
as mentioned by Acharya Bhela (Bh. Su. 6/6).
6) Shiro Abhitapa: Head exposed to heat produces Raktaja and
Pittaja eye ailments (Bhavamishra).
7) Marmaghata: Injury to two Marmas of eye i.e. Apanga and
Avarta leads to loss of vision.
8) Arsha: According to Acharya CHARAKA, Timira is a common
Lakshana of Sahaja Arsha and Acharya Vagbhatta also
describes it as a common symptom of Arsha.
SAMPRAPTI GHATAKAS:
Dosha: - Tridosha
Dushya: - Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa
Agni: - Mandagni leading to Ama formation
Srotas: - Rupavaha Siras mainly
Srotodushti: - Sanga and Vimarga Gamana
Rogamarga: - Madhyama as Shirah is the Pradhana marma
Adhishthana: - Drishti in general and Patalas in particular
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Clinical Features of Timira According to Location of Doshas in Drishti
Dosha Location
Symptoms SS
BP
AS
AH
MN
YR
V S
Lower part Unable to see near objects + + + + + + +
Upper part Unable to see distant objects + + + + + + +
Sides Unable to see sides + + + + + + +
All around Overlapping of the objects + - - + + + +
Centre Double images + + + + + + +
Two places Triple images + + + + + + +
Unstable Several images + - - + + + +
Inner part Big objects appear small and small objects appear bigger
- + + - - - +
Circle Circular - + + - - - -
Patalagata Timira Lakshanas according to various authors
Patalagata Symptoms SS BP AS AH MN YR VS
1st Patala
Blurred vision + + + + - + +
2nd Patala
Haziness of vision + + + + + + +
Visualization of false images such as
gnats, hairs, webs, circles, flags,
mirages and ear rings
+ - - + - + +
Distant objects appears to be near
and near objects appears to be far
away
+ + + + + + +
Visualization of false movements like
rain, cloud and darkness + - - + - + +
Unable to locate the eye of needle + - - + - + +
3rd Patala
Visualization of objects situated above
and not below + + + + + + +
Objects appears as if covered with
cloths + + + + + + +
Details like ear/eyes are not visible
when looked at any face + + + + + + +
Coloring of Drishti + + + + + + +
4th Patala
Complete obstruction of vision + + + + + + +
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PROGNOSIS:
Timira is easily curable when the Doshas are limited to first and
second Patala; it gets the stage of chronicity and becomes Yapya by
the Dushti of third Patala. Timira attains the incurability when the
Doshas reach fourth Patala wherein surgical intervention is advocated
in case of Kaphaja Linganasha.
TIMIRA AS REFRACTIVE ERROR:
The progress of the disease Timira has been mentioned in
Uttartantra, in terms of involvement of successive Patalas. The
symptoms when Timira invades each Patala are discussed earlier in
detail; and critical analysis of these symptoms may establish an exact
correlation for the clinical condition.
To conclude, Timira is a disease when the vitiated Doshas are
situated in the first and second Patala. The disease progresses
to Kacha and Linganasha when the Doshas involve third and
fourth Patala respectively. The clinical picture of vitiated
Doshas in first and second Patalas, which are analyzed here,
simulates very much with refractive errors including myopia.
So the disease myopia was selected as Timira for the clinical
study and treatment was given accordingly.
MANAGEMENT OF TIMIRA:
The general line of management of Timira consists of avoidance of
etiological factors and specifically it implies counteracting the
increased Vata and other Doshas (Shu. Sam. Ut. 1/25). The
treatment of Timira depends upon the stage of the disease and
dominance of the Dosha. The body should be cleansed with
Langhana and Virechana in the early stages of the disease.
Management can be broadly divided into
1) Prophylactic measures
2) Curative measures
A) Local B) Systemic
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1) Prophylactic Measures :
According to Sushruta, the person who is regularly in habit of
taking old preserved Ghrita, Triphala, Shatavari, Patola, Mudga,
Amalaki and Yava has no reason to fear from even the severest form
of Timira (Shu.Ut.17/48). Patola, Karkotaka, Karavellaka, Vartaraka,
Tarkari, Karira fruits, Shigru and Aartagala – all vegetables cooked
with Ghrita also promote eyesight (Shu.Ut.17/50).
Acharya Bhavaprakasha has told that use of certain
procedures like Lepa, Abhyanjana, Sechana, Dhavana, etc. are
beneficial for improvement of eyesight.
2) Curative Measures : It consists of two divisions.
A) Local : Local measures include Tarpana, Putapaka, Seka,
Aschyotana and Anjana (Shu.Ut.18/4). These all together are known
as ―Kriyakalpas‖. Great emphasis has been given to Anjana in the
management of Drishtigata rogas, as Anjana expels the localized
doshas from the eye.
Lekhana Ashchyotana is more useful in eradicating the localized
doshas from the Netra Patalas (Shu. Sam. Ut. 18).
B) Systemic : The systemic treatment of Timira begins with
Siramokshana to relieve Raktadushti (Shu. Sam. Ut. 17/28).
Virechana is said to be ideal for Anulomana of Doshas specially
vitiated Pitta, as eye is the sight of Pitta predominance for which
Eranda Taila (Vataja Timira), Triphala Ghrita (Pittaja Timira) and
Trivrita Ghrita (Kaphaja Timira) are indicated.
A number of Nasya Prayogas are also described for Timira, as
nose is a gateway of drug administration in case of Urdhvajatrugata
rogas (Shu. Sam. Ut. 17/47). Triphala is said to be drug of choice in
case of Timira with various Anupanas according to the involvement
of doshas (A. Sa. Su. 13/2).
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-:MODERN REVIEW OF DISEASE:-
There are various diseases which can be correlated with
Drishti-Mandya in Ayurveda, few of which are like Myopia,
Asthenopia, Hypermetropia, Astigmatism, in short Refractive Errors.
ASTHENOPIA:-
Asthenopia or eye strain is an ophthalmological condition that
manifests itself through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, pain
in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache and occasional
double vision. Symptoms often occur after reading, computer work,
or other close activities that involve tedious visual tasks.
When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously
focusing on a book or monitor, the ciliary muscle tightens. This can
cause eyes to irritate and uncomfortable. Giving the eyes a chance
to focus on a distant object at least once an hour usually alleviates
the problem.
A CRT computer monitor with a low refresh rate (<70Hz) or a CRT
television can cause similar problems because the image has a
visible flicker. Aging CRTs also often go slightly out of focus, and this
can cause eye strain. LCDs do not go out of focus and are less
susceptible to visible flicker.
Symptoms of Asthenopia
The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for
Asthenopia includes the 12 symptoms listed below:
Ocular fatigue, Headache, Blurred vision,
Dizziness, Nausea, Dim vision,
Burning eyelids, Itchy eyelids, Eye pain,
Aching around eyes, Red eyes, Double vision.
Asthenopia is sometimes caused by basic vision problems, such as
uncorrected refractive errors.
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ACCOMOMODATION OF AN EYE.
As we all know that parallel rays of light coming from infinity
are brought to focus on the Retina, with the accommodation being
at rest. However our eyes have been provided by unique mechanism
by which we can even focus the diverging rays coming from a near
object on the retina in a bid to see clearly. This mechanism is called
as ACCOMMODATION. This is possible by changing the shape of
Lens. The important role is played by various mucles, capsule of
Lens, range of Accommodation, Amplitude etc.
The image shows the relation between rays of light &
retina & ciliary muscles.
CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
Convergence insufficiency or Convergence Disorder is a
sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system,
characterized by an inability of the eyes to turn towards each other,
or sustain convergence.
Symptoms
The symptoms and signs associated with convergence
insufficiency are related to prolonged, visually-demanding, near-
centered tasks. They may include, but are not limited to, diplopia
(double vision), asthenopia (eye strain), transient blurred vision,
difficulty sustaining near-visual function, abnormal fatigue,
headache, and abnormal postural adaptation, among others. Note
that some Internet resources confuse convergence and divergence
vergence dysfunction, reversing them.
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M Y O P I A
The human eye is an extra ordinary optical instrument. The eye consists
of a series of refracting media designed to focus rays of light upon a
percipient screen – the Retina. When the refractive condition of the eye is
normal, the incident parallel rays from a distant object will fall on the
retina exactly and there will be no refractive error. This condition is called
emmetropia i.e. an eye in measure.
The condition in which incident parallel rays of light from an object do not
come to a focus upon the light sensitive layer of the retina, is known as
Ametropia i.e. an eye out of measure. For a proper eye sight, the cornea
and the lens must properly focus or refract light on to the retina (at the
back of the eye). If the length or the shape of the eye is not ideal, the
light may get focused too early or too late leaving a blurred image on the
retina.
The Ametropia includes myopia, hypermetropia and Astigmatism. This
may be due to one or more of the following conditions:
A. Axial Ametropia : Abnormal length of the globe.
B. Curvature Ametropia : Abnormal curvature of the refractive
surfaces of cornea or lens.
C. Index Ametropia : Abnormal refractive indices of media
D. Abnormal position of the lens.
Among all these factors, the axial length of the globe is most important
approximately causing 90% of Ametropia. While the axial length of most
emmetropic eyes is approximately 24 mm, a larger eye can be
emmetropic if its optical components are weaker and a smaller eye can be
emmetropic if its optical components are stronger.
DEFINITION:
Myopia is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays of light
coming from infinity are focused in front of the retina, when
accommodation is at rest.
Myopia or near-sightedness is the ability to clearly see objects
up close but not those at a distance.
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THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DISEASE IS AS FOLLOWS:-
The global prevalence of refractive errors has been estimated
from 800 million to 2.3 billion. The incidence of myopia within
sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race,
ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Variability in
testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of
prevalence and progression difficult.
In some areas, such as China, India and Malaysia, up to
41% of the adult population is myopic to -1dpt, up to 80% to
-0.5dpt.A recent study involving first-year undergraduate
students in the United Kingdom found that 50% of British
whites and 53.4% of British Asians were myopic.
A rough measure of the visual acuity of the myopic patients
vis-à-vis degree of myopia is as follows:
DEGREE OF MYOPIA VISUAL ACUITY
– 0.5 6 / 9 – 6 / 12
– 1.0 6 / 18
– 1.5 6 / 24
– 2.0 6 / 36
– 3.0 6 / 60
– 4.0 4 / 60
– 5.0 3 / 60
– 6.0 2 / 60
CLINICAL PICTURE:
The only symptom in low simple myopia may be indistinct
distant vision. Asthenopic symptoms may occur in patients with
small degree of myopia. Symptoms of eyestrain develop due to
dissociation between convergence and accommodation. Alternately,
while focusing at near objects the patients converge and so there
may occur associated excessive accommodation thus inducing ciliary
spasm and artificially increasing the amount of myopia.
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The myopic eyes are typically large and somewhat prominent.
Pupils are large and a bit sluggishly reacting. Anterior chamber is
slightly deeper than normal. Fundus is always normal; rarely
temporal myopic crescent may be seen.
In other cases of progressive and high myopia, there will be
additional signs and symptoms rather than those present in simple
myopia. There is considerable failure in visual function as the error
is usually high. Night blindness may be complained by very high
myopes having marked chorio-retinal degenerative changes. The
eyes are often prominent in pathological myopia, appearing
elongated and even simulating exophthalmoses, especially in
unilateral cases. The elongation of eyeball mainly affects the
posterior pole and surrounding area; the part of the eye anterior to
the equator may be normal.
Cornea is usually large and anterior chamber is deep. Pupils
are slightly large and react sluggishly to light. Refractive error
increases by as much as 4 D yearly and usually stabilizes at about
the age of 20 years, but occasionally may progress until mid 30‘s
and frequently results in myopia of 10 – 20 D, may even progress to
30 – 40 D. Degenerative changes in vitreous include liquefaction,
vitreous opacities and posterior vitreous detachment appearing as
Weiss‘s reflex. Visual fields show contraction and in some cases ring
scotoma may be seen. Electro-retinography reveals subnormal
electro-retinogram due to chorioretinal atrophy.
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PROGNOSIS:
Low or moderate degrees of simple myopia, unless occurring in
young children, have a good prognosis. They are not likely to
progress, and in some of the conditions of civilized life they may
even be an advantage to the individual.
EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION:-
PARENTS SHOULD BE CAUTIOUS:-
While reading or writing, whether the child keeps the book very near
to the eyes?
After keeping the notebook on floor, whether child does the writing
after bending down?
If it is so, that child is having poor vision and he/she needs
spectacles.
While seeing at distant or while reading and writing, does the child
squeezes the eyes?
While going out, distant shop boards, bus boards, which you can
read easily, whether the child feels it difficult in reading or can‘t
read?
In both the conditions, the child might be suffering from myopia.
After coming from school or after homework, if the child repeatedly
complaints of headache!,
After seeing film or TV, if she/ he is often complaining of headache!
Definitely he/ she is suffering from dimness of vision and needs to
be checked for spectacles.
If mother and father both are suffering from myopia, then there are
75% chances of child also having myopia. In such case when the
child starts reading or writing work, his/her visual acuity should be
checked by the doctor.
Reduced unaided visual acuity is a possible indication of myopia,
particularly when unaided near visual acuity is normal or better than
unaided distance acuity. Myopia can be detected by visual acuity
testing, retinoscopy, auto refraction or photo refraction during vision
screening or clinical examination. The modified clinical technique,
one of the most common vision screening test batteries includes
visual acuity, ophthalmoscopy, retinoscopy and a cover test. Some
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screening programs include auto refraction or photo refraction
rather than retinoscopy.
There is no universally accepted method of preventing myopia.
However, some clinicians identify near point vision stress as a
possible contributor to the development of simple myopia.
CONCLUSION:
Myopia is a common refractive condition that can affect
clarity of vision, limit occupational choices, and contribute to
increased risk for vision threatening conditions. The major
symptoms of myopia (blurred distance vision) and the major
sign (reduced unaided distance visual acuity) can generally
be improved with appropriate minus power lenses. Simple
myopia is much more common than other types of myopia.
The usual treatment for simple myopia is optical correction.
Other treatment options include myopia control to
reduce the rate of myopia progression in patients whose
myopia is increasing or myopia reduction in patients whose
myopia has stabilized.
The management for pseudo-myopia involves
eliminating the accommodation excess responsible for the
pseudo-myopia. Degenerative myopia is more severe than
other forms of myopia and is associated with retinal changes,
potentially causing loss of visual function. The examination of
the patients who have any of the forms of myopia should
include a comprehensive patient history, measurement of
refraction, investigation of accommodation and vergence
function, and evaluations of ocular health. The patient should
be advised available treatment options and counselled
regarding the need for follow up study.
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DRUG REVIEW:-
In this chapter we have described the drug Rutu-Haritaki-
Rasayana in detail format.
Rutu-Haritaki is the concept described by Bhavprakasha,
Yogaratnakara, & Chakradutta, where they have suggested the use
of Haritaki in various Rutus with specific Anupanas. Rutu wise
classification of Anupana is as follows:-
Sr.
No. RUTU ANUPANA
1. Shishira Pippali
2. Vasant Honey
(Madhu)
3. Gresham Jaggery
(Guda)
4. Varsha Saindhav
5. Sharad Sharkara
6. Hemant Shunthi
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HARITAKI
Gana:- Triphala, Amlakyadi, Parushaka, Trivrutta, Prajasthapana,
Jwaraghna, Kushthaghana, Kasaghna, Arshoghna.
Kula:- Haritaki Kula.
Family:- Combrataceae (After Butterfly).
Latin Name:- Terminalia(Proceeding from extremity to the end;)
Chebula (distorted from of the word Kabul.)
Synonyms:- Haritaki, Abhaya, Amruta, Haimamati, Shiva,
Pathya, Pachani, Rohini, Kayastha, Shreyasi, Vijaya, etc.
Botanical Description:-
A big tree, 25 to 30 mtrs in height. Its wood is hard and bulky.
Leaves are 10 to 30 cm in length & are pointed. The inferior aspect
of the leaves shows two small nodules nears its attachment to the
stalk. The flowers have short stalk, white or yellow in colour and
have a strong smell. Fruits are 3 to 6 cm in length. Initially these
are green but on ripening, they become yellowish brown. Each fruit
contains one seed. Seeds are oval and hard, on breaking the shell of
the seed an oval shaped pulp is obtained.
Varieties:-
Depending on the fruits, Haritaki is classified in seven types,
among all of the types described Vijaya is considered to be the best.
Vijaya, Rohini, Pootana, Amruta, Abhaya, Jeevanti,
Chetaki,
In practice, however 3 types of Haritaki are found –
1. Bala Haritaki,
2. Rangari Haritaki (Chambhari),
3. Survari Haritaki.
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Properties:-
Rasa:-Lavan virahit Pancharasatmaka.
(Kashaya, Madhur, Amla, Katu, Tikta)
Virya:- Ushana.
Vipaka:- Madhura.
Prabhava:- Tridoshahara.
Guna:- Laghu, Ruksha.
Karma:-
Dosha:- By virtue of Madhur, Tikta, Kashaya Rasa acts as
Pittaghna,
By Katu, Tikta & Kashaya Rasa acts as Kaphaghna,
& by its Amla, Madhur Rasa acts as Vataghna.
External uses:-
Local application of Haritaki is Anti – inflammatory. In
conjunctivitis it can be used for application on eyelids. A decoction
of Haritaki is used for wound & also used for gargaling in the
diseases of mouth & throat.
Internal uses:-
Digestive System:-
Useful in loss of appetite, pain in abdomen, constipation, Gulma,
Ascites, Hemorrhoids, Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly, & parasitical
infestation.
It relives constipation in chronic abdominal diseases, & also helps
in digestion of Aama. The bark of Haritaki if eaten properly
chewing in mouth, improves digestion. Powdered Haritaki reduces
constipation. A fine powder of Haritaki is used as a tooth powder it
strengthens the gums.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 79 -
Circulatory System:-
As Haritaki is raktagami (exhibiting much action on Rakta Dhatu),
it is used in weakness of Heart, Vatarakta & other disorders of the
blood.
Respiratory System:-
Rhinitis(D/t constipation), Cough, Hoarseness of voice, Hiccups &
Dyspnoea are releaved by Haritaki as it reduces congestion.
Reproductive System:-
Useful in Shukrameha, Leucorrhoea & acts as a uterine tonic.
Urinary System:-
Useful in Dysurea, retention of urine, Calculus (Haritakyadi sidha
Dugdha) & kaphaj-Prameha.
Nervous System:-
Useful in weakness of the nerves & the brain, as well as in Vata
disorders & diminished vision.
Skin:-
Useful in Erysipelas & other skin disorders, Haritaki prevents
accumulation of pus in skin diseases & acts as a Rasayana.
Haritaki + oil is extremely helpful in healing of wounds especially
in burns.
Rasayana:-
Haritaki acts as a Rejuvenation(by clearing the Mala present in the
body). But for producing its Rasayana effects, it need various
supportive Dravyas in different seasons (Rutu-Haritaki). Purgation
induced by Haritaki is relived by its own. Bala Haritaki is useful in
hemorrhoids. It helps in clearing the bowel.
Dose:-
3-6 gm for shodhan, 2-4 gm as Rasayana, Bala Haritaki is
given in the dose 1-3 gm (it is not used as Rasayana as it is
immature as far as its rasas are concerned).
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 80 -
Formulations:-
Abhayadi modaka, Abhayarishtha, Pathyadivati, Agasti-Haritaki-
leha, Gandharva Haritaki churna, Pathyadi Kadha etc. are some
of the formulations from the vast pool.
Referances:-
WûUÏiÉMüÐ mÉrÉÉïrÉ :-
WûUÏiÉYrÉpÉrÉÉ mÉjrÉÉ MüÉrÉxjÉÉmÉÔiÉlÉÉsqÉ×iÉÉ |
WæûqÉuÉirÉurÉkÉÉ cÉÉÌmÉcÉåiÉMüÐ ´ÉårÉxÉÏ ÍzÉuÉÉ |
uÉrÉxjÉÉ ÌuÉeÉrÉÉ cÉÉÌmÉ eÉÏuÉliÉÏ UÉåÌWûhÉÏÌiÉ cÉ || -pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï
WûUÏiÉYrÉÉ: xÉmiÉpÉåSÉlÉÉWû:-
ÌuÉeÉrÉÉ UÉåÌWûhÉÏ cÉæuÉ mÉÔiÉlÉÉ cÉÉqÉ×iÉÉspÉrÉÉ |
eÉÏuÉliÉÏ cÉåiÉMüÐ cÉåÌiÉ mÉjrÉÉrÉÉ: xÉmiÉeÉÉiÉrÉ: || -pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï
AjÉ WûUÏiÉMüÐ mÉërÉÉåaÉÉlÉÉWû:-
ÌuÉeÉrÉÉ xÉuÉïUÉåaÉåwÉÑ UÉåÌWûhÉÏ uÉëhÉUÉåÌmÉhÉÏ |
mÉësÉåmÉå mÉÔiÉlÉÉ rÉÉåerÉÉ zÉÉåkÉlÉÉjÉï AÉqÉ×iÉÉ ÌWûiÉÉ ||
AͤÉUÉåaÉå ApÉrÉÉ zÉxiÉÉ eÉÏuÉliÉÏ xÉuÉï UÉåaɾèiÉ |
cÉÑhÉÉïjÉåï cÉåiÉMüÐ zÉxiÉÉ rÉjÉÉ rÉÑ£Çü mÉërÉÉåeÉrÉåiÉ ||
cÉåiÉMüР̲ÌuÉkÉÉ mÉëÉå£üÉ zuÉåiÉÉ M×üwhÉÉ cÉ uÉhÉïiÉ: |
wÉQè…¡ÓûsÉÉrÉiÉÉ zÉÑYsÉÉ M×üwhÉÉ iuÉåMüÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉ xqÉ×iÉÉ ||
MüÉÍcÉSÉxuÉÉS qÉɧÉåhÉ MüÍcÉSìèlkÉålÉ pÉåSrÉåiÉ |
MüÉÍcÉixmÉzÉåïlÉ SØwšÉslrÉÉ cÉiÉÑkSÉï pÉåSrÉåÎcNûuÉÉ ||
cÉåiÉMüÐmÉÉSmÉcNûÉrÉÉqÉÑmÉxÉmÉïÎliÉ rÉå lÉUÉ: |
ÍpɱliÉå iÉi¤ÉhÉÉSåuÉ mɤzÉÑmÉͤÉqÉ×aÉÉSrÉ: ||
cÉåiÉMüÐ iÉÉå kÉ×iÉÉ WûxiÉå rÉÉuĘ́ɸÌiÉ SåÌWûlÉ: |
iÉÉuÉ̲l±å¨É uÉåaÉæxiÉÑ mÉëpÉÉuÉɳÉÉ§É xÉÇzÉrÉ: ||
-pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï 11-18
AjÉ WûUÏiÉMüÐ aÉÑhÉÉlÉÉWû:-
WûUÏiÉMüÐ mÉlcÉUxÉÉssÉuÉhÉ iÉÑuÉUÉ mÉUqÉ |
¤ÉÉåwhÉ SÏmÉlÉÏ qÉåkrÉÉ xuÉÉSÒmÉÉMüÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉÏ ||
cɤÉÑwrÉÉ sÉbÉÑUÉrÉÑwrÉÉoÉ×ÇWûhÉÏ cÉÉlÉÑsÉÉåÍqÉlÉÏ |
µÉÉxÉMüÉxÉmÉëqÉåWûÉzÉï:MÑü¸zÉÉåjÉÉåSUÌ¢üqÉÏlÉ ||
uÉæxuÉrÉïaÉëWûhÉÏUÉåaÉÌuÉoÉlkÉÌuÉwÉqÉeuÉUÉlÉ |
aÉÑsqÉÉkÉqÉÉlÉiÉ×wÉÉcNûÌSïÌWû‚üÉMühQÒû¾ÒûSÉqÉrÉÉlÉ ||
MüqÉsÉÉÇ zÉÑsÉqÉÉlÉÉWÇûÎmsÉWûÉlÉlcÉ rÉM×ü¨jÉÉ |
AzqÉUÏ qÉÔ§ÉM×ücNûcÉqÉÔ§ÉÉbÉÉiÉÇcÉlÉÉzÉrÉåiÉ ||
- pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. Wû uÉ.20-22
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 81 -
EmÉrÉÉåaÉ:-
cÉUMü –
U£üÉzÉï:xÉÑ –
xÉaÉÑQûÉqÉpÉrÉÉÇ uÉÉjÉ mÉëÉzÉrÉåimÉÉæuÉïpÉÌ£üMüÐqÉç | cÉ.ÍcÉ. 9
ESUÉqÉrÉå –
lÉ iÉÑ xÉÇaÉëWûhÉÇ SårÉÇ mÉÔuÉïqÉÉqÉÉÌiÉxÉÉËUhÉå |
ÌuÉoÉkrÉqÉÉlÉÉ: mÉëÉaSÉåwÉÉ eÉlÉrÉlirÉÉqÉrÉÉlÉç oÉWÒûlÉç ||
iÉxqÉÉSÒmÉåͤÉiÉÉåÎiYsɹÉlÉç uɨÉïqÉÉlÉÉlÉç xuÉrÉÇ qÉsÉÉlÉç |
M×ücNÇû uÉÉ oÉWûiÉÉlÉç S±ÉSpÉrÉÉÇ xÉÇmÉëuÉÌiÉïlÉÏqÉç || -cÉ. ÍcÉ.19
ESUUÉåaÉå –
WûUÏiÉMüÐxÉWûx§ÉÇ uÉÉ | cÉ. ÍcÉ. 18
mÉÉhQÒû –
MüTüeÉmÉÉhQÒûxiÉÑ aÉÉåqÉѧÉÌMüsɳÉrÉÑ£üÉÇ WûUÏiÉMüÐqÉç | - cÉ. ÍcÉ. 20
xÉÑ́ ÉÑiÉ –
uÉÉiÉU£åü –
xÉuÉåïwÉÑ aÉÑQûWûUÏiÉMüÐÇ uÉÉ xÉåuÉåiÉ || xÉÑ. ÍcÉ. 5
ASØzrÉåwuÉzÉï:xÉÑ –
mÉëÉiÉ: mÉëÉiÉaÉÑïQûWûUÏiÉMüÐqÉç AÉxÉåuÉåiÉ || xÉÑ. ÍcÉ. 6
zsÉÏmÉSå –
ÌmÉoÉå²É mrÉpÉrÉÉMüsMÇü qÉÔ§ÉåhÉÉlrÉiÉqÉålÉ uÉÉ || xÉÑ. ÍcÉ. 15
ÌWûMçüMüÉrÉÉqÉç –
WûUÏiÉMüÐÇ MüÉåwhÉeÉsÉÉlÉÑmÉÉlÉÉqÉç | xÉÑ. E. 50
uÉÉapÉOû –
AzÉï:xÉÑ aÉÉRûuÉcÉïxÉÉÇ uÉcÉÉåï lÉÑsÉÉåqÉlÉÉjÉïqÉç ---
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AzqÉrÉÉïqÉç –
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MühPûUÉåaÉå –
WûUÏiÉMüÐMüwÉÉrÉÉå uÉÉ mÉårÉÉå qÉÉͤÉMüxÉÇrÉÑiÉ: || uÉÉ. E. 2/22
oÉsÉeÉlÉlÉÉjÉïqÉç –
WûUÏiÉMüÐÇ xÉÌmÉïÌwÉ xÉÇmÉëiÉÉmrÉ, xÉqÉzlÉiÉxiÉiÉç ÌmÉoÉiÉÉå bÉ×iÉgcÉ |
pÉuÉåΊUxjÉÉÌrÉ oÉsÉÇ zÉUÏUå, xÉM×üiM×üiÉÇ xÉÉkÉÑ rÉjÉÉ M×üiÉ¥Éå || uÉÉ. E. 39
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 82 -
PIPPALI
Gana:-
Kasahara, Hikkanigrahana, Sirovirechana, Truptighna, Vamaka,
Deepaneeya, Shoolprashamana. (C).
Pippalyadi, Ordhvabhagahara, Shirovirechana, (S).
Kula:- Pippali Kula.
Family:- Piperaceae (Derived from repto to digest)
Latin Name:- Piper longum
Synonyms:- Pippali, Magadhi, Vaidehi, Kana, Ushna, Katubija, etc.
English name – Long pepper.
Botanical Description:-
It is a creeper which spreads on the ground or climb up nearby trees
for support. Leaves are 5 to 6 cm long, resemble betel leaves and
have 5 veins. They are bitter to taste. Flowers are unisexual. Fruits are
long, reddish on ripening and turn black when dried. It flowers during
rainy season and gives fruits during autumn.
Varieties:- there are 4 verities of piper longum:-
1. Pippali – Found in Indian places like Magadh, Videha etc.
2. GajaPippali – It is an ambiguous drug.
3. Saimhalee – This variety is imported from Sri-Lanka, Singapore and
other countries.
4. VanaPippali – Grows in the jungles. But small, slender, thin and less
tikshna.
Chemical composition:-
Resin, volatile oil, starch, gum, fatty oil, inorganic matter and resin
piperine 1-2 %.
Properties:-
Rasa:- Katu,
Virya:- Anushnasheeta
Vipaka:- Madhur,
Guna:- Laghu, Tikshna, Snigdha.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 83 -
KARMA:-
When Dry - Kapha-Vata Shamaka,
When fresh it is Madhura & Sheeta hence Pittashamaka but
then it works as Vata-Kapha Vardhaka.
External uses:-
When applied locally it increases blood flow, hence used in local
swellings to compensate the inflammatory conditions with pain.
Internal uses:-
Digestive System:-
It works as an Appetizer, Truptighna, by pungent taste, carminative,
analgesic & mild laxative by snigdha & Ushna Gunas, also acts on
Rakta dhatu by reducing splenomegaly & hematomegaly with the
help of its tikshna guna. It acts as vermicide by pungent, tikshna &
ushna properties. It is also effective in the disorders caused by
vibandha & prakupit Vata – kapha doshas viz. Appetite, anorexia,
indigestion, gulma, colic, piles, liver disorders etc.
Circulatory System:-
This is the main action field of Pippali. Being pungent and madur
vipaki, it acts on rakta dhatu, enhances raktadhatu-agni & rakta
dhatu. Therefore, it is used to trat anemia & various blood disorders.
It is also a good rejuvenator for rakta dhatu & regulates the function
of liver & spleen. Long pepper in increasing dose is a boon for
chronic fever, typhoid, agnimandya & spleenomegaly. Though
pungent, dry ginger & Pippali are only two drugs which are used in
bleeding (because of madhur vipaka).
Respiratory System:-
It is an excellent medicine for cough caused due to Kapha dosha,
Asthama & hiccoughs. It acts as an expectorant and prevents the
production of mala Kapha. It purifies all dhatu. It is also used as
tonic in Tuberculosis. As it rejuvenates rakta dhatu, it strengthens
the lungs.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 84 -
Reproductive System:-
Pippali is the only Ushna & Tikshna dravya which acts as an
aphrodisiac (by its madhur vipak). It reduces seminal debility & acts
as rejuvenator. Useful in dysmenorrhoea & painful labour by action
of rasa pachana
Urinary System:-
In DM it reduces Aama stage of Kapha dosha, Meda & mutra, also
stabilizes meda.
Nervous System:-
Pippali is brain tonic & alleviates Vata. It is useful in witness of brain
(Majja gami) & Vata disorders.
Skin:-
Long pepper is a rejuvenator of rasa & rakta dhatu & is useful in
skin disorders.
Rasayana:-
It can be used in any dose after proper study & with the help of
experts in Rasayana therapy, as like in Wardhamana-Pippali-
Rasayana, but it should always be used with caution.
Dose:-
Powder – 5 to 10 gms can be used in any dose in Rasayana therapy.
It should not be taken in excess except for Rasayana Therapy. In
excess dose it works as pramathi.(salt, Pippali & Kshara should not
be taken in excess as they Vitiate all the three doshas in excess
dose. This should be always remembered when Pippali is used.)
Formulations:-
TriKatu, Guda-Pippali, Wardhaman-Pippali, Pippalyasar, Chusashta-
Pippali, etc.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 85 -
Referances:-
ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ qÉÉaÉkÉÏ M×üwhÉÉ uÉæSåWûÏ cÉmÉsÉÉ MühÉÉ EmÉMÑüsrÉÉåwhÉÉ zÉÉæsÉÏ MüÉåsÉÉ xrÉɨÉϤhÉiÉhQÒûsÉÉ
ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ SÏmÉlÉÏuÉ×wrÉÉ xuÉÉSÒmÉÉMüÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉÏ AlÉÑwhÉÉ MüOÒûMüÉ ÎxlÉakÉÉ uÉÉiÉzsÉåwqÉWûUÏ sÉbÉÑ:
ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ UåcÉlÉÏ WûliÉÏ µÉÉxÉMüÉxÉÉåSUeuÉUÉlÉç MÑü¸mÉëqÉåWûaÉÑsqÉÉzÉï: ÎmsÉWûzÉÑsÉqÉqÉÉÂiÉÉlÉç
AÉSìÉï MüTümÉëSÉ ÎxlÉakÉÉ ÍzÉiÉsÉÉ qÉkÉÑUÉaÉÑÂ: ÌmɨÉmÉëzÉqÉlÉÏ xÉÉiÉÑ zÉÑwMüÉ ÌmɨÉmÉëMüÉåÌmÉhÉÏ
ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ qÉkÉÑxÉÇrÉÑ£üÉ qÉåS:MüTüÌuÉlÉÉzÉÏlÉÏ µÉÉxÉMüxÉeuÉUWûUÏ uÉ×wrÉÉ qÉåkrÉÉSÎalÉuÉÍkÉïlÉÏ
eÉÏhÉïeuÉUå AÎalÉqÉÉl±åcÉ zÉxrÉiÉå aÉÑQûÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ MüÉxÉÉeÉÏhÉïÂÍcɵÉÉxÉWØû¨ÉmÉÉhQÒûM×üÍqÉUÉåaÉlÉÑiÉç
̲aÉÑhÉÉ: ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ cÉÔhÉÉïSè aÉÑQûÉåA§ÉÍpÉwÉeÉÉÇ qÉiÉ: -pÉÉ. mÉë.
aÉÑhÉ:-
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zÉÑwMüÉMüTüÉÌlÉsÉÎblÉ xÉÉ uÉ×wrÉÉ ÌmɨÉÉÌuÉUÉåÍkÉlÉÏ - xÉÑ´ÉÔiÉxÉÇÌWûiÉÉ
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EmÉrÉÉåaÉ:-
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AjÉuÉÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏMüsMÇü bÉ×iÉpÉ×¹Ç xÉ xÉæÇkÉuÉqÉç - cÉ. ÍcÉ. 22
uÉÉiÉzÉÉåÍhÉiÉ –
ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏuÉÉï ¤ÉÏUÌmÉ¹É uÉÉËUÌmÉ¹É uÉÉ mÉÇcÉÉÍpÉ uÉ×k±ÉSzÉÉÍpÉuÉ×k±É uÉÉ ÌmÉoÉåiÉç ÍzÉUÉæSlÉÉkÉUÉå SzÉUɧÉqÉç
pÉÔrɶÉÉmÉ MüwÉïrÉåiÉç LuÉÇ rÉÉuÉiÉ mÉÇcÉSzÉ cÉåÌiÉ iÉSè LiÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ uÉkÉïqÉÉlÉMüqÉç
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MüTüeÉMüÉxÉ –
iÉæsÉpÉ×¹Ç cÉ uÉæSåWûÏMüsMüɤÉÇ xÉ xÉÏiÉÉåmÉsÉqÉç
mÉÉrÉrÉåiMüTüMüÉxÉblÉÇ MÑüsÉijÉxÉÍsÉsÉÉmsÉÑiÉqÉç - uÉÉ. ÍcÉ. 2
mÉëuÉÉÌWûMüÉ –
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“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 86 -
zsÉåwqÉeuÉU –
¤ÉÉæSìåhÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏcÉÑhÉïÇ ÍsɽÉiÉç zsÉåwqÉeuÉUÉmÉWûqÉç
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SÏbÉïMüÉsÉÉåÎijÉiÉÉÇ WûÎliÉ aÉ×kÉëxÉÏÇ MüTüuÉÉiÉeÉqÉç -pÉÉ. mÉë.
ÌlÉSìÉlÉÉzÉ –
aÉÑQÇû ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏqÉÔsÉxrÉ cÉÔhÉåïlÉÉsÉÉåÌQûiÉÇ ÍsÉWûlÉç
ÍcÉUÉSÌmÉ cÉ xɳɹÉÇ ÌlÉSìÉqÉÉmlÉÉåÌiÉ qÉÉlÉuÉÇ -uÉÇaÉxÉålÉ
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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mÉËUhÉÉqÉzÉÔsÉ –
YuÉÉjÉålÉ MüsMåülÉ cÉ ÌmÉmmÉsÉÏlÉÉqÉç
ÍxÉkSÇbÉ×iÉÇ qÉÉͤÉMüxÉqmÉërÉÑ£üqÉç
¤ÉÏUÉlÉÑmÉÉlÉÇ ÌuÉÌlÉWûlirÉuÉzrÉqÉç
zÉÔsÉÇ mÉëuÉ×kSÇ mÉËUhÉÉqÉxÉÇ¥ÉqÉç -uÉÇaÉxÉålÉ
eÉÏhÉïeuÉU-
MüÉxÉeÉÏhÉÉïÂÍcɵÉÉxÉWØûiÉçmÉÉhQÒûM×üÍqÉUÉåaÉlÉÑiÉç
eÉÏhÉïeuÉUåAÎalÉxÉÉSå cÉ zÉxrÉiÉå aÉÑQûÌmÉmmÉsÉÏ -zÉÉåRûsÉ
mÉëuÉÉÌWûMüÉrÉÉqÉ -
mÉrÉxÉÉÌmÉmmÉsÉÏMüsMü: mÉÏiÉÉå uÉÉ qÉËUcÉÉåpSuÉ:
§rÉWûÉͳÉuÉÉïÌWûMüÉÇ WûlrÉÉΊUMüÉsÉÉlÉÑoÉÎlkÉlÉÏqÉç -zÉÉåRûsÉ
MüÉqÉsÉÉrÉÉqÉç –
MüqÉsÉɨÉïxrÉ uÉæQûÇaÉ ÌmÉmmÉsrÉÉå lÉÉuÉlÉÉgeÉlÉå -zÉÉåRûsÉ
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Rutu-Haritaki
ÍxÉÇkÉÑijÉzÉMïüUÉzÉÑhPûÏMühÉÉqÉkÉÑaÉÑQæû: ¢üqÉÉiÉç | uÉwÉÉïÌSwuÉpÉrÉÉ mÉëÉzrÉÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉaÉÑhÉÌwÉhÉÉ ||-pÉÉ. mÉë. ÌlÉ. WûUÏiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï. /34.
ÍxÉÇkÉÑijÉzÉMïüUÉzÉÑhPûÏMühÉÉqÉkÉÑaÉÑQæû: ¢üqÉÉiÉç | uÉwÉÉïÌSwuÉpÉrÉÉ mÉëÉzrÉÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉaÉÑhÉÌwÉhÉÉ ||-rÉÉå. U. E. UxÉÉrÉlÉÉÍkÉMüÉU: /5.
After having brief discussion on individually Haritaki & Pippali, we
will try to interpret the combination effect on body.
1. Shishira Rutu – Haritaki + Pippali:-
As it was the drug used for the study hence it is given first
preference.
Before starting with various properties of the drug it is necessary to
understand the changes occurring in the surrounding due to change
in climate in each Rutu.
In Shishira Rutu the ‗Sheeta‘ & ‗Ruksha‘ Gunas are aggravated and
also ‗Sanchaya‟ of Kapha dosha is seen in this Rutu.
Due to increase in dryness & coldness in the climate „Agni‟ bala also
aggravates.
To compensate the above said conditions, ‗Pippali‟ with its
„Anushna‟, ‗Laghu‘ and ‗Snigdha‘ Gunas, & Haritaki with its ‗Laghu‘,
‗Ushna‘ guna & Kashaya pradhana „Pancharasatmak‟ properties
seems to be drug of choice in many conditions.
Also, both Haritaki & Pippali being „Tridosh-hara‟, both with their
Gunas like „Anushna‟, ‗Laghu‘ and ‗Tikshna‘ Gunas & ‗Katu‘ rasa of
Pippali & ‗Ruksha‟, ‗Ushna‘ guna & Kashaya pradhana
„Pancharasatmak‟ properties of Haritaki helps to compensate the
Kapha dosha in its ‗Sanchaya-Avastha‟ as it is rightly said by
Acharya‘s that “ cÉrÉ LuÉÇ eÉrÉåiÉç SÉåwÉÉÇ | ”
Hence combination of both the drugs give the Depan, Pachan &
Rasayana effect which helps to maintain Bala & vital power of the
body which is key for healthy living also the same effect is seen in
Hemant Rutu.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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2. Vasanta Rutu – Haritaki + Honey (Madhu):-
In Vasanta Rutu, coldness is decreased & slow & steady increase in
warm & slightly inclined sunrays is seen.
This causes the ‗Vilayana‟ of ‗Sanchit‟ Kapha dosha which was
accumulated in Shishira Rutu & causing the state of ‗Prakopa-
Avastha‟.
This results in gradual decrease in the Bala of ‗Jatharagni‟ causing
‗Agni Mandya‟ which is also considered as the cause of several
Diseases & Disorders.
As it is the Kala of Prakupita Kapha dosha possibilities of having
Kaphapradhan Vyadhis in this season.
Also it is seen that Snigdha guna of Shishira Rutu aggravates due to
Vilayana of Sanchit Kapha dosha as Sheeta guna of Shishira Rutu is
replaced by Ushna guna in Vasant Rutu.
To compensate the above said condition, Honey seems to be the
choice of medicine as it is said “qÉkÉÑ zsÉåwqÉ ÌmɨÉmÉëwÉqÉlÉÉlÉÉqÉç |” by Acharya
CHARAKA.
Along with ‗Ruksha‟, ‗Ushna‘ & ‗Laghu‟ Gunas of Haritaki, Honey
helps to compensate the Kapha dosha with its ‗Ruksha‟, ‗Anushna‟ &
‗Laghu‟ Gunas & its Kashaya anurasa.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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3. Greeshma Rutu – Haritaki + Jaggery (Guda):-
In this season both ‗Ruksha‘& ‗Ushna‘ Gunas are its peek & also Sharir Bala
of an individual is decreased as compared to other Rutus.
Due to increase in ‗Ruksha‟ & ‗Ushna‟ Gunas which are also present in Vata
dosha, it tends to disturb prakrut Vatadosha causing ‗Sanchaya Avastha‟.
Due to direct impact of very hot & comparatively straight sunrays falling on
the surface of the Earth, moistness of air & watery parts of nature like
lakes, ponds almost evaporates causing Ksheena Bala in nature as well as
human body.
To compensate the above said conditions Madhur, Guru & Sheeta
gunatmaka Jaggery (Guda) along with Pancharasatmak, Ushna & Laghu
gunatmaka Haritaki helps to reduce the Sanchit Vatta dosha.
Also Madhur, Guru, Sheeta gunatmaka Jaggery (Guda) along with
Rasayana Prabhav of Haritaki helps to increase the Bala of individual with
Bruhana karma.
Also it is said that Haritaki alone should not be given in this Rutu as it is
Ruksha‟ & ‗Ushna‘ which might cause adverse effect if consumed alone.
Hence it is advisable to use Haritaki with Dravyas like Jaggery in this Rutu.
4. Varsha Rutu – Haritaki + Saindhav:-
This is the Kala in which Prakopa-Avastha of Vatta dosha is seen naturally.
This might be because dense clouds & cold breezes cause switching of cold
climate from comparatively warmer Gresham Rutu, as both Sheeta &
Ruksha Gunas support Prakopa of Vatta dosha.
Also due to Amla-vipaki jala Pitta dosha starts to accumulate causing
Sanchaya of Pitta dosha.
To compensate the above said conditions, Lavan rasatmaka Saindhav
works best with Pancharasatmak Haritaki producing effect of all Six Rasas.
Also Lavan rasa is said to be Snigdha which is of great use to act on with
Ruksha gunatmaka Haritaki in Vatta Prakupita Ruksha Sharir.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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This works on Sanchit Pitta dosha, & also Saindhav is said to be Avidahi by
Acharya CHARAKA which works on Tikshna, Ushna Gunas of Pitta dosha.
5. Sharada Rutu – Haritaki + Sharkara (Sita):-
This is the Kala in which Prakopa-Avastha of Pitta dosha is seen
naturally.
As the cloudy climate changes to pleasant sunny weather with some
coldness in air as it is the start of winter season.
Bala of the Sharir & Agni starts to regain in this season.
The main factors seen in this season are Sheeta, Snigdha & Pitta
Prakopa-Avastha.
To compensate these factors Madhur rasatmaka & Sheeta
gunatmaka Sharkara is used along with Haritaki.
Also Acharya CHARAKA has stated “iÉ×whÉÉ xÉ×MüÌmɨÉSÉWåûwÉÑ mÉëzÉxiÉÉ: xÉuÉïzÉMïüUÉ: |”
all this properties shows the Pitta-Shaman action of Sharkara.
This properties are boosted with the combination of Haritaki which
itself is Tridosh-hara & Rasayana in nature.
6. Hemanta Rutu – Haritaki + Shunthi:-
This is one of the healthiest seasons of all.
In this Rutu Snigdha & Sheeta Gunas are aggravated along with
aggravation of Bala of Jatha-Agni.
This is the Kala in which Sanchaya-Avastha of Kapha dosha is
started & further carried out till Shishira Rutu.
Thus in this Rutu-Haritaki is advised with Shunthi which is
“ xÉxlÉåWÇû ÌSmÉlÉÇ uÉ×wrÉqÉÑwhÉÇ MüTüuÉÉiÉÉåmÉWûqÉç |”
Also Ushna guna & Kapha-hara guna of both the drugs gives booster
effect to work on Sheeta guna of the Rutu as well as Sanchit Kapha
dosha & helps to compensate it.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY:-
STUDY DESIGN:-
A Clinical, Comparative, Randomized, Single Blind Study.
Ethical clearance from Ethical committee was taken regarding the
Synopsis from college IEC & approval was received from University.
The project was conducted in 3 LEVELS
LEVEL 1:- REVIEW OF LITERATURE:-
Conceptual review of Samhitas from Ayurveda was done thoroughly.
References regarding Rutu-Haritaki, Drushti-mandya, & Rasayana were
studied & compiled. Study of Myopia from modern literature & internet
was done with latest updates.
LEVEL 2:- DRUG STANDARDIZATION:-
Collection of raw material was done from reliable market sources.
Authentification & Analysis of Haritaki & Pippali was done at Dept. of
Botany, Pune University.
Drug standardization was done in College Research Lab.
LEVEL 3: CLINICAL TRIALS:-
Study was conducted in the Shishira Rutu as it is one of the healthiest
Rutu of all & was best suited to see the Rasayana effect of the drug.
Also there is no Prakupit avastha of any Dosha in this Rutu. Hence this
Rutu was selected for study.
Medical camp was conducted before the start of the Shishira Rutu, for
which advertisements were given in various news papers, & pamphlets
were designed for display in schools & colleges of nearby areas.
Very huge response was received as more than 200 pts. Were screened
for assessment criteria‘s out of which 50 were selected for the study.
Further with the help of Experts, the selected subjects were distributed
randomly in 2 groups, i.e.-
Group A - Plain Haritaki group.
Group B – Rutu-Haritaki group.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Rutu-Haritaki Rasayana was prepared using Haritaki & Pippali in
the ratio 7:1 respectively,i.e. for per patient per day dose of
4000mg –
Plain Haritaki used was 3500mg & Pippali used was 500mg.
Haritaki : Pippali
3500mg : 500mg
50 Patients of Myopia (Drishti-Mandya) with refractive error
between 0.00 ± 2.00 were selected between age group of 10 to 25
irrespective of sex, religion & occupation.
Subjects with only complaints of Drishti-Mandya were selected; any
other disorders along with Drishti-Mandya were excluded from
study as to see the Rasayana effect was the main objective.
Written consent of all patients included in the study was taken in
the language best understood by them. It was taken after
explaining the concept & line of treatment.
Patients were studied & follow ups were taken under the guidance
of expert Ophthalmologist of the hospital affiliated to college.
Out of 25 pts 6 pts left the study in between against the medical
advice (Drop-out), whereas none of the patient was deteriorated of
the symptoms or needed extra medical care.
Standard yet minimum pathyapathya were advised.
Drug was prepared in tablet form for the convenience of
patients in following ways:-
For giving standard, uniform & proper amount of dose.
To avoid dropouts because of „not taking drugs in powder form‟.
For convenience of subjects to take medicines while traveling.
For the sake of durability & preservation of drug.
For this reasons drug was prepared in tablet form with starch &
gum-acacia as binding agents.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Tablets of 500mg each of plain Haritaki as well as of Rutu-Haritaki
Rasayana (Haritaki + Pippali) was prepared. Daily dose of 4000mg
was further subdivided in 2000mg BD dose.
Dose : - 4000mg in two divided dose (2000mg BD).
Kala : - Rasayana Kala (early morning NBM.),
Nisha Kala (at night before sleeping.).
Duration : - 2 months (1 Rutu).
Period : - 15th jan 2010 to 16th march 2010.
(maagha & faalguna – Shisheer Rutu as per CHARAKA )
Follow ups : - 15 days.
Anupana : - Luke warm water.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Other than vision, there were some factors selected for study which gives
idea about generalized felling of wellbeing. These factors were selected
from Health definations from various ref. Like PSM, WHO Health definition
& health parameters, & from various concepts from Ayurvedic texts.
xuÉxjÉsɤÉhÉ:-
xÉqÉSÉåwÉ: xÉqÉÉÎalÉ¶É xÉqÉkÉÉiÉÑqÉsÉÌ¢ürÉÉ: mÉëxɳÉÉiqÉåÎlSìrÉqÉlÉÉ: xuÉxjÉ CirÉÍpÉkÉÏrÉiÉå - xÉÑ. xÉÔ. 15/41
AÉUÉåarÉ sɤÉhÉ:-
A³ÉÉÍpÉsÉwÉÉå pÉÑ£üxrÉ mÉËUmÉÉMü: xÉÑZÉålÉ cÉ xÉ×¹ÌuÉhqÉѧÉuÉÉiÉiuÉÇ zÉËUUxrÉ cÉ sÉÉbÉuÉqÉç
oÉsÉuÉhÉÉïrÉÑwÉÉÇsÉÉpÉ: xÉÉæqÉlÉxrÉ xÉqÉÉÎalÉiÉÉ ÌuɱÉiÉç AÉUÉåarÉ ÍsÉXèûaÉÉÌlÉ ÌuÉmÉËUiÉå ÌuÉmÉrÉïrÉqÉç - MüÉ. xÉÇ. ÎZÉ.
These factors were:-
• Skin complexion,
• Appetite,
• Bowel Habits (defecation),
• Gases,
• Laziness,
• Sleep,
• Exercise Tolerance,
• Hair fall,
• Stress & Anxiety,
• Body-Movements.
These were few selected from the vast pool available, the
detail description regarding assessment of these criteria‘s are
discussed in Methodology segment.
The criteria used for selection was that it should be:-
• Easy to access,
• Easy to calculate for statistics,
• Easy to understand by patient so that correct data is
available for analysis.
• Should fulfil effects (falashruti) of Rasayana as the study is
based on Rutu-Haritaki-Rasayana.
On the basis of above said condition the factors were selected for
Analysis.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Literary review
Preparation of CRF Drug Authentification
& Drug Stndardization. Clinical Trials
Conduction of Medical camp.
Screening of Patients.
Selection of Patients.
Follow-ups at interval of 15 days.
Data of total 60 days (1 Rutu)
collected.
Data Analysed & Classified.
Master chart prepared for statistical analysis.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES DONE WITH THE HELP OF PAIRED & UNPAIRED „T‟ TEST.
Results were analysed & discussed.
Conclusion was drawn on obtained results.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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INCLUSION CRITERIA:-
Age group between 10-25 yrs.
Subjects with specific refractive errors i.e. between 0 to ±2.
Without any severee diseases.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:-
Age below 10 yrs & above 25 yrs.
Refractive errors more than 2[±].
Pregnancy & k/c/o major diseases.
CRITERIA’S FOR ASSESMENT:-
1. APPETITE:-
Good – 0
Moderate – 1
Mild – 2
2. MOTION (BOWEL HABITS):-
Normal – 1
Abnormal – 2
3. GASES:-
Absent – 0
Mild – 1
Moderate – 2
Severe – 3
4. LAZINESS:-
Absent – 0
Mild – 1
Moderate – 2
Severe – 3
5. SLEEP:-
Sound – 0
Intermediate – 1
Disturbed – 2
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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6. EXERCISE TOLARENCE:-
Good – 0
Moderate – 1
Mild – 2
7. HAIRFALL:-
Absent – 0
Mild – 1
Moderate – 2
Severe – 3
8. STRESS/ANXITY:-
Absent – 0
Mild – 1
Moderate – 2
Severe – 3
9. BODY MOVEMENTS:-
Coordinated – 0
Non-coordinated – 1
10. OTHER COMPLEINTS:-
Absent – 0
Mild – 1
Moderate – 2
Severe – 3
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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11. SCHIRMER'S TEST FOR DRYNESS OF EYE:-
1. Normal - which is =>15 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.
2. Mild - which is 14-9 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.
3. Moderate - which is 8-4 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.
4. Severee - which is <4 mm wetting of the paper after 5 minutes.
12. SKIN COMPLEXION :-
Scaling for skin complexion was done with the help of scale
displayed below
13. VISUAL ACUITY: - 14. REFRACTIVE ERROR:-
6\60 -2.00
6\36 -1.75
6\24 -1.50
6\18 -1.25
6\12 -1.00
6\9 -0.75
6\6 -0.50
-0.25
0.00
Each subjective criteria was given a score according to
severity i.e 0,1,2,3.
Scores were calculated before starting the treatment (day 1), after
30 days & 60 days of treatment.
Student‟s„t‟ test was applied to the data.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Observations & Results:-
The observations were classified under various heads as follows:-
Age:-
AGE 10 – 15 Yrs 16 – 20 Yrs 21 – 25 Yrs
GROUP A 00 15 10
GROUP B 03 15 07
As the study was restricted to the age group of 10 to 25 years of
age the group was classified in 3 categories 10 – 15, 16 – 20 & 21 –
25. In which Group A were having 0, 15 & 10 subjects respectively
whereas in Group B there were 03, 15 & 07 subjects.
1) Sex:-
SEX MALE FEMALE
GROUP A 14 11
GROUP B 09 16
In Group A there were 14 males & 9 females where as in Group B
there were 11 males & 16 females. Subjects were selected randomly
& also there was not much significant output with respect to Sex of
the subject.
0
5
10
15
10 – 15 Yrs 16 – 20 Yrs 21 – 25 Yrs
0
15
10
3
15
7
AGEGROUP A GROUP B
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
MALE FEMALE
14
119
16
SEX
GROUP
AGROUP B
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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2) Religion:-
RELIGION HINDU MUSLIM CRISTIAN SIKH OTHERS
GROUP A 24 01 00 00 00
GROUP B 22 01 02 00 00
As seen above most of the subjects were Hindu but again there
was not much significant data was available from the observations
related to Religion of the subjects.
3) Diet:-
DIET VEG MIX(VEG +NON-VEG)
GROUP A 08 17
GROUP B 08 17
There was no change seen in Diet pattern of both the groups as
Vegetarian in both the groups were 8 out of 25, while Non-
Vegetarian 17 out of 25.
0
10
20
30
HINDU MUSLIM CRISTIAN SIKH OTHERS
24
1 0 0 0
22
1 20 0
RELIGION
GROUP A
GROUP B
0
5
10
15
20
8
178
17
DIET
GROUP A
GROUP B
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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4) Exercise:-
EXERCISE YES NO
GROUP A 13 12
GROUP B 13 12
Even while considering Exercise both the Groups were found to be
evenly distributed with 13 subjects were having Exercise Tolerance &
12 were not.
5) Watching TV/ Computer:-
WATCHING
TV/COMPUTERS
LESS THEN
2 Hrs 2 – 5 Hrs
MORE THEN
5 Hrs
GROUP A 13 11 1
GROUP B 11 10 04
Here the table & graph elaborates the distribution of watching TV or
working on Computer. Group B slightly edges the ratio.
11.5
12
12.5
13
YES NO
13
12
13
12
EXERCISE
TOLERANCE
GROUP A
GROUP B
0
5
10
15
LESS THEN 2 Hrs2 – 5 Hrs
MORE THEN 5 Hrs
13
11
1
1110
4
WATCHING TV/COMPUTER
GROUP A GROUP B
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6) Habits:-
HABITS TEA COFFEE NONE OTHERS
GROUP A 17 01 02 05
GROUP B 15 00 05 05
Even the Habits of the Subjects were not seen to have more
variations in both the Groups.
7) Sleep:-
SLEEP SOUND SLEEP DISTURBED SLEEP
GROUP A 17 08
GROUP B 17 08
While considering Sleep both the Groups were found to be evenly
distributed with 13 subjects having Sound Sleep & 12 having
Disturbed Sleep.
0
5
10
15
20
TEA COFFEE NONE OTHERS
17
1 2 5
15
05 5
HABITS
GROUP A
GROUP B
0
10
20
SOUND SLEEP DISTURBED SLEEP
17
8
17
8
SLEEP
GROUP A GROUP B
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The effect of PLAIN HARITAKI on the Group A and RUTU-
HARITAKI on Group B was assessed on basis of criteria designed for
assessment. The observations were recorded in case record form on
day 0 and every 15th day, i.e. Day 0, 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th day. The
results were drawn with help of „paired‟ and „unpaired‟ “t test”.
Various factors were analyzed in systematic format as follows:-
1. Observations were recorded on scientifically prepared CRF.
2. Once the complete & clean data was available it was classified
under various heads.
3. Master chart was prepared with follow up of all the patients and
all the observations in 2 groups (Group A, Group B).
4. Each group was analyzed at the interval of 15 days for the
changes in observations if any.
5. Individual assessment of groups before & after study was done
with the help of “Paired t-test”.
6. For analyzing changes in between 2 groups “Unpaired t-test”
was applied at the end of the Study (last follow-up).
7. Gradation followed basic statistical laws like-
‗P‘ value 0.05 – data Not significant (statistically)
‗P‘ value 0.05 – data Statistically significant,
‗P‘ value 0.01 – data Remarkably significant,
‗P‘ value 0.001 – data Highly significant.
Results are described below & the changes observed (either
significant or Non-significant) are discussed later in next Chapter.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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1) Effect on VISION RIGHT EYE:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 -1.432 0.557 - - 0.00%
30 -1.432 0.557 * * 0.00%
60 -1.420 0.553 -1.00 P 0.05 O.83%
There was no change seen in the results after 30 days where
as after 60 days (end of the trial) positive change of 0.83% was
seen in plain Haritaki group which is statistically not much
significant.
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 -0.920 0.600 - - 0.00%
30 -0.920 0.600 * * 0.00%
60 -0.830 0.633 -3.46 P = 0.002 9.78%
There was no change seen in the results after 30 days where
as after 60 days (end of the trial) positive change of 9.78% was
seen in Rutu-Haritaki group which is statistically almost highly
Significant (P<0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A -1.420 0.553 -3.29 P<0.001
B -0.830 0.633
While comparing the results of both the groups at the end of the
trials, highly significant changes (P < 0.001) were observed, proving
Rutu-Haritaki much more superior then plain Haritaki in terms of
Refractive Errors of Right Eye.
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2) Effect on VISION LEFT EYE:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 5.409 2.423 - - 0.00%
30 5.409 2.423 * * 0.00%
60 5.364 2.401 1.00 P < 0.05 0.83%
There was no change seen in the results after 30 days where as
after 60 days (end of the trial) positive change of 0.83% was seen in
plain Haritaki group.
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 3.773 2.202 - - 0.00%
30 3.727 2.229 1.00 P 0.05 0.00%
60 3.273 2.354 4.58 P = 0.000 13.25%
There was no change seen in the results after 30 days where as
after 60 days (end of the trial) positive change of 13.25% was seen
in Rutu-Haritaki group which is statistically Highly Significant
(P<0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 5.364 2.401 2.92 P = 0.006
B 3.273 2.354
While comparing the results of both the groups, at the end of the
trials, almost highly significant changes (P very close to 0.001)
were observed, proving Rutu-Haritaki much more superior then plain
Haritaki in terms of Refractive Errors of Left Eye.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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3) Effect on VISUAL ACUITY RIGHT EYE:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 7.682 2.868 - - 0.00%
30 6.409 2.840 4.11 P < 0.001 16.57%
60 3.545 2.365 8.16 P < 0.001 53.85%
At the end of the 30th day there was 16.57% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 53.85% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 5.273 2.995 - - 0.00%
30 3.500 2.577 5.19 P < 0.001 33.62%
60 1.273 1.907 8.87 P < 0.001 75.85%
At the end of the 30th day there was 33.62% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 75.85% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 3.545 2.365 3.51 P < 0.001
B 1.273 1.907
While comparing both the groups the data was proven to be highly
significant with p value less than 0.001 proving effect of Rutu-
Haritaki superior to that of Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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4) Effect on VISUAL ACUITY LEFT EYE:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 7.636 3.001 - - 0.00%
30 6.318 2.885 4.33 P < 0.001 17.26%
60 3.182 2.260 9.80 P < 0.001 58.32%
At the end of the 30th day there was 17.26% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 58.32% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 5.364 3.155 - - 0.00%
30 3.409 2.667 6.13 P < 0.001 36.44%
60 1.273 1.907 8.80 P < 0.001 76.26%
At the end of the 30th day there was 36.44% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial (D 60) result was further improved to 76.26% this
was again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 3.182 2.260 3.03 P = 0.004
B 1.273 1.907
While comparing both the groups the data was proven to be
statistically highly significant with p value very close to 0.001
proving effect of Rutu-Haritaki superior to that of Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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5. Effect on DRYNESS OF EYES:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 16.818 2.519 - - 0.00%
30 18.545 2.365 9.18 P < 0.001 10.26%
60 20.227 2.429 11.99 P < 0.001 20.26%
At the end of the 30th day there was 10.26% of improvement seen
which is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Whereas at the end of
the trial (D 60) result was further improved to 20.26% this was
again proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 15.591 2.987 - - 0.00%
30 19.182 2.462 14.25 P < 0.001 23.03%
60 22.818 1.763 16.57 P < 0.001 46.34%
At the end of the 30th day there was 23.03% of improvement seen
which is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Whereas at the end of
the trial (D 60) result was further improved to 46.34% this was
again proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 20.227 2.429 4.05 P < 0.001
B 22.818 1.763
While comparing both the groups the data was proven to be
statistically highly significant with p value less than 0.001 proving
effect of Rutu-Haritaki superior to that of Plain Haritaki.
From the results seen above it seems that work of Rutu-
Haritaki was better than Plain Haritaki on Eyes & its various
conditions like Vision etc.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Effect on factors other than Eyes & Vision,
6) Effect on SKIN COMPLECTION:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 9.091 3.235 - - 0.00%
30 8.409 3.362 6.71 P < 0.001 7.50%
60 7.682 3.372 13.13 P < 0.001 15.49%
At the end of the 30th day there was 7.50% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 15.49% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 8.136 2.569 - - 0.00%
30 6.500 2.739 11.67 P < 0.001 20.10%
60 5.182 2.666 15.42 P < 0.001 36.30%
At the end of the 30th day there was 20.10% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 36.30% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 7.682 3.372 2.73 P < 0.01
B 5.182 2.666
While comparing both the groups the data was proven to be
statistically remarkably significant with p value less than 0.01
proving effect of Rutu-Haritaki superior to that of Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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7) Effect on APPETITE:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.136 0.640 - - 0.00%
30 0.773 0.528 3.46 P = 0.002 31.95%
60 0.318 0.477 7.66 P < 0.001 72.00%
At the end of the 30th day there was 31.95% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P very close to 0.001).
Whereas at the end result was further improved to 72.00% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.318 0.568 - - 0.00%
30 0.818 0.501 3.92 P < 0.001 37.93%
60 0.136 0.351 11.06 P < 0.001 89.68%
At the end of the 30th day there was 37.93% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 46.34% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 0.318 0.477 1.44 P 0.05
B 0.136 0.351
Here the difference in two groups was not statistically
significant as the ‗P‘ value obtained was greater than 0.05 hence the
effect of Rutu-Haritaki on appetite could not be clearly justified in
terms of superiority w.r.t. Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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8) Effect on BOWEL HABITS:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.364 0.492 - - 0.00%
30 1.182 0.501 1.70 P 0.05 13.34%
60 1.000 0.000 3.46 P = 0.002 26.68%
At the end of the 30th day there was 13.34% of improvement seen,
but statistically it was not significant as P 0.05. Whereas at the
end of the trial result was improved to 26.68% this was proved to
be statistically highly significant (P very close to 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.273 0.4558 - - 0.00%
30 1.091 0.4264 1.45 P 0.05 14.29%
60 0.955 0.2132 3.30 P = 0.005 24.98%
At the end of the 30th day there was 14.29% of improvement seen,
but statistically it was not significant as P 0.05. Whereas at the
end of the trial result was improved to 24.98% this was proved to
be statistically highly significant (P very close to 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 1.000 0.000 1.00 P 0.05
B 0.9545 0.2132
Here the difference in two groups was not statistically significant as
the ‗P‘ value obtained was greater than 0.05 hence the effect of
Rutu-Haritaki on Bowel-Habits could not be clearly justified in terms
of superiority w.r.t. Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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9) Effect on GASES:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.364 1.002 - - 0.00%
30 1.545 0.510 0.85 P 0.05 -13.26%
60 0.864 0.560 2.92 P = 0.008 36.65%
At the end of the 30th day there was -13.26% of change which was
actually a Negative change seen, it is statistically significant as P
0.05 but change was Negative. Whereas at the end of the trial result
was improved to 36.65% this was proved to be statistically highly
significant (P close to 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.273 0.935 - - 0.00%
30 1.364 0.727 0.42 P 0.05 -07.14%
60 0.545 0.510 4.86 P < 0.001 57.18%
At the end of the 30th day there was -07.14% of change which was
actually a Negative change seen, it was also statistically not
significant as P 0.05. Whereas at the end of the trial result was
improved to 57.18% this was proved to be statistically highly
significant (P very close to 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 0.864 0.560 1.98 P < 0.05
B 0.545 0.510
Here data prove to be statistically significant as ‗P‘ value is less than
0.05 but not very significant as both the groups has shown some
positive changes and the difference is not to big but enough to prove
significant statistically.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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10) Effect on LAZINESS:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.773 0.752 - - 0.00%
30 1.318 0.646 4.18 P < 0.001 25.66%
60 0.727 0.631 8.52 P < 0.001 58.99%
At the end of the 30th day there was 25.66% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 58.99% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.545 0.912 - - 0.00%
30 0.909 0.750 5.14 P < 0.001 41.65%
60 0.409 0.590 6.88 P < 0.001 73.52%
At the end of the 30th day there was 41.65% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 73.52% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 0.727 0.631 1.73 P 0.05
B 0.409 0.590
Here the difference in two groups was not statistically
significant as the ‗P‘ value obtained was greater than 0.05 hence the
effect of Rutu-Haritaki on Laziness could not be clearly justified in
terms of superiority w.r.t. Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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11) Effect on SLEEP:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.045 0.899 - - 0.00%
30 0.545 0.596 4.58 P < 0.001 47.84%
60 0.182 0.395 5.23 P < 0.001 82.58%
At the end of the 30th day there was 47.84% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end result was further improved as high as 82.58% this was again
proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 0.955 0.653 - - 0.00%
30 0.455 0.671 3.92 P < 0.001 52.35%
60 0.045 0.213 6.99 P < 0.001 95.28%
At the end of the 30th day there was 52.35% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end result were improved as high as 95.28% this was again proved
to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 0.182 0.395 1.43 P 0.05
B 0.045 0.213
Here the difference in two groups was not statistically significant as
the ‗P‘ value obtained was greater than 0.05 hence the effect of
Rutu-Haritaki on Sleep could not be clearly justified in terms of
superiority w.r.t. Plain Haritaki.
Looking at the individual Groups results are very excellent but the
difference in two groups was not sufficient to prove either one of the
two groups superior to other.
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12) Effect on EXERCISE TOLERANCE:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.273 0.631 - - 0.00%
30 1.091 0.684 2.16 P < 0.05 14.29%
60 0.682 0.477 5.51 P < 0.001 46.42%
At the end of the 30th day there was 14.29% of improvement seen
which is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Whereas at the end of
the trial result was further improved to 46.34%, this time it proved
to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.182 0.664 - - 0.00%
30 0.682 0.568 3.92 P < 0.001 42.30%
60 0.273 0.456 6.24 P < 0.001 76.90%
At the end of the 30th day there was 42.30% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 76.90% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 0.682 0.477 2.91 P < 0.01
B 0.273 0.456
Here on the basis of data obtained statistically it can be stated
that Rutu-Haritaki is remarkably significant in the two groups as
compared to Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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13) Effect on HAIR FALL:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.818 0.664 - - 0.00%
30 1.455 0.596 3.46 P = 0.002 19.96%
60 1.182 0.395 5.14 P < 0.001 34.98%
At the end of the 30th day 19.96% of improvement was seen which
is statistically almost highly significant as ‗P value‘ was close to
0.001). Whereas at the end of the trial result was further improved
to 34.98% this was again proved to be statistically highly significant
(P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 2.045 0.653 - - 0.00%
30 1.500 0.512 4.29 P < 0.001 26.65%
60 0.909 0.294 8.33 P < 0.001 55.55%
At the end of the 30th day there was 26.65% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant as P < 0.001. Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 55.55% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 1.182 0.395 2.60 P < 0.01
B 0.909 0.294
Here on the basis of data obtained statistically it can be stated that
Rutu-Haritaki is remarkably significant in the two groups as
compared to Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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14) Effect on STRESS/ANXITY:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.864 0.710 - - 0.00%
30 1.318 0.477 3.81 P < 0.001 29.29%
60 0.682 0.568 7.57 P < 0.001 63.41%
At the end of the 30th day there was 29.29% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 63.41% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.455 0.963 - - 0.00%
30 0.909 0.750 3.20 P < 0.001 37.52%
60 0.500 0.740 4.98 P < 0.001 65.63%
At the end of the 30th day there was 37.52% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 65.63% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 0.682 0.568 0.92 P 0.05
B 0.500 0.740
Here the results above shows that the effect of both the groups are
almost identical and hence the difference in two group is not shown
significant statistically i.e. No one group can be stated clearly
superior to other group.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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15) Effect on OTHER COMPLAINTS:-
Group A:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 0.909 1.065 - - 0.00%
30 0.500 0.673 3.25 P = 0.004 44.99%
60 0.091 0.294 3.81 P < 0.001 89.98%
At the end of the 30th day there was 44.99% of improvement seen
which is almost statistically highly significant as P is close to 0.001.
Whereas at the end of the trial result was further improved to
89.98% this was again proved to be statistically highly significant
(P < 0.001).
Group B:
Day Mean S.D T P Value Percentage
0 1.364 1.255 - - 0.00%
30 0.500 0.673 5.23 P < 0.001 63.34%
60 0.091 0.294 5.14 P < 0.001 93.32%
At the end of the 30th day there was 63.34% of improvement seen
which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Whereas at the
end of the trial result was further improved to 93.32% this was
again proved to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison in Two Groups:
Group Mean S.D T P Value
A 0.091 0.294 0.00 P 0.05
B 0.091 0.294
Here the results above shows that the effects of both the groups are
almost identical and hence the difference in two groups is not shown
significant statistically i.e. No one group can be stated clearly
superior to other group.
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DISCUSSION:-
Acharya Charka has described Haritaki as Chakshusya while
describing its properties in the Rasayana Adhyaya.Also the topic of
the study was involving both Haritaki & its Rasayana effect.
Study of Literature regarding various topics related to subject
was done thoroughly. It included some diseases like Asthenopia,
Convergence & Divergence principal related to eye along with
accommodation of eye which gave some important links to conclude
the findings derived. Also thorough study of other factors like Rutu,
Rutucharya, Rutu-Haritaki, Drishti-Mandya, etc. was done.
Here not only study of Haritaki & Pippali was done individually
but also combined effect of Haritaki & its various Anupana was
studied for better understanding of cause & effect of the drug.
Here the study was done as per specified protocol under the
guidance of experts from various departments like Ophthalmology,
Dravyagun, Rasashastra, and Samhita-Sidhanta etc.
Drug was collected, authentified, & standardised.
For uniformity & convenience drug was prepared in Tablet form.
Patients were screened & selected according to the criteria‘s specified.
Data was collected and classified for Statistical analyses.
Observations & Results were used for discussion & conclusion
purpose.
Observations were collected & analysed accordingly. Result
showed some great effects of Rutu-Haritaki-Rasayana on various
parameters of Health & Vision. They are discussed as follows:-
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Age & subjects enrolled:-
Before starting with the Discussions one point which is
necessary to elaborate is the Subjects enrolled. As described in
Methodology the subjects were selected randomly from the medical
camp conducted in the Hospital affiliated to our college. Also the
subjects were screened from various Schools & Colleges of the
nearby area, as the age limit was 10 -25 yrs most of the subjects
were from schools & colleges & few from earning age group. The
purpose behind selection of young age group was to study the effect
on the younger generation as they prove to be the backbone of the
society & if they are healthy it can definitely have a good impact on
overall progress of the society.
Also many subjects from the studying age group were from
the field of Computer Science. Hence the result seen on this
Population definitely gives slight edge to the study as compare to
others, as the use of computer & TV in our day-today life has
increased remarkabely. This factor definitely harms the Health of the
Eyes & of the body as a whole.
EFFECT ON FACTORS RELATED TO EYE & VISION:-
(REFRACTIVE ERROR, VISUAL ACUITY, DRYNESS OF EYES.)
One of the major objective parameter studied was Refractive
errors. This showed 4% changes in Plain Haritaki group & 32%
changes in Rutu-Haritaki group in terms of no. of Subjects, which
showed almost negligible changes in Plain Haritaki group 0.83% in
right eye & 0.83 in Left Eye, where as almost change 9.78% on
Right eye & 13.25% on Left eye was seen in Rutu-Haritaki group.
Statistically or Mathematically difference between both the
groups seen above might not seem to be Remarkable, but when
Refractive errors are concerned even slight change can make a
difference, as there are not much substitutes in terms of treatment
for this kind of conditions.
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After discussing the results with the experts from the field of
Shalakya-Tantra (especially Ophthalmology), it was said that
accessory factors affecting Refractive errors might have been
involved in reaching the results. This factors might be
‗Accommodation principal‟, „Convergence & Divergence mechanism‟
etc. Which help in formation of Vision.
While considering the above said factors especially Visual
Acuity, role of Muscles related to eye can be analysed.
As the drug consists of Haritaki & Pippali which are said to be
having Rasayana action individually to some extent also produces
the same effect when used in combination, resulting in increasing
the potency & vital power of the Indriyas.
Also Prakupita Meda & Kapha if at all related with muscles of eye
would have been corrected with the properties of drugs as follows:-
Reducing the Spasm of Muscles & increasing the Muscle tones
with the help of Kashaya Rasa.
Villayana of Prakupita Kapha & Atirikta Meda with its Ushana
virya, Laghu, Ruksha Gunas & Tridoshahar properties.
Increasing muscle tone with its Rasayana karma.
Acharya CHARAKA has described Haritaki having Doshashodhana
action which can be used for Shodhana of Vikruta Doshas.
All the above said conditions might have been improved with the
help of Katu rasatmaka, Madhur vipaki, Anushana viryatmaka,
Laghu, Tikshna & Sukshma-Strotogami Pippali which is also said
to be Yogavahi in nature.
Also Netra is said to be the organ with Teja Mahabhoota
Pradhanya, it has natural fear from Kapha.
Hence Haritaki & Pippali with their combined effect of Ushana
virya, Katu, Tikta rasa & Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna Gunas, might be
causing Kapha Vilayana & Haritaki with its Shodhana Karma help to
keep Indriyas clean & healthy.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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Dryness of eyes was corrected with the help of Haritaki &
Pippali more effectively as compared to Plain Haritaki, as Ambu
Shoshan action of Plain Haritaki due to its Kashaya Rasa might have
been seen if consumed for long period. Which was not the case seen
when given in combination with Pippali where the results were
superior then plain Haritaki.
Last but not the least with its Balya, Chakshushya & Netrya
Karma Haritaki plays vital role in enhancing the action on Eyes &
Vision as described by various Acharya.
EFFECT ON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:-
(APPETITE, BOWEL-HABITS, GASES.) Here the effect of drugs in both the groups showed significant
changes when the results were analysed before & after the study.
But in terms of comparision between two groups there was not
much significance.
In terms of Bowel habits Plain Haritaki was proven to be
superior then Rutu-Haritaki as Plain Haritaki itself has Prabhava of
Tridoshahara & Anulomana inspite of having Kashaya rasa
pradhanya which otherwise is known for its stambhan effect.
In terms of Appetite & Gases Rutu-Haritaki group was seen
slightly superior then Plain Haritaki group. It might be due to
Tikshna, Ushana Gunas & Yogvahi properties of Pippali along with its
Madhur vipaka which augmented the effect on Appetite of the
subjects
Same cause & effect result in terms of Gases might be seen
with additional property of Purisha-Bhedana guna of Pippali.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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EFFECT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS:-(LAZZINESS, STRESS & ANXITY, SLEEP.)
Again here effect on individual groups was seen remarkably
improved, but the difference was not significant statistically when
compared.
There are many factors which are responsible for psychology of an
individual like:-
Nature of an individual,
Habits,
Surrounding atmosphere,
Ability to handle pressure & react on it etc.
When these factors were considered effect of Haritaki did brought
some changes in both groups.
It might be due to its Balya, Medhya & Indriyabalya action along
with Rasayana karma helps to overcome the psychological effect of the
body, this not only works on Sharira Bhavas but also on Manas Bhavas
as rightly said in Ayurveda.
Similarly when used in combination with Pippali which along with
its Sukshma-Strotogami action, works equally on Manasa Bhavas.
Pippali‘s Majja-gami action is also well known which might works
as stimulant with all its properties to overcome the psychological
action of the body.
EFFECT ON SKIN COMPLEXION:-
As it is also one of the Indriyas mentioned in Ayurveda,
Rasayana effect was also best seen in this factor.
Use of plain Haritaki is mentioned in conditions like Kushtha,
Visarpa etc as it avoids the formation of pus & also works best in
combination with oil on wounds.
Here its action on Skin was clearly visible in terms of
Complexion.
It was further helped with Pippali with its Strotogami action
allowing clearing the avrodha if any & also it is popularly known for its
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 125 -
action on Rakta Dhatu, which has Ashraya-Ashrayi relation with pitta &
indirectly with Twacha & its Complexion.
By increasing the Dhatu-Agni in the body it acts more strongly,
as the relation of skin & Rakta Dhatu & pitta dosha is closely stated in
Ayurveda for which root of administration is the best example.
EFFECT ON EXERCISE TOLERANCE:-
This factor is more concerned with the stamina and or ability
to perform work physically and or fatigability of an individual.
If seen from Ayurvedic point of view these factors might be
related with the potency of Rasa, Mansa, and Shukra Dhatu of the
individual along with Ooja. While describing Haritaki various
synonyms were seen as-
Rasayani, Amruta, Medhya, Kayastha, Vayastha,
This synonym indirectly gives the action of Haritaki on the
respective factors. As in the era of Ayurveda synonyms were quoted
on the factors like their actions, place of availability, appearance etc.
With its properties like Pancharasatmaka, Madhur vipaki,
Ushana viryaatmaka & yet Tridoshahara it definitely will help to
increase the stamina of the individual.
When used with Madhur vipaki, Anushnasheeta viryatmaka,
Agnidipak & balya Pippali, it helps to aggravate its Rasayana & Balya
action on all Dhatus, Oojas & ultimately on the body as a whole.
EFFECT ON HAIRFALL:-
Here hairfall was not the only thing which was observed.
Various terms are stated in Ayurveda like Romakshatana,
Romaranjjana, Keshavardhana, and Kesharanjjana. This was
collectively studied here.
Obstruction in the path of nourishment of the hair is one of the
major cause of hair fall & weak hair it is described very well in
„Khalitya‟ & „Indralupta‟ in Ayurveda.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
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The main cause for this is Tridoshas & Rakta. Prakupit Vata &
pitta along with dushta Rakta are responsible for hair fall. Also
prakupit kapha causes avrodha for nourishment & development of
new & healthy hairs.
Haritaki being Tridoshahara along with its ushana virya &
Ruksha, laghu guna works on kapha-avrodha. & with its madhura
vipaka & pancharasatmaka properties along with Rasayana karma
provides nourishment to the hairs.
With Pippali again the same action is seen aggravated, & also
its action on Rakta Dhatu & Rakta vaha Strotas is well known which
gives more beneficial effects as compared to Haritaki alone.
EFFECT ON OTHER COMPLAINTS:-
Under this head there are some mixed complaints other then above
factors which are as follows:-
Kasa, Shwasa, Sheerashoola, Amlapitta, Angamarda etc.
Action of Pippali on Shwasa, Kasa is well known as it works
very well on diseases related to Respiratory system.
Here the effect on Rutu-Haritaki group was seen superior than
plain Haritaki group. But it was also good to see the effect of
Haritaki & Pippali on Acidity as in few subjects; symptoms were seen
drastically reduced in single follow-up.
Similarly in sheerashoola the symptoms were reduced in Rutu-
Haritaki group more effectively then plain Haritaki group. This might
be because of action of Tikshna, ushana drugs from Rutu-Haritaki on
Avrodhajanya Samprapti of Sheerashool.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 127 -
SUMMARY:-
Chap. 1:- Literary review.
It contain description of various basic parameters like Rutu, Rutucharya,
Rasayana, Anupana, Drushti-Mandya, etc from Ayurvedic point of view, &
climate, weather, disorders related to vision etc.
Chap. 2:- Drug review.
It contains the description of Drug used for the study (Haritaki, Pippali).
Other than that combined effect of Haritaki & its various Anupana‘s is
stated in brief to understand its action with respective Rutu.
Chap. 3:- Methodology.
It contains the plan of work / protocol which was followed during the
study.
Chap. 4:- Observations & Presentation of Data.
It contains the graphical presentation of the observations like Age,
Occupation etc & its significance.
Chap. 5:- Statistical Analyses:-
It contains the statistical data of the observation obtained.
First the statistics between individual groups was applied for analyzing
difference in results before & after the study.
After that results of the last follow up (at the end of 2nd month) was
compared between 2 groups.
For both the analyses Student‟s„t‟ test (paired as well as unpaired) was
applied.
Chap. 6:- Discussion.
Discussion right from literary review to observations was discussed in
this chapter. Once the results were analysed the cause & effect relation
(MüÉrÉï MüÉUhÉ) was discussed in this chapter.
Chap. 7:- Conclusion.
On the bases of the results obtained & statistical analysis done,
conclusion was stated proving safety & efficacy of Rutu-Haritaki superior
to Plain Haritaki.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 128 -
CONCLUSION:-
From the observations & results obtained it can be concluded that-
Rutu-Haritaki works more effectively as compared to plain
Haritaki in many conditions.
It would always be better to use Haritaki with its specified
Anupana‟s according to various Rutus unless specified for its
plain use.
Haritaki with its various properties might be working on the
factors as discussed in earlier chapters, but yet its work on
Anatomical and or Physiological factors can‘t be denied nor can
it be accepted blindly without proper evidences, which leaves
the scope for further research.
Hypothesis of Rutu-Haritaki being better then plain Haritaki was
approved on the basis of results & statistical analyses of the collected
data.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 129 -
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
Ayurvedic Ref. :-
SR.
NO.
NAME OF
BOOK
AUTHOR EDITION
/
YEAR
PUBLICATION
1. Charak
Samhita
Acharya
Vidyadhar
Shukla
2002 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
2. Sushrut
Samhita
Kaviraj
Dr. Ambikadutta
Shashtri
12th Ed.
2001
Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
3. Ashtanga -
Hrudaya
Kaviraj Atrideva
Gupta
14th Ed.
2003
Chowkhamba
Krishnadas
Acadamy
4. Ashtanga –
Sangraha
Kaviraj Atrideva
Gupta
2005 Chowkhamba
Krishnadas
Acadamy
5. Bavprakash Prof. K. R.
Srikantha Murthy
2004 Chowkhamba
Krishnadas
Acadamy
6. Yogaratnakar Shri Bramha
Shankar Shastri
2004 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
7. Sharangdhara
Samhita
Dr. P. Himasagar
Chandra Murthy
1st Ed.
2001
Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
8. Chakradutta Dr. Indradeva
Tripathi
2010 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Bharati
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 130 -
9. Bhaishajya
Ratnavali
Kaviraj
Ambikadutta
Shashtri
13th Ed.
1999
Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
10. Bhela Samhita K. M. Krishna
Murthy
2005 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
11. Kashyapa
Samhita
Pandit Hemaraj
Sharma
1988 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
12. Ayurvediya
Sabdakosh
Venimadhavshastri
Joshi
1968 Mahrashtra
govt. Press.
13. Gheranda
Samhita
Shrivastav
Sureshchandra
1997 Khemraj
Prakashan
14. Vangasen
Samhita
Dr. Nirmal
Saxsena
2004 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Series office
15. Madanal
Niganthu
Ramprasad
Patiyala
2008 Khemraj
Shrikrishna
Prakashan
16. Raj Niganthu Dr. Indradev
Tripathi
3rd Ed.
2003
Chowkhamba
Krishnadas
Acadamy
17. Niganthu
Adarsha
Bapala G. Vaidya 2007 Chowkhamba
Bharti Acadamy
18. Shaligram
Niganthu
Lala Shaligram
Vaishya
2004 Khemraj
Shrikrishna
Prakashan
19. Dhanvantri
Niganthu
Dr. S. D. Kamat 2002 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 131 -
20. Dravyaguna
Vidnyana
Vd. V. M. Gogte 2008 Vaidyamitra
Prakashan
21. Ayurved
pharmacology
& Theruptic
use of
medicine
Vd. V. M. Gogte 2008 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
22. Indian
Medicinal
plants
Kirtikar, Basu 2008 International
Book
Distributors.
23. Indian
Materia
Medica
Dr. Nadkarni K. M. 2005 Bombay
Popular
Prakashan
24. Swasthavritta
Vidnyana
Vd. Vijay Patrikar 3rd Ed.
2007
Godavari
Publication &
book
Promoters
25. Swasthavritta
Vidnyana
Rama Harsha
Singh
2002 Chowkhamba
Sanaskrit
Sansthan
26. Charucharya 2002 AYUSH
27. Swasthavritta Ranade, Paranjpe,
Sathey
3rd Ed.
2002
Anmol
prakashana
28. Shalya
Shalakya
Tantra
Vd. S. G. Joshi 2nd Ed.
2001
Pune Sahitya
Vitaran
29. Anupana
Manjiri
1972 Gujrat Ayurved
University
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF “HARITAKI” & “RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISION.”
- 132 -
Vedic Ref. :-
36. Vedic Index 1-2 A. A. Macdonald,
A. B. Koth,
Ramkumar Rai
1912 Chowkhamba
Vidyabhavan
37. Rigved ka
Subodh Bhasya
1-2
Bramharishi M. M.
P. Sripad Damodar
Satvalekar
1970 Swadyaya
Mandala Pardi
38. Samaveda Bramharishi M. M.
P. Sripad Damodar
Satvalekar
1970 Swadyaya
Mandala Pardi
39. Atharveda 1-5 Bramharishi M. M.
P. Sripad Damodar
Satvalekar
1984 Swadyaya
Mandala Pardi
Modern Ref. :-
30. PSM K Park 20th Ed.
2009
Bhanot
Publication
31. Principal of
Internal
Medicine
(Harrison‘s)
Kasper,
Braunwald, Fauci.
17th Ed.
Mc Graw Hill
32. Davidson‘s
Principles and
practice of
medicine
Edwards et al. 17th ed. Churchill living
stone
33. Essential of
Opthalmology
S. K. Basak 4th Ed. Currat Book
International
34. Comprehensive
Opthalmology
A. K. Khurana 4th Ed. New Age
International
Publication
35. Parson‘s
Diseases of
Eye
Stephen J. H.
Miller
18th Ed.
1992
Churchill living
stone
Pt. No.
REFRACTIVE ERROR RIGHT EYE REFRACTIVE ERROR LEFT EYE VISUAL ACUITY RIGHT EYE VISUAL ACUITY LEFT EYE
RER 1
RER 15
RER 30
RER 45
RER 60
REL 1
REL 15
REL 30
REL 45
REL 60
VAR 1
VAR 15
VAR 30
VAR 45
VAR 60
VAL 1
VAL 15
VAL 30
VAL 45
VAL 60
1 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 - 0 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\12 6\12 6\12 6\6 6\6
2 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\18p 6\18p 1\12p 1\12p 6\9p 6\18p 6\18p 1\12p 1\12p 6\9p
3 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9p
4 -2 - -2 - -2 0 - 0 - 0 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\24 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\6 6\6
5 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\18p 6\18p 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\18p 6\18p 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p
6 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\24 6\12p 6\12p 6\12 6\12 6\24 6\12p 6\12p 6\12 6\12
7 -1 - -1 - -1 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 6\18p 6\18p 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\18p 6\18p 6\18 6\18 6\9p
8 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\9 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\9
9 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\18 6\18
10 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.5 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.5 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18
11 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\24 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\24
12 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\36 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18
13 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\12p 6\12p 6\12p 6\6p 6\6p 6\12p 6\12p 6\12p 6\6p 6\6p
14 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9
15 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\24 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\9 6\24 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\9
16 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p
17 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\36 6\12 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\36 6\12
18 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\9
19 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\18
20 -1 - -1 - -1 -1 - -1 - -1 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9
21 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\9 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\9
22 -1 - -1 - -1 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\18 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\38 6\18
GROUP A - PLAIN HARITAKI
Pt. No.
DRYNESS OF EYES SKIN COM0ECTION APPETITE MOTION (BOWEL HABITS)
DE1 DE15 DE30 DE45 DE60 SC1 SC15 SC30 SC45 SC60 AT1 AT15 AT30 AT45 AT60 BH1 BH15 BH30 BH45 BH60
1 19 - 22 - 25 6 5 5 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 13 - 15 - 18 11 11 11 10 10 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
3 20 - 21 - 24 8 8 7 8 7 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
4 18 - 20 - 23 14 14 13 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
5 14 - 18 - 19 14 14 14 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1
6 19 - 19 - 21 10 10 9 9 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 20 - 21 - 21 6 6 5 5 4 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 1
8 14 - 16 - 17 16 16 15 15 14 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1
9 18 - 20 - 22 12 12 11 11 10 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
10 14 - 16 - 19 6 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
11 20 - 21 - 21 13 13 13 12 12 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
12 16 - 18 - 19 9 9 8 8 8 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1
13 13 - 14 - 16 8 8 7 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
14 18 - 19 - 20 7 7 6 6 5 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
15 15 - 16 - 17 6 6 6 5 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
16 18 - 20 - 22 8 8 8 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
17 14 - 16 - 18 7 7 6 6 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
18 20 - 21 - 23 8 8 7 7 7 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
19 15 - 16 - 18 12 12 12 11 11 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
20 19 - 21 - 22 6 6 6 5 5 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
21 15 - 18 - 19 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 1
22 18 - 20 - 21 9 9 8 8 8 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 2 1
GROUP A - PLAIN HARITAKI
Pt. No.
GASES LAZINESS SLEEP EXERCISE TOLERANCE
GS1 GS15 GS30 GS45 GS60 LZ1 LZ15 LZ30 LZ45 LZ60 SL1 SL15 SL30 SL45 SL60 ET1 ET15 ET30 ET45 ET60
1 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1
3 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
4 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
6 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
7 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
9 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 1
10 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1
11 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
12 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
13 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1
15 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
16 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1
17 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
18 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
19 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
20 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
21 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
22 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
GROUP A - PLAIN HARITAKI
Pt. No.
HAIR FALL STRESS/ANXITY OTHER COM0AINTS OTHERS COM0AINTS
HF1 HF15 HF30 HF45 HF60 ST1 ST15 ST30 ST45 ST60 OC1 OC 15
OC 30
OC 45
OC 60
OCA 1
OCA 15
OCA 30
OCA 45
OCA 60
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
7 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 0
8 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 0
11 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 0
15 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0
19 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0
GROUP A - PLAIN HARITAKI
Pt. No
REFRACTIVE ERROR RIGHT EYE REFRACTIVE ERROR LEFT EYE VISUAL ACUITY RIGHT EYE VISUAL ACUITY LEFT EYE
RER
1
RER
15
RER
30
RER
45
RER
60
REL
1
REL
15
REL
30
REL
45
REL
60
VAR
1
VAR
15
VAR
30
VAR
45
VAR
60
VAL
1
VAL
15
VAL
30
VAL
45
VAL
60
1 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\24 6\24 6\18 6\18 6\9p
2 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\9 6\6p 6\18 6\18 6\9p 6\9 6\6p
3 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6
4 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\36 6\24p 6\24 6\9p 6\9p 6\36 6\24p 6\24 6\9p 6\9p
5 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 6\12p 6\12 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\12p 6\12 6\9 6\6p 6\6p
6 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 6\9p 6\9p 6\9 6\9 6\6 6\9p 6\9p 6\9 6\9 6\6
7 -2 - -2 - -2 -2 - -2 - -2 6\9p 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\6 6\9p 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\6
8 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1 6\18p 6\18p 6\6P 6\6p 6\6 6\18p 6\18p 6\6P 6\6p 6\6
9 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6
10 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.25 6\9p 6\9p 6\9p 6\9 6\6 6\9p 6\9p 6\9p 6\9 6\6
11 -2 - -2 - -2 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\60 6\60 6\36 6\36 6\24
12 -2 - -2 - -2 -1.75 - -1.75 - -1.75 6\18 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\6p 6\18 6\9p 6\9p 6\6p 6\6p
13 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\9 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6 6\12 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6
14 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 6\18 6\18 6\12 6\12 6\9 6\18 6\18 6\12 6\12 6\9
15 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\24 6\24 6\12 6\12 6\9 6\24 6\24 6\12 6\12 6\9
16 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 -1.5 - -1.5 - -1.5 6\18 6\12 6\12 6\6p 6\6 6\18 6\12 6\12 6\6p 6\6
17 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 -1.25 - -1.25 - -1.25 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\6p 6\36 6\36 6\18 6\18 6\6p
18 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.5 - -0.5 6\9 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\12 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p
19 -0.25 - -0.25 - -0.25 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 6\24 6\24 6\24 6\24 6\12 6\36 6\36 6\24 6\24 6\12
20 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 6\9p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6 6\9p 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6
21 -0.5 - -0.5 - -0.25 0 - 0 - 0 6\12 6\12 6\9 6\9 6\6 6\6p 6\6p 6\6 6\6 6\6
22 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 -0.75 - -0.75 - -0.5 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p 6\9 6\9 6\6p 6\6p 6\6p
GROUP B -RUTU HARITAKI
Pt. No DRYNESS OF EYES SKIN COM0ECTION APPETITE MOTION (BOWEL HABITS)
DE1 DE15 DE30 DE45 DE60 SC1 SC15 SC30 SC45 SC60 AT1 AT15 AT30 AT45 AT60 BH1 BH15 BH30 BH45 BH60
1 18 - 20 - 22 8 8 7 6 6 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1
2 17 - 21 - 24 5 4 4 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1
3 12 - 18 - 23 7 6 6 5 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 14 - 19 - 23 8 7 6 6 5 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
5 16 - 20 - 22 12 11 10 10 9 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
6 18 - 20 - 25 9 8 8 7 6 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 1
7 12 - 16 - 20 12 11 10 10 9 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
8 13 - 18 - 22 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 2 1 2 1 1
9 18 - 20 - 23 7 6 5 4 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
10 21 - 23 - 25 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 1
11 13 - 18 - 22 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
12 15 - 19 - 22 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
13 20 - 23 - 25 10 9 9 8 7 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
14 14 - 19 - 22 8 8 7 7 6 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
15 17 - 21 - 24 8 8 7 7 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
16 20 - 23 - 27 8 8 7 7 7 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1
17 18 - 20 - 24 10 10 9 9 8 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1
18 15 - 18 - 20 9 9 8 7 6 2 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 1
19 16 - 20 - 23 8 7 6 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1
20 12 - 15 - 20 7 6 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
21 14 - 18 - 22 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
22 10 - 13 - 22 15 15 13 12 11 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
GROUP B -RUTU HARITAKI
Pt. No GASES LAZINESS SLEEP EXERCISE TOLERANCE
GS1 GS15 GS30 GS45 GS60 LZ1 LZ15 LZ30 LZ45 LZ60 SL1 SL15 SL30 SL45 SL60 ET1 ET15 ET30 ET45 ET60
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
4 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
5 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
6 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0
7 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
9 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 1
10 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
11 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
12 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1
13 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0
14 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
15 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
16 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 0
17 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1
18 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
19 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
20 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
21 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0
22 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
GROUP B -RUTU HARITAKI
Pt. No HAIR FALL STRESS/ANXITY OTHER COM0AINTS OTHERS COM0AINTS
HF1 HF15 HF30 HF45 HF60 ST1 ST15 ST30 ST45 ST60 OC1 OC15 OC30 OC45 OC60 OCA1 OCA15 OCA30 OCA45 OCA60
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 0
3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0
5 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
9 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1
12 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 0 2 2 1 1 0
13 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0
14 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0
20 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0
21 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
GROUP B -RUTU HARITAKI
“COMPARETIVE STUDY OF HARITAKI & RUTU-HARITAKI-RASAYANA WITH
SPECIAL REFRENCE TO VISION”
Date:-_________
Name of the patient:- ___________________ AGE:-_____
Add:- ________________________ Sex:- M/F
________________________ Religion:- ________
Education: - ________________ Occupation:- _____________
Marital status:- _____________ Date of birth :- __/___/____
OPD no.:- __________________
PRADHANA VEDANA:-
SR. NO. LAKSHANAs/ COMPLAINTS DISCRIPTION
1 REFRACTIVE ERROR.
2 VISUAL ACUITY.
3 DRYNESS OF EYES.
4 SKIN COMPLEXION.
5 GENERALIZE FEELING OF
WELLBEING
6 OTHER COMPLAINTS IF ANY
HISTORY OF PAST ILLNESS:-
HISTORY OF SURGICAL ILLNESS (if any):-____________________________
FAMILY HISTORY:- __________________________________
PERSONAL HISTORY:-
1) Aahar (Diet):- veg/non-veg(mixed)
Morning Brakefast:- ______________
Lunch:- ________________________
Dinner:- _______________________
2) Vihara:-
Sleep:- Day_________hrs.
Night _______ hrs.
Disturbed/Sound sleep
NAME OF DISEASE DURATION
Bowels:-
Regular/Constipated/others___________________
Watching T/V:-_______hrs/day
Exercise:-
Jogging/Running/Walking/
Swimming/Games/No Exercise.
Habits:-
Cold drinks/Ice creams/tea/Coffee/
Tobacco/Pan/Alcohol/Smoking.
Menstrual history(for female subjects):-
Regular/Irregular. Menarche age._____.
PRESENTLY TAKING TREATMENT (if any):-
NAME OF MEDICINE DURATION RESULTS
PRAKRUTI VINISHCHAYA:-
SHARIRA PRAKRUTI:- ______________________________.
MANASIKA PRAKRUTI:- ____________________________.
ASHTAVIDHA PARIKSHANA:-
1) MALA:-
Swaroop:- Drava/Ghana/Snighdha/Ruksha/Granthil.
Saama/Nirama.
Varna:- Shwetabha/Pitabha/Raktabha/Krishanabha.
Gandha:- Prakrit/Durgandhita.
2) MUTRA:-
Pramana:- Alpa/Prabhuta/Madhyam.
Varna:- Prakrita/Swetabha/Pitabha/Raktabha.
Pravriti:- (Sukhapravriti/Atipravriti/Avilpravriti/
Sakashtapravriti/Sadahapravriti)
3) NADI:-
Vega:- ____/min, manda/jalada.
Bala:- _____________________.
Sparsh:- ushna/sheeta.
4) JIVAHA:-
Varna:- Shwetabha/Pitabha/Raktabha/Shyava.
Swaroop:- saama/niraam
5) SHABDA:-
Ksheena/gadgad/aspashta/spashta/muka/gambhir.
6) SPARSHA:-
Sheeta/Ushana.
Snighdha/Ruksha/Khara
7) DRUKA:-
Swaroopa:- dirgha drishti/rhaswa drishti/sateja /chanchala.
8) AKRUTI:-
Krusha/madhyama/Sthoola.
OBSERVATIONS:-
SR.NO SYMPTOMS BEFORE
T/t DAY 1 DAY 15 DAY 30 DAY 45 DAY 60 DAY 75
1. Refractive Error.
2. Visual Acuity.
3. Dryness of Eyes.
(Schirmer’s test)
4. Skin complexion
5. GENERALLIZE FELLING OF WELLBEING
5a. Appetite :-
5b. Motions:-
5c. Gases:-
5d. Laziness:-
5e. Sleep:-
5f. Exercise Tolerance:-
5g. Hair fall:-
5h. Stress/Anxity:-
5i. Body Movements:-
5j. Others (if any)
PATHYA/APATHYA:-
CONCLUSIONS;-
CURED(Complete relief in all signs & symptoms).
MARKEDLY IMPROVED.
IMPROVED.
UNCHANGED.
I give my full consent for all the diagnosis, procedures & treatment of my illness at
my own risk after getting all the facts, merits, demerits of the study.
(Signature of Scholar) (Signature of patient)
(Signature of Guide) (Signature of in charge Consultant)