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Anthony Germanchev ARRB Group
AusIntermodal Conference 9-10 October 2013
The evolution of trucks
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In the beginning
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• Darwin published his theory of evolution in the book
“On the Origin of Species” in 1859
• He established that all species of life have descended
over time from common ancestors, and proposed the
scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution
resulted from a process called natural selection.
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Theory of evolution
“preservation of favourable
variations, and rejection of
injurious variations”
“surrounded by barriers, into
which new and better adapted
forms could not enter”
“man can only act on external and
visible characters; nature cares
nothing for appearance”
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• Limitations of infrastructure
– bridges, pavements, road space.
• Maintaining safety standards
– stability, maneuverability.
• Appeasing the community
– public perception, road users, environment.
• Performing the freight task
– freight types, distance, last mile access, loading.
A truck’s environment
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Difficulties with the theory
• “longer heavier trucks are intentionally promoted…in biology, evolutionary theory is never intentionally promoted; rather, evolution occurs as the result of accident: a mutation occurs in gene(s) that favours an organism adaptation to an environmental condition”
• “Unlike organisms, trucks do not evolve by their own design, trucks do not carry genes, and trucks do not engage in sexual reproduction.”
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Truck species
Tri-axle Semi
A-double road train
A-triple road train
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A new species B-type combinations
B-double
B-triple
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Total road freight moved by vehicle type
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10
20
30
40
50
60 B-doubles
Six-axle semi-trailers
Five-axle semi-trailers (or less)
Freight share %
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Adapted from Dept. of Transport (Victoria)
First B-double on Hume Hwy,
Sydney-Melbourne 500
10,000
Freight trends
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Freight trends
0
5
10
15
20
25Articulated trucks
Rigid trucks
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
tonnes per vehicles
Source: Adapted from Dept. of Transport (Victoria)
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Local advances in productivity
• Many advances in productivity over the years
Productivity improvement Year
Gross vehicle mass (GVM) increase 1950s
Trailer length increase 1989
Introduction of B-doubles 1990s
Increases in cubic capacity 1997
Truck and dog trailer improvements 1997
Introduction of PBS 2000s
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Types of heavy vehicles
1. General access – ‘as of right’ complying with ADRs and AVSRs
2. Restricted access Notices – exemption notices or gazettes. e.g. SPVs. – access and conditions can vary between states Permits – period or single trip permits with operating conditions – PBS with level of access based on performance – access and conditions can vary between states
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• Performance Based Standards, established 2008
• Innovative regulatory scheme for innovative vehicles
• Focuses on what the truck can do, not what it looks like
Source: NTC
The Effect of Regulatory Habitat
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The Standards
Vehicle Powertrain Standards
Vehicle Stability Standards
High speed dynamic performance
Vehicle Manoeuvrability
Vehicle Ride and Handling
Infrastructure Standards
Source: NTC
Startability
Gradeability
Acceleration Capability Static Rollover Threshold
Directional Stability Under Braking
Yaw Damping Coefficient
Frontal Swing
Low Speed Swept Path
Tail Swing
Steer Tyre Friction Demand
High Speed Transient Off Tracking
Rearward Amplification
Tracking Ability On A Straight Path
Ride Quality*
Handling Quality*
* Assessment against this standard is not required
Pavement Horizontal Loading
Pavement Vertical Loading
Tyre Contact Pressure Distribution
Bridge Loading
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PBS truck and 3 axle dog
6.5t 17.0t 9.0t 17.0t
GCM: 49.5t
PBS truck and 4 axle dog
17.0t
GCM: 57.5t
18380
4300
4950 4400
17.0t
20000
3000 3000
5800
Efficiency gain = new payload/old payload
= 40.0 t/33.0 t
= ~20% increase
PBS truck and 5 axle dog
22.5t
GCM: 63.0t
17.0t 22.5t
21900
3000
6100 6200
Efficiency gain = new payload/old payload
= 45.0 t/40.0 t
= ~10% increase
PBS truck and 6 axle dog
22.5t
GCM: 68.5t
23800
6900 7500
Efficiency gain = new payload/old payload
= 50.0 t/ 45.0 t
= ~10%
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Truck and trailer
• Rigid and 3-axle dog trailer Payload: Building materials
Length: 19.0 m
Gross mass: 45 tonnes
6.5 t
16.5 t 9.0 t
13 t
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Truck and trailer
• Rigid and 5-axle dog trailer Payload: Grain
Length: 23 m
Gross mass: 63 tonnes
6.5 t 17.0 t 17.0 t 22.5 t
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Payload: Sand and gravel
Length: 26 m
Gross mass: 68 tonnes
Six axle truck and dog
22.5 t
22.5 t
17.0 t 6.0 t
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Matching vehicles to the roads
General access
Bes
t
Most restricted access
Level 4
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
per
form
ance
W
ors
t
Steerable Steerable
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Network access - NSW
< 4.3 m high bridge
Travel conditions apply on this route
Exception routes (not approved)
19m B-double routes (over 50t)
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Network access - WA
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Network 10
Network 4
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Interactive mapping
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Network 10
Truck bay Network 10 (with conditions)
Network 4
Network 4 (with conditions)
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Payload: Containers
Length: 30.0 m
Gross mass: 77.5 tonnes
‘40-40’ B-double
27.0 t 27.0 t 17.0 t 6.5 t
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Payload: Containers
Length: 30.0 m
Gross mass: 79.5 tonnes
‘40-40’ A-double
20.0 t 16.5 t
20.0 t
16.5 t 6.5 t
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Payload: Mineral sands
Length: 37.5 m
Gross mass: 136.2 tonnes
PBS approved – triple road train
6.7 t 17.0 t
22.5 t 22.5 t 22.5 t
22.5 t 22.5 t
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The National Regulator age
The NHVR will provide national:
• registration of heavy vehicles
• standards heavy vehicles must meet when on roads
• the maximum permissible mass and dimensions of heavy vehicles used on roads
• consistent network access and conditions.
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the next decade
Implementation:
• infrastructure assessment tools
• databases (bridge database)
• interactive mapping
• training, education, overcoming public perception.
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