Download - Anomalies
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ANOMALIES
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HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
0Absence of brain tissue in the midline0Fusion of lateral ventricles to form a single chamber0Eye field area fails to separate
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Schizencephaly
0Formation of clefts in cerebral hemisphere0Loss of brain tissue may also occur
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Defects in ossification of skull bones
0Most common is that of sq.part of occipital bone0 If opening is small, only the herniation of meninges
takes place(Meningocele)0 If large , cranial tissue may also be
involved(Meningoencephalocele)0 If ventricles also
involved(Meningohydroencephalocele)
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Exencephaly
0Failure of closure of neural folds in cephalic region0Vault of skull is absent0Nervous tissue is exposed, degenerates and becomes
necrotic---anencephaly0Swallowing reflex absent— Hydramnios present
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Craniorachischisis
0 If NTD(Failure of closure) extends upto the spinal cord—craniorachischisis----Anencephaly occurs
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Hydrocephalus
0Abn.accumulation of CSF in ventricles0Most common cause is the obstruction in aqueduct of
Sylvius0Pressure on brain and skull
bones---opening/widening of skull---large sized skull0Sometimes thinning of brain tissue and bones also
occurs
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Arnold-Chiari Syndrome
0Caudal displacement and herniation of cerebellar structures
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Microencephaly
0Underdevelopment of brain and overlying skull0CAUSES:0Fetal insults by0DRUGS0RADIATION0TERATOGENS0 INFECTIONS(Rubella,Toxoplasmosis,Cytomegalovirus
)0Maternal alcohol abuse
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ABSENCE OF CORPUS CALLOSUM
0Without much functional disturbence
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ABSENCE OF CEREBELLUM
0Only a little difficulty in coordination