Download - Animals: The Invertebrates
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Animals: The Invertebrates
Chapter 23
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Key Concepts:
All animals are multicelled, aerobic heterotrophs
Animals originated about 900 million years ago
Comparisons of body plans of existing animals with fossil records reveal that there were several trends in the evolutions of certain lineages
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Key Concepts:
Divergences gave rise to two major lineages: those of the mollusks, annelids, and arthropods and the other one to the echinoderms and chordates
The arthropods, especially the insects, have been the most successful animal groups
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Evolutionary Tree Diagram
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Overview of the Animal Kingdom
Animals Multicellular Heterotrophs Oxygen is required Sexual reproduction (some asexual) Motile - in part of life cycle Embryonic development Mitotic cell divisions in embryo
Tissue layers
•Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
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Diversity in Body Plans
Vertebrates Mammals
birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes
Invertebrates No backbones
Body symmetry & Cephalization ( sense in the head) Gut
Body cavity
Segmentation
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Examples of Body Symmetry
Radial Live in
water
Bilateral Mirror
image
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Type of Body Cavity in Animals
Gut, body cavities, segmentation
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Type of Body Cavity in Animals
Lined body cavity
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SpongesSuccess in Simplicity
No symmetry, tissues, or organs
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SpongesSuccess in Simplicity
A basket sponge releasing a cloud of sperm
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Tissues in a Jellyfish
The sea nettle, a jellyfish
(Chrysaora)
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Stages in Cnidarian Life Cycles
Both polyp and medussa body forms
Physalia Portuguese Man-of-War
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Flatworms:Turbellarians, Flukes & Tapeworms
Nervous system in a Planarian
Reproductive system in a Planarian
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Tapeworms
Parasitic
Scolex
Proglottids
Hermaphroditic
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Roundworms
Most abundant multicelled animal Bilateral symmetry
Cylindrical body
Cuticle
Complete digestive system
Male and female
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Flukes
Parasitic
Sexual or asexual phases
Two hosts Snail
Human
Life Cycle of Schistosoma japonicum
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A Sampling of Mollusks
Mollusk Soft body
Shell
Mantle
Fleshy foot
Gastropods-snails
Chitons
Bivalves-clams
Cephalopods-squid
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Evolutionary Experiments with Body Plans
Radula is used to scrape food into
the mouth
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Evolutionary Experiments with Body Plans
Body Plan of a clam
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Evolutionary Experiments with Body Plans
Body Plan of a cuttlefish,
a cephalopod
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Annelids: Segments Galore
Bilateral
Segmented
Earthworms
Leeches
Polychaetes
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Earthworm Body Plan
Coelomic chambers A nephridium
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Earthworm Body Plan
Portion of the closed circulatory system
Part of the digestive system
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Earthworm Body Plan
Part of the nervous system
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Arthropods: The Most Successful Organisms on
Earth-Arthropods
Over one million species
Trilobites (extinct)
Chelicerates Spiders
Crustaceans Barnacles and crabs
Uniramians Centipedes, millipedes, insects
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Adaptations of Insects and Other Arthropods
Hardened exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
Fused and modified segments
Respiratory structures
Specialized Sensory Structures
Division of labor
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A Look at Spiders
Organization of a Spider Body
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A Look at Crustaceans
Shrimps, lobsters, crabs, barnacles
A Lobster
A Copepod
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Life Cycle of a Crab
Continuous molting
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A Look at Insect Diversity
Head, thorax, abdomen
Sensory antennae
Mouthparts
3 pairs of legs
2 pairs of wings
Malphigian tubules Waste disposal
Life cycles
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A Look at Insect Diversity Examples of Appendages
Grasshopper
Fly
Butterfly
Mosquito
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Examples of Post-Embryonic Development
Silverfish
True bugs
Fruit flies
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The Puzzling Echinoderms
EchinodermsSea star
Sea urchin
Sea cucumber
Brittle stars
Body walls
Spines, spicules
Radial symmetry
Decentralized nervous system
Water-vascular system
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The Puzzling Echinoderms
Sea urchin
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Key Aspects of the Radial Body Plan of a Sea Star
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In Conclusion
Animals are multicellular, aerobic heterotrophs that ingest or parasitize other organisms
Animals range from structurally simple placozoans and sponges to vertebrates
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In Conclusion
Almost all animals more complex than cnidarians show bilateral symmetry, form tissues, organs, and organ systems
All mollusks have a fleshy soft body, and a mantle
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In Conclusion
The annelids, have a segmented body, complex organs, and coelomic chambers
Arthropods are the most successful of all groups in terms of diversity, numbers, distribution, defenses, and capacity to exploit food resources
Echinoderms have spines, spicules, or plates in their body wall
developed by M. Roig