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Animal Evolution and Diversity
Biology 201
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What is Life?
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Characteristics of Life
1. They have organization.
2. They regulate themselves.
3. They grow and develop.
4. They have metabolism.
5. They are irritable.
6. They reproduce.
7. They evolve.
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Organization (Order)
• All living things:– Complex organized structures
made of cells– Chemically based on carbon
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Regulation• Maintain a consistent internal environment• Some will be able to homeostatically control their internal environment • Ex. Reflexes (positive and negative feedback)• What are some of the parameters controlled inside living things?
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Grow and Develop
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• Acquire materials and energy from external environment and convert them into to different molecules to maintain life.
Metabolism
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Irritable
• Respond to stimuli from both living and nonliving sources
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Reproduce• Pass on biological information to
succeeding generations• Genes and DNA
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Life Evolves• Species change over time to
better adapt to their environment
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Levels of Complexity
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Community
Biomes
Populations
Organism
Organ system
OrgansTissues
Cells
Molecules
Atoms
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Animal Trivia
• Heart is the size of a average car.• Largest BV you could swim inside.• Tail fluke is the width of a small aircraft.
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Animal Lineage
• multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs
• ingest their food with internalized digestion, store CHO as glycogen
• most reproduce sexually• share common development• most have tissues (muscle,
nerves, etc.)
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Development• most form zygote from
fertilized egg• after much cell division
(cleavage) ball of cells form hollow ball blastula
• grows and rearranges into gastrula (2-3 layered embryo) formation of germ layers which give rise to tissues and the gut
• may develop directly into adult body but many form larva that undergoes metamorphosis into adult
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Metamorphsis• Larva may look and behave
very differently than adult• Change to adult completed
while in pupal stage
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Development may Reflect Evolutionary History
• early protist ancestor was probably colonial flagellate• cell specialization aided colony behavior• rearrangement of colony shape allowed further cell
specialization and the development of tissues and organs
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Artists conception of the Cambrium Sea (540 mya)
The Cambrian Explosion
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All animal phyla were well developed by late CambriumWho is your ancestor?
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Four key Events in Animal Evolution1. Development of tissues -cell lines with specific functions
2. Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry
3. Development of body cavities
4. Protostome vs. Deutrostome developmental patterns
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Symmetry
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Body Cavities
(Coelomates)
Body cavities (coeloms)allow organs to moveindependently form bodyand may act as a hyrdostaticskeleton
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Protostome vs. Deuterostomes
• the first hole that forms gut is either the anus or the mouth
• Protostomes form the mouth first
• Deuterstomes form anus first
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Classification of Life Forms:
Three Domains
• Domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archae
• Bacteria and Archae are prokaryotes
• Eukarya is divided on the basis of complexity and method of nutrition
EukaryaFungiPlantae Animalia
Protista
Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya
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Modes of Nutrition
Autotrophs
Photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
HeterotrophsPhoto-heterotroph
Chemo-heterotroph-absorbers-digesters
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• sessile adult filter feeders• flagellated larvae, no
tissues• all aquatic, most marine• types based on composition
of skeletal elements
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Sponge Body
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Sponge Types: glass, carbonate and spongin sponges
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• corals, anemones, hydras and jellies• two sets of tissues, radial symmetry• archenteron (gastrovascular cavity)
surrounded by tentacles• tentacles have cnidocytes (stinging
cells)• two body forms: polyp and medusa
(some alternate)
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Body Forms
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Polyps
Corals
Anemones
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Medusans
Lion’s Mane Jelly
Purple Stripe Jelly
A Comb Jelly
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Cnidocytes
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Typical Cnidarian Life Cycle
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• all tissues present, some head development, bilateral symmetry
• gastrovascular space, no body cavities
• Includes free living and parasitic species (flukes and tapeworms)
Platyhelminthes
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Body Form
• flattened body, organs and organ systems present
• hermaphroditic• incomplete gut (one
opening only)
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Cestoda: Tapeworms• two hosts: herbivore and predator• each proglottid is male and female and is
a reproductive factory producing 1000s of eggs
• little organ systems• see life cycle
Scolex
Proglottids
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Nematodes
• have tissues, bilateral, • pseudocoeloms, complete gut• separate sexes• most parasitic includes pinworms
and hookworms• second most abundant animal
phylum
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Nematodes
• tough outer cuticle, have gastrointestinal tract but no circulatory system
• show no segmentation and have only longitudinal muscles
• may lay more than 100,000 eggs a day
Trichinosis
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Heartworms
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Segmented Worms
• highly segmented body separated by septum• has tissues, coelom, bilateral, complete gut• closed circulatory system and extensive
nervous system• 3 classes: earthworms, polychaetes, and
leeches
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Earthworm Anatomy
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Annelid Diversity
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Annelid Diversity Christmas Tree Worm
Clam Worm
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Annelid Diversity
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Molluscs
• Triploblastic, coelomate, complete gut, bilateral
• Soft body, mostly aquatic (or very moist)• Most have shell secreted by mantle
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Body Plan
• Foot –muscular locomotion organ• Visceral Mass –internal organs• Mantle –covers visceral mass, secretes
“mother of pearl”• Most have rasping tongue -radula
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Gastropods –snails and slugs
• Glides on foot• Body grows with torsion• Most herbivorous
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Bivalves –clams, scalops, oysters, and mussels
• Filter feeders using gills• Two half shells with hinge
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Cephalopods -squids, octopus, nautilus• Internal or no shell• Most can produce ink• Use siphon for propulsion• Foot modified into tentacles
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• most successful group of animals to ever live• segmentation with high degree of
specialization• exoskeleton made of chitin• Extensive sensory structures• Open circulatory system (hemolymph)
Jointed Leg Animals
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Typical Anatomy• Specialized appendages, one
pair per body segment• Hard chitin exoskeleton
– Useful in protection– May be highly modified– Serves as muscle attachment– Impermeable to water– Most be molted to allow growth
Molting
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Four Major Groups
1. Trilobytes –extinct
2. Chelicerates -spiders, scorpions, tickshorseshoe crabs, and mites-specialized feeding appendage (chelicera)
3. Crustacea –crabs, lobsters, crayfish, isopods
4. Uniramia –insects, millipedes, and centipedesInsects make up the largest class of animals
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Chelicerates
• Horseshoe crabs represent an ancient order of arthopods
• Arachnids include scorpions, spiders, mites and ticks
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Spiders
• 8 legs, chelicera modified into fangs
• Poisonous• Produces web
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Crustaceans• Mainly marine, few
freshwater and one terrestrial• Have a cephalothorax and
abdomenLobster
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Centipedes
• 2 pairs of legs per body segment• Can produce a foul smelling
fluid• Can roll up into spiral• herbivores
Millipedes
• 1 pair of legs per body segment
• Fast predators• poisonous
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Insects
• Head, thorax and abdomen
• 6 walking legs• 2 pair of wings )only
invertebrate able to fly• Extreme diversity
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Echinoderms• Deuterostomes, radial symmetry in adult• Bilateral larva• Endoskeleton with spines that protrude
through skin• Water vascular system with tube feet
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Sea Star Anatomy
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Feeding Star Fish
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Echinoderm Diversity
Sea Lilies
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Chordates
• Deuterostome, bilateral, coelomate• Complete gut, closed circulation• Includes the vertebrates (back boned
animals)
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Characteristics of all Chordates
Must be present sometime during life cycle
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• upper pictures: Tunicates look chordate like only as a larva, otherwise they are sessile filter feeders
• Right: Lancelets are poor swimmers but burrow in loose sand easily, filter feed to survive. An animal similar to these led to all vertebrates.
Primitive Invertebrate Chordates
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Can you spot your ancestor?
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Possible Chordate AncestryPre-chordate
• Sessile arm feeder• Bilateral, ciliated larva (BCL)
Living Relatives
(starfish)
Echinoderms(esp. crinoids)
Hemichordate-like• Sessile, ciliated arm feeder with
BCL• Gill slits for better feeding• Appearance of pre-notochord• Some metameric muscle in larva
Hemichordates:acorn worms; pterobranchs
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• Loss of tentacles• Post-anal tail development• Some metameric muscles• Tadpole like larva; more time
spent as larva• Notochord and dorsal hollow nerve
cord in larvaUrochordata:tunicates
Primitive vertebrate
• All chordate characteristics present• Development of kidney and other
organ systems• Extensive segmental musculature• Motile filter feeder
Cephalochordata:amphioxus
neoteny
Protochordates