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Animal Diseases
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DiseaseBroad definition – not being at ease or uncomfortable
Producers have a vested interest to keep their animals healthy
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Healthy AnimalsGrow faster and produce more profit for their owners
Some diseases are mild, others may be severe and cause rapid death
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Sick animalsUsually display outward signs of illness
Animal may be droopy, go off feed and water, be restless, have a dull haircoat
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Infectious diseasesCaused by microorganisms that invade the animal’s body
Usually contagious diseases that the animal can pass to another animal
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BacteriaLive in a wide range of conditionsLive on and in the bodies of all animalsMore numerous than the cells of the body
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BacteriaMany are beneficial
Those living in the stomachs of ruminant animals aid in digestion
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BacteriaUseful in production of foods such as cheese and sauerkraut
Many can be harmful
Invade the cells of an animal’s body
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Parasitic bacteriaMay harm the animal by feeding off the body cells or secreting a material known as a toxin
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ToxinSubstance that causes harm to an organism
A poison
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Harmful bacteriaWhen large numbers invade, the animal becomes ill
Type and form of the illness depends on the type of bacteria that invades the animal
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CocciRound spherical shaped bacteria
Some forms of pneumonia and strep are caused by this bacteria
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BacillusRod shaped
Single, pairs, or arranged in chains
Cause some serious diseases in animals
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BacillusAnthraxTetanusBlacklegIntestinal coliformSalmonella and tuberculosis
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SpirillaShaped like spirals or corkscrews
Very motile
Require moist atmosphere to live
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SpirillaLive very well in the reproductive tracts of animals
Leptospirosis
Vibrosis and spirochetosis
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Most bacteriaCan be controlled by the use of antibiotics
Penicillin was one of the first
Produced from extracts of molds
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PenicillinMany forms are now produced
Very effective against bacterial infection.
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VirusesVery tiny particle of matter composed of a core of nucleic acid and a covering of protein that protects the virus
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VirusesHave characteristics of both living and nonliving material
Are on the borderline between living and non living
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VirusesMade up of some of the material found in cells but are not cells because they do not have a nucleus or other cell parts.
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VirusesDo not grow and cannot reproduce outside a living cell
Once inside a living cell, virus reproduces using energy and materials in the invaded cell
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VirusesHarm cells by causing them to burst during reproduction
And by using material that the cell needs to function properly
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VirusViral diseases cause the animal to be sick by preventing certain cells in the body from functioning properly
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VirusMore difficult to treat than bacterial diseases
Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections
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Viral diseasesFoot and mouth disease
Influenza
Hog cholera
Pseudorabies
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Viral diseasesBest means of dealing with them is prevention
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ProtozoaMicroorganism that causes disease
Single celled organisms that are often parasitic
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ProtozoaCause harm by feeding on cells or producing toxins
African sleeping sickness
Anaplasmosis
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ProtozoaCoccidiosis
One of the most costly poultry diseases
Caused diarrhea and weight loss
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ProtozoaMost can be controlled by drugs
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The immune systemSeveral lines of defense in fighting disease
Physical barriers that keep pathogens out
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The immune systemNostrils are lined with hairs that attract particles that harbor germs before they can enter the body
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The immune systemMucous membranes secrete viscous water substance that traps and destroys bacteria and viruses
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The immune systemDigestive and respiratory systems – greatest avenue for entry
Some disease germs can live in the soil for many years
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Soil borne diseaseAnimals come into contact with the ground when they graze
Many pathogens are breathed in by livestock
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GermsSwallowed by animals are destroyed by digestive enzymes
Inhaled germs are trapped in mucous membranes of respiratory tract
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2nd line of defenseBlood cells
White and Red
Red – carry oxygen and other nutrients to other body cells
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White Blood CellsAre produced in the bone marrow
Circulate throughout the body to get rid of worn out cells
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PhagocytesWhite blood cells that intercept and destroy pathogens
Also migrate to certain organs and remain there to intercept pathogens
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White Blood CellsCirculate through other body fluids and the mucous membranes
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PhagocytesRelease chemicals that can induce the production of more white blood cells to help fight disease
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PhagocytesAn elevated WBC count indicated that there are disease organisms present in the animal’s body and a large number of phagocytes have been produced to combat them
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LymphocytesLymph glands that produce certain WBC’s
These cells react to foreign substances by releasing chemicals that kill the pathogen or inactivate the foreign substance
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AntigensSubstances that cause the release of chemicals
May be viruses, bacteria, toxins, or other substances
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AntibodiesThe chemicals released by the lymphocytes
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2nd Immune ResponseLymphocytes become memory cell and are ready to release the antibody if the antigen enters the body at a later time
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2nd Immune ResponseResponse occurs much more quickly
Lasts longer than primary response
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ImmunityMeans than an animal is protected from catching a certain disease
Animal’s body is capable of producing enough antibodies fast enough to neutralize the disease
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ImmunityActive or passive
Active –animal is more or less permanently immune
Passive – animal is only temporarily immune
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ImmunityAnimals are born with some immunityColostrum is rich in antibodiesServe the new animal until its own immune system can take over
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ImmunityAs the animal is exposed to more antigens, antibodies build up within the animal.Naturally acquired active immunity results from the animal actually contracting the disease and recovering
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Artificial ActiveInduced by injecting antigens into the animal
Causes phagocytes to react without making the animal seriously ill
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Edward JennerLate 1700’s
Began vaccination process
Smallpox and cow pox
Collected material from sores of people with cowpox
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Edward JennerInjected healthy people with material
Became mildly ill with cow pox
Then were immune
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Louis PasteurDeveloped several vaccines following Jenner’s lead
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VaccinesLive Killed or weakened strainBoth stimulate production of antibodiesKilled – less dangerous when compared to live vaccine
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Noninfectious DiseaseNot contagious
Genetic diseases
Caused by defects in the genes
Problem or disease can be passed from parent to offspring
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Genetic DiseasesCannot be spread through contact with other animalsControl of genetic diseases, using good selection practicesAvoid breeding animals that are known to have genetic defects in their line
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Nutritional DiseasesMilk fever in dairy cattle
Cows lie down and are unable to stand
Insufficient amount of Ca in the bloodstream
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Milk feverUsually cured by injection of Ca salts
Effects are immediate and dramatic
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OvereatingFounder – horses, cattle and sheepEat too much grainCauses feet to become inflamed and hooves to grow upward and outward
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PoisoningMoldy feed can contain toxins
Aflatoxins and ergot – fungi that grow on grains
Grazing on poisonous plants
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Disease preventionVaccinationHumans can carry disease from one farm to anotherMany farms require plastic boots be worn over the shoes of visitors
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QuarantineIsolation of newly purchased animals
Government regulates quarantine for animals coming into the US
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QuarantineMany states have quarantine periods or require health papers for animals crossing state linesAnimals tested positive for Brucellosis (Bangs) are branded and sent to slaughter.