André Rubbia, ETH ZürichAndré Rubbia, ETH Zürich
January, 2004
The ICARUS project
André Rubbia - January 2004 3
The ICARUS collaboration (25 institutes, ≈150 physicists)
M. Aguilar-Benitez, S. Amoruso, Yu. Andreew, P. Aprili, F. Arneodo, B. Babussinov, B. Badelek, A. Badertscher, M. Baldo-Ceolin, G. Battistoni, B. Bekman, P. Benetti, E. Bernardini, A. Borio di Tigliole, M. Bischofberger, R. Brunetti, R. Bruzzese, A. Bueno, C. Burgos, E. Calligarich, D. Cavalli, F. Cavanna, F. Carbonara, P. Cennini, S. Centro, M. Cerrada, A. Cesana, R. Chandrasekharan, C. Chen, D. B. Chen, Y. Chen, R. Cid, D. Cline, P. Crivelli, A.G. Cocco, A. Dabrowska, Z. Dai, M. Daniel, M. Daszkiewicz, C. De Vecchi, A. Di Cicco, R. Dolfini, A. Ereditato, M. Felcini, A. Ferrari, F. Ferri, G. Fiorillo, M.C. Fouz, S. Galli, D. Garcia, Y. Ge, D. Gibin, A. Gigli Berzolari, I. Gil-Botella, S.N. Gninenko, N. Goloubev, A. Guglielmi, K. Graczyk, L. Grandi, K. He, J. Holeczek, X. Huang, C. Juszczak, D. Kielczewska, M. Kirsanov, J. Kisiel, L. Knecht, T. Kozlowski, H. Kuna-Ciskal, N. Krasnikov, P. Ladron de Guevara, M. Laffranchi, J. Lagoda, Z. Li, B. Lisowski, F. Lu, J. Ma, N. Makrouchina, G. Mangano, G. Mannocchi, M. Markiewicz, A. Martinez de la Osa, V. Matveev, C. Matthey, F. Mauri, D. Mazza, A. Melgarejo, G. Meng, A. Meregaglia, M. Messina, C. Montanari, S. Muraro, G. Natterer, S. Navas-Concha, M. Nicoletto, G. Nurzia, C. Osuna, S. Otwinowski, Q. Ouyang, O. Palamara, D. Pascoli, L. Periale, G. Piano Mortari, A. Piazzoli, P. Picchi, F. Pietropaolo, W. Polchlopek, T. Rancati, A. Rappoldi, G.L. Raselli, J. Rico, L. Romero, E. Rondio, M. Rossella, A. Rubbia, C. Rubbia, P. Sala, N. Santorelli, D. Scannicchio, E. Segreto, Y. Seo, F. Sergiampietri, J. Sobczyk, N. Spinelli, J. Stepaniak, M. Stodulski, M. Szarska, M. Szeptycka, M. Szeleper, M. Terrani, R. Velotta, S. Ventura, C. Vignoli, H. Wang, X. Wang, C. Willmott, M. Wojcik, J. Woo, G. Xu, Z. Xu, X. Yang, A. Zalewska, J. Zalipska, C. Zhang, Q. Zhang, S. Zhen, W. Zipper.
ITALY: L'Aquila, LNF, LNGS, Milano, Napoli, Padova, Pavia, Pisa, CNR Torino, Torino Univ., Politec. Milano. SWITZERLAND: ETH/Zürich. CHINA: Academia Sinica Beijing. POLAND: Univ. of Silesia Katowice, Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy Krakow, Inst. of Nucl. Phys. Krakow, Jagellonian Univ. Krakow, Univ. of Technology Krakow, A.Soltan Inst. for Nucl. Studies Warszawa, Warsaw Univ., Wroclaw Univ.USA: UCLA Los Angeles.SPAIN: Univ. of Granada, CIEMATRUSSIA: INR (Moscow)
ITALY: L'Aquila, LNF, LNGS, Milano, Napoli, Padova, Pavia, Pisa, CNR Torino, Torino Univ., Politec. Milano. SWITZERLAND: ETH/Zürich. CHINA: Academia Sinica Beijing. POLAND: Univ. of Silesia Katowice, Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy Krakow, Inst. of Nucl. Phys. Krakow, Jagellonian Univ. Krakow, Univ. of Technology Krakow, A.Soltan Inst. for Nucl. Studies Warszawa, Warsaw Univ., Wroclaw Univ.USA: UCLA Los Angeles.SPAIN: Univ. of Granada, CIEMATRUSSIA: INR (Moscow)
André Rubbia - January 2004 4
The ICARUS project
Based on the Based on the liquid Argon time projection chamber technologyliquid Argon time projection chamber technology (originally developed at CERN and supported by the Italian Institute for (originally developed at CERN and supported by the Italian Institute for Nuclear Research (INFN) over many years of R&D)Nuclear Research (INFN) over many years of R&D)
Now a mature technology to detect with unprecedented quality the Now a mature technology to detect with unprecedented quality the trajectories of elementary particlestrajectories of elementary particles
Biggest achievement: Biggest achievement:
Construction of a fully instrumented 600 ton liquid argon experiment and operation on surface
Plan:Plan:
To install and operate a 3000 tons of liquid argon experiment underground at the LNGS (National Laboratory of Gran Sasso) near Rome, Italy
André Rubbia - January 2004 5
Run 960, Event 4 Collection Left
25 cm
85 cm
Cosmic ray interactions with ICARUS 600 ton
176
cm
434 cm
Run 308, Event 160 Collection Left
265 cm
142 cm
Muon decay
Shower
Hadronic interaction
A 100 kton liquid argon underground
observatory for neutrino physics
and test of matter stability
Astrophysical neutrinos
Atmospheric
E ≈ 1 GeV
SolarE ≈ 10 MeV
Supernova
E ≈ 30 MeV
Artificial neutrinos
PS
Decay
Ring
SPS
-beams
Superbeams
€
π± → μ±μ
(− )
€
μ− → e−ν eν μ
μ + → e+νeν μ
⎫ ⎬ ⎪
⎭ ⎪
€
ZA→Z m1A β ± ν e
(− )
Select focusing Select focusing signsign
Select ionSelect ion
Select ring signSelect ring sign
Matter stability
100 kton = 6x1034 nucleons
Do they live “forever” ?
Concept: 100 kton liquid Argon detector
Insulation
≈70 m
h =20 m
Electronic crates
Open detector
Liquid ArgonD
rift
Gas Argon
Summary parameters liquid Argon 100 kton
DewarDewar≈≈70 m, height ≈ 20 m, passive perlite insulated, heat 70 m, height ≈ 20 m, passive perlite insulated, heat input ≈5W/minput ≈5W/m22
Argon storageArgon storage Boiling argon, low pressure (<100 mbar overpressure)Boiling argon, low pressure (<100 mbar overpressure)
Argon total volumeArgon total volume 73118 m73118 m33 (height = 19 m), ratio area/volume≈15% (height = 19 m), ratio area/volume≈15%
Argon total massArgon total mass 102365 tons102365 tons
Hydrostatic pressure at bottomHydrostatic pressure at bottom ≈≈3 atm3 atm
Inner detector dimensionsInner detector dimensions Disc Disc ≈70 m located in gas phase above liquid phase ≈70 m located in gas phase above liquid phase
Electron drift in liquidElectron drift in liquid20 m maximum drift, HV=2 MV for 20 m maximum drift, HV=2 MV for EE=1KV/cm, =1KV/cm, vvdd≈2 mm/µs, max drift time ≈10 ms≈2 mm/µs, max drift time ≈10 ms
Charge readout viewCharge readout view2 independent perpendicular views, 3mm pitch, in gas 2 independent perpendicular views, 3mm pitch, in gas phase (electron extraction) with charge amplification (typ. phase (electron extraction) with charge amplification (typ. x100)x100)
Charge readout channelsCharge readout channels ≈≈100000100000
Readout electronicsReadout electronics 100 “ICARUS-like” racks on top of dewar (1000 channels 100 “ICARUS-like” racks on top of dewar (1000 channels per crate)per crate)
Scintillation light readout Scintillation light readout Yes (also for triggering), 1000 immersed 8“ PMT with WLS Yes (also for triggering), 1000 immersed 8“ PMT with WLS (TPB)(TPB)
Visible light readoutVisible light readout Yes (Cerenkov light), 27000 immersed 8“ PMTs or 20% Yes (Cerenkov light), 27000 immersed 8“ PMTs or 20% coverage, single photon counting capabilitycoverage, single photon counting capability
André Rubbia - January 2004 13
Detector schematic layout
LAr
Cathode (–2MV)
E-f
ield
Extraction grid
Charge readout plane
GAr
UV & visible light readout PMT + race track
(Not to scale)
E≈ 1 kV/cm
E ≈ 3 kV/cm
Electronic racks
The “dedicated” cryogenic complex
External complex
Heatexchanger
Joule-Thompsonexpansion valve
W
Q
Argonpurification
Air
Hot GAr
Electricity
Underground complexGAr
LAr
LN2, …
Concept: Cryogenic parameters
Liquid Argon 1st filling timeLiquid Argon 1st filling time 2 years (assumed)2 years (assumed)
Liquid Argon 1st filling rateLiquid Argon 1st filling rate 1,2 liters/second or 150 tons/day1,2 liters/second or 150 tons/day
Liquid Argon refilling rateLiquid Argon refilling rate ≈≈0.3 liters/second0.3 liters/second or 23000 liters/day or 23000 liters/day
Purity of liquid ArgonPurity of liquid Argon
Required level of purityRequired level of purity < 0,1 ppb of O< 0,1 ppb of O22-equivalent-equivalent
Purification methodPurification methodContinuous recirculation through Continuous recirculation through commercially available “Oxysorb” commercially available “Oxysorb” cartridgescartridges
Gas & Liquid phase purificationGas & Liquid phase purification
Wished liquid recirculation timeWished liquid recirculation time ≈≈3 months3 months
Wished gas recirculation timeWished gas recirculation time ≈≈7 days7 days
Number of purification unitsNumber of purification units 30 (15+15)30 (15+15)
Wish-list for this study
Feasibility: storage tank•Underground storage of large quantity of liquid Argon at cryogenic temperature
•Vacuum technology (external impurity tightness)
•“Clean” internal materials (e.g. SS, surface treated)
•Radiopurity of materials employed
Undergound construction strategy
•Tunnel access
•E.g. Fréjus
•Mine access
•E.g. Polish site
•Problem of space logistics
•Safety
Operation
•LAr level constant (refilling)
•LAr purity (continuous recirculation)
•Emptying?
•Safety
Feasibility: Instrumentation•Internal mechanics (our
instrumentation)
•Internal-external UHV cold-hot interface
Feasibility: Financing & time•Cost (order of magnitude)
•Construction timescale
Outlook
•Presentation of polish site
•W. Pytel
•Presentation of Fréjus site
•L. Mosca
•Discussion on how to proceed