Download - And Their Radiographic Appearance
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And Their Radiographic Appearance
BONES
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22 Bones make up the skullCranial bones include:• Occipital (one)• Frontal (one)• Parietal (two)• Temporal (two)• Sphenoid (one)• Ethmoid (one)
Cranial bones surround the brain
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The Skull Bones:
1 - mandible 2 - maxilla
3 - zygomatic 4 - nasal bone
5 - frontal bone 6 - sphenoid bone
7 - temporal 8 - occipital bone 9 - lacrimal bone
10 - ethmoid bone 11 - parietal bone
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Facial bones include:• Mandible (one)• Maxilla (two)• Zygomatic (two)• Lacrimal (two)• Nasal (two)• Inferior nasal conchal
(two)• Vomer (one)
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Terms that describe bone anatomy
• Process – general term for any prominence
• Fossa - depression on the surface of the bone
• Suture – where two bones join
• Tuberosity – bony prominance, usually where muscle attaches, ie maxillary tuberosity
Mastoid processTemporal fossasuture
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Terms that describe bone anatomy
• Notch – indentation on the edge of a bone
• Ridge – elongated prominence
• Foramen - opening
Mental foramenExternal oblique ridge
Mandibular notch
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Two types of Bone – compact and cancellous
• Cancellous bone (also called spongy bone) makes up center of bones
• Contains bone marrow spaces (called “trabeculation” on radiographs)
• More radiolucent than compact bone
trabeculation
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Compact Bone
1. Compact bone- forms plates that form outside of bones, linings for alveolus, foramina, etc…
2. Is more radiopaque because of its density
Compact bone Cancellous bone
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Compact Bone Lines Alveolus (socket)
It is also called (*and means same thing):
1. Lamina dura (on radiographs only)
2. Cribriform plate3. Cortical bone4. Alveolar bone proper
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Lamina dura(radiopaque lining)
Periodontal ligament space(radiolucent lining)
Compact bone outlines alveolar crest (when no bone has been lost due to periodontal disease!)
Alveolar crest (radiopaque)
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Do you see any compact bone outlining the alveolar crest?
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Lateral View Identification
1. Mandible2. Maxilla3. Zygomatic arch4. Condyle5. External auditory
meatus6. Temporal bone
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Lateral closeup
1. Condyle2. Articular eminence3. Coronoid process4. Ramus5. Articular fossa6. Mandibular notch7. Coronoid notch
6
7
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Temporomandibular Joint
• Mandibular condyle articulates with temporal bone in the articular fossa (also called glenoid fossa, mandibular fossa)
• Most anterior border of articular fossa is the articular eminance
• If someone opens wide and the condyle slides anterior to the eminance, the person has “lockjaw”
Articular or gleniod fossa
Articular eminance
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Lateral closeup
1. Dehiscence2. Fenestration3. Mental foramen4. Zygomatic process
of maxilla5. Alveolar bone6. Alveolar crest7. External oblique
ridge
7
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Dehiscence vs Fenestration• Bony defects of
unknown cause• Neither can be found
radiographically, only during surgery
• Fenestration, defect completely surrounded by bone
• Dehiscence, alveolar crest bone absent
dehiscencefenestration
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Bones of the Orbit
In order of appearance• Frontal• Zygomatic• Maxillary• Palatine• Sphenoid• Lacrimal• Ethmoid
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Maxillary Sinus
Nasal Cavity Orbit
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Zygomatic Arch
• Commonly called the “cheekbone”
• Comprised of three bones, temporal, maxilla, zygoma
maxilla
zygoma
temporal
sutures
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Zygomatic Arch
Maxillary process of zygoma joins with zygomatic process of maxilla
Zygomatic process of temporal bone joins with temporal process of zygoma
Zygomatic Arch
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Radiographically, the zygomatic arch appears as a radiopaque horseshoe shaped structure above maxillary molars (not always seen)
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Maxillary Sinus – an opening in the maxillary bone, acts as a filter for inhaled air
Location of the sinusInside of sinus with bony covering removed
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Inverted Y• Maxillary sinus meets
nasal cavity in area of canine
• On radiographs, wall of sinus crosses wall of nasal cavity (both are radiopaque because they are compact bone)
• Result is the “inverted Y”
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Inverted Y
Maxillary sinusNasal cavity Inverted Y
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Floor of maxillary sinus(radiopaque)
Zygomatic ArchSepta of maxillary sinus (divides cavity)
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Frontal View Identification
1. Frontal bone2. Orbit3. Mental protuberance
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Skull Identification
1. Midline suture2. Anterior Nasal spine3. Nasal septum4. Infraorbital foramen5. Lateral fossa6. Superior nasal
conchae
6
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Anterior Radiograph
1. Median palatal suture (radiolucent)
2. Noseline (cartilage)
3. Nasal spine (radiopaque V-shaped prominence)
4. Nasal conchae5. Nasal septum (elongated,
thicker radiopacity)
5
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Lateral Fossa – a depression between the maxillary cuspid and incisor
Exercise – feel your lateral fossa with your finger
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Nasal septum(divides nasal cavity)
Anterior Nasal spine (V-shaped)
Lateral fossa(Radiolucency inside circle)
Inferior nasal conchae
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Mandibular foramen
Internal Oblique ridge- (slightly inferior to external oblique ridge)
Lingula – a bony projection that partially covers the mandibular foramen
Mental ridge- see figure 27-56 Iannucci
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Lingual foramen
Genial tubercles (muscles attach here)
Submandibular fossa (depression for submandibular Salivary gland)
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Coronoid notchCoronoid process
External oblique ridge
Mandibular (sigmoid) Notch
Ramus
Condyle
Angle of the mandible
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External oblique ridge(thicker radiopaque band)
Note: External/internal ridges often “superimposed” over each other radiographically;therefore difficult to differentiate between the two; external always superior to internaloblique ridge (mylohyoid muscle attachment); internal usually runs below roots of mandibularmolars (see figure 26-62 Haring)
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Internal on “inside” or lingual
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A- external oblique ridgeB- internal oblique ridgeC- submandibular fossaD- mandibular canal
B
A
Hyoid bone
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Mandibular foramen
Mandibular canal
Submandibular fossa(large radiolucencywithin the circle)
Soft tissue outline- retromolar area
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Mandibular canal
External oblique ridge
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Submandibular fossa
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Nutrient canals – passageways to teeth for vessels (arrows on film), often seen around maxillary premolars
Lingual foramen(radiolucency)
Genial tubercles(Radiopacities)
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Mental Foramen
Mylohyoid ridge or internal oblique ridge(see down by roots of teeth)– actually on lingual of mandible
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Nasopalatine orIncisive foramen
Palate
Anterior or Greater palatine foramen
Median palatine suture
Posterior or Lessor palatine foramen
Hamulus
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Palatal Radiographs
Median Palatal sutureNasopalatine or Incisive foramen
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Sphenoid Bone• A butterfly shaped
cranial bone posterior to the palate
• It forms part of the orbit• It’s hamulus can
sometimes be seen on third molar radiograph
• Some muscles of masticaton attach to Pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plateHamulus
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Temporal bone
• A cranial bone that articulates with mandible in its articular fossa
• Other landmarks include styloid process, mastoid process
• Forms part of zygomatic arch
Articular or glenoid fossa(where condyle sits)
Mastoid process
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Infratemporal Space (skull with mandible removed)
Maxillarytuberosity
Styloid process (can sometimes beseen on a panoral)
Articular or Glenoid fossa
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Condyleand glenoid fossa
Hard palate(horizontal thicker radiopaque line)
Coronoidprocess
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Maxillary tuberosity
Inverted Y
External oblique ridge
Nasal spine