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Ancient Africa - Nile River Culture and the Pyramids
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I. Cultural and environmental determinants of Egyptian architecture A. Characteristics of Egyptian politics, climate, religion, and landscape (compared to
Mesopotamia)
The Middle East with Egypt and the Red Sea1.
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I. A. . . . religion
Mudbrick royal tomb at Ur
Great Pyramids at Giza
King’s burial in Mesopotamia King’s burial in ancient Egypt
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I. A. 1. Landscape+Architecture Pay special attention to Egypt’s innovations in landscape/architecture relationship
Egypt – Nile River Valley
Nile River, Egypt
2.
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I. B. The world’s earliest stone architecture
Nile River in Upper Egypt
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I. B. 2. What was the cultural significance of stone in Egyptian architecture?I. B. 1. Which buildings were constructed in stone?
The “Bent” Pyrmaid, Dahshur, Egypt, ca. 2600 BC
Temple of Re at Heliopolis
Town of El-Kahun
Royal palace at Tell Amarna
mudbrick stone
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I. C. Vernacular building traditions and the look of Egyptian stone architecture.
1. battered walls
¾ round molding
gorge cornice
mudbrick housein Yemen today
ancient Egyptian model of a tall house
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I. C.1. Does Egyptian architectural form derive from symbolism or techtonics?
model of an Egyptian hut shrine
form material≠
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Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom
King Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
Great Pyramids, Giza(mortuary complex)
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut
Temple of Amon, Luxor
2600 BC
2500 BC
2030 BC
1550 BC
1400 BC
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II. Egyptian funerary architecture: transforming the space of fear and death
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II.
Zoser’s Pyramid & Mortuary Complex, Saqqara, Egypt, c. 2680 B.C.4.
King Zoser (r. 2687-2668 BC)
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Ka – a vital force emanating from the god to his son the king
Statue of Zoser in the serdabZoser’s Mortuary Complex
II. A. Religious context: What is the king’s relationship with the sun god (Re) in life and death?
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II. A. 1. What was orientation of Zoser’s Mortuary Complex?
Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
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II. B. Landscape: King Zoser’s Mortuary Complex as funerary architecture
Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
3.
II. B. 1. Why were geographical and architectural realities represented symbolically in the complex as an eternal landscape of Egypt?
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II. A.
Zoser’s Step Pyramid mastaba
Mastaba of Queen Herneith, Saqqara, 1st Dynasty (3100-2890 BC)
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II. C. Major parts of the complex and the vernacular origins of their architecture: 1. What vernacular materials were transformed into stone?
Step Pyramid of Zoser Giza (Chephren’s Pyramid)
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II. C. 1.
Walls of Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
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II. C. 2. colonnaded entrance hall
Step Pyramid of Zoserbundled reed column
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Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
clerestorey illuminates the interior
II. C. 2.
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II. C. 3. Heb-Sed Court with sham temples
Zoser’s Mortuary Complex – Heb-Sed Court
reconstructed sham temples on Heb-Sed Court
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II. C. 3. Heb-Sed Court with sham temples
curved hoops of mattingbundled reed columnsimitation wood fence
Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
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II. C. 3. a. Heb-Sed Court with sham temples
reed columns w/ saddle capitals
Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
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II. C. 4. North and South sham palaces – symbolic, not practical, use of plant forms
chapel next to north sham palace
Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
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II. C. 4. North and South sham palaces - symbolic, not practical, use of plant forms in building
north sham palace - papyrus columns
Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
south sham palace - lotus columns
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II. D. Theory: Who or what is the source of the architectural ideas that brought Zoser’s Mortuary Complex to fruition?
Imhotep’s list of titles: Chancellor of the King of Egypt, Doctor, First in line after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Great Palace, Hereditary nobleman, High Priest of Heliopolis, Builder, Chief Carpenter, Chief Sculptor and Maker of Vases in Chief.
hieroglyphic signature of Imhotep in Zoser’s pyramid
II. D. 1. What does the hieroglyphic signature of architect Imhotep tell us about the status of architects ?
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III. Great Pyramids at Giza: An Abrupt Change in Site Design
Great Pyramids at Giza, Egypt, 2570-2500 B.C.6.
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III. A. Site Design: What is unprecedented in Egyptian culture in the relationship between architecture and landscape at Giza?
Great Pyramids at Giza
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III. A. 1. What is an explanation for the bond to landscape in terms of ritual?
Great Pyramids at Giza
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III. A. 2. The tripartite sequence of elements in the landscape-embracing design
valley templecauseway
mortuary temple
Great Pyramids at Giza
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III. A. 2. a. valley temple (and sphinx)
Great Pyramids at Giza (Chephren’s Valley Temple)
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III. A. 2. b. mortuary temple
Great Pyramids at Giza (Chephren’s Mortuary Temple)
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III. A. 2. c. pyramid (tomb)
Great Pyramids at Giza (Chephren’s Pyramid in foreground)
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III. A. 2. c. pyramid (tomb)
Giza (Cheops’s Pyramid)Saqqara (Zoser’s step pyramid)
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abstract, pure geometrical forms
Giza (Chephren’s Valley Temple)
1. What forms replaced references to natural forms and vernacular architecture at Giza?
Zoser’s Mortuary Complex
representational forms
III. C. Aesthetic revolution: a new architectural language at Giza
non-referential
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III. C. 1.
GizaZoser’s Step Pyramid at Saqqara
non-referential forms = timeless = radical break with past
7. or 3.
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III. C. 1.
Great Pyramids at Giza
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III. C. 2. not included in 2011
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III. D. Political context: Why do we see these architectural changes at Giza now at this particular moment in Egyptian history?
Great Pyramids at Giza
Temple of Amon-Re at Heliopolis