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ANATOMY
Unit 2 Notes:Cells &
Organization
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(1) Neurons• Neuron = Nerve Cell• Types: Multipolar + Unipolar
• Basic Structural Components:– Dendrites (Incoming)– Cell Body (Integrate + Process)– Axon (Outgoing)– Myelin Sheath (Insulation + Speed)– Axon Terminal (Final Destination)
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(2) Unipolar Neurons• Use: Afferent Input (Sensory Input)
• Main Job:– Get message to CNS– Let CNS process and decide(NO need to have cell body right by dendrites)
• Process:– Dendrites connected to sensory organ– Message sent to cell body Out Axon– Message sent out of axon terminal
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(3) Multipolar Neurons• Use: Efferent Output (Motor Output)
• Main Job:– Organize messages by importance– Make organs do things(Important to have cell body right next to dendrites)
• Process:– Cell body directly connected to dendrites– Dendrites coming from CNS / Efferent path effected organ
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(4) Neuroglia• Function: Support, insulate and protect neurons.– Cannot transmit nerve impulses– Can continuously divide through mitosis
• Types:– Astrocytes– Microglia– Ependymal– Oligodendrocytes– Schwann Cells & Satellite Cells
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(5) Astrocytes• Connect neurons to capillaries
• Transfer blood-nutrients to neurons (and neuron waste to blood)
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(6) Microglia• Phagocytize neuron debris and infectious agents.
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(7) Ependymal Cells• Pillow-Shaped cells• Line brain and spinal cord cavities• Beat cilia + Circulate cerebrospinal fluid• Provide Shock Absorption
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(8) Oligodendrocytes• Flat, Straw-Shaped cells• Wrap around a neuron’s axon• Fatty insulation for axon (myelin sheath)
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(9) Schwann & Satellite Cells• Schwann Cell:– Form Myelin Sheath around axons–Cover Oligodendrocytes
• Satellite Cell:–Protective Cushioning– Surround Cell body of neurons
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(10) Junctions• Junction = Meeting of Neuron + Neuron or Neuron
+ Organ– A.K.A. Synapse, Synaptic Cleft
• Nerve Impulse Axon Axon Terminal Release Neurotransmitter– Neurotransmitter = Chemical Message– Causes an effect– Binds with cell membrane on other side
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(11) Nervous System OrganizationCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(SENSORY / AFFERENT INPUT)
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(MOTOR / EFFERENT OUTPUT)
BODY(INITIAL STIMULUS
/ IMBALANCE)
AUTONOMIC(INVOLUNTARY)
SOMATIC(VOLUNTARY)
PARASYMPATHETIC(REST & DIGEST)
SYMPATHETIC(FIGHT / FLIGHT)
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(12) Defining the Levels• Sensory = Afferent = Going to the CNS
• Motor = Efferent = Going away from the CNS
• Somatic = Voluntary
• Autonomic = Involuntary
• Sympathetic = Emotional
• Parasympathetic = Non-Emotional
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(13) Voluntary Responses• Voluntary = You consciously choose to move a
body part / respond.
• Pathway:
Stimulus
Sensory / AfferentDivision
Central Nervous System
Motor / EfferentDivision
Effector Organ
Somatic Division
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(14) Involuntary Emotional Responses• Involuntary = Without control.• Emotional = Scared, Anxious, Angry, Happy, Excited
• Pathway:
Stimulus
Sensory / AfferentDivision
Central Nervous System
Motor / EfferentDivision
Effector Organ
Autonomic Division
Sympathetic Division
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(15) Involuntary Non-Emotional Responses
• Involuntary = Without control.• Non-Emotional = Every day homeostatic
mechanisms.
• Pathway:
Stimulus
Sensory / AfferentDivision
Central Nervous System
Motor / EfferentDivision
Effector Organ
Autonomic Division
Parasympathetic Division