Download - Anatomy & Physiology. What is Anatomy & Physiology? AnatomyAnatomy –Is the study of structure
Anatomy & Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology
What is Anatomy & What is Anatomy & Physiology?Physiology?•AnatomyAnatomy
–Is the study of structure
What is Anatomy & What is Anatomy & Physiology?Physiology?•AnatomyAnatomy
–Subdivisions of anatomy
• Gross anatomy• Microanatomy
• CellularCellular• HistologyHistology
• Systemic anatomy• Regional anatomy
What is Anatomy & What is Anatomy & Physiology?Physiology?
•PhysiologyPhysiology–Is the study of function–Structure determines function
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position
InferiorInferior: below
DistalDistal:: toward the fingers
or toes
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsSuperiorSuperior: above
ProximalProximal: towards the attachment of a limb
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsAnteriorAnterior: toward/from the frontPosterorPosteror: toward/from
the back
PeripheralPeripheral: toward the
surface
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsSuperficialSuperficial: toward the surfaceDeepDeep: Away from the surface
Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes
•Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane
divides the body into a right and a left half
• mid sagittal
• parasagittal
Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes
•Frontal or Frontal or CoronalCoronal
divides the body into a front and a back
Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes
•TransversTransverse or e or horizontalhorizontaldivides the body into upper and lower portions
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•PlanesPlanes
Median or Median or mid-mid-
sagittalsagittal
ParamedianParamedian
CHECK YOUR CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDINGClassify each plane illustrated below:Classify each plane illustrated below:
mid-mid-sagittalsagittal
frontalfrontal horizontahorizontall
Hierarchy of OrganizationHierarchy of Organization
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
Organ System Overview1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System 5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular System 7. Lymphatic System 8. Respiratory System 9. Digestive System 10. Urinary System 11. Reproductive System
Life ProcessesLife Processes•metabolism•responsiveness•movement•growth•Differentiation•Reproduction
Function:Function: Protection
Organs/Organs/Components: Components: Epidermis and DermisFinger/toe nailsHairSweat glands
Organ Systems Integumentary Integumentary
SystemSystem
Function:Function: provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs.Organs/Organs/Components: Components: Bones, cartilage, joints
Organ Systems Skeletal Skeletal SystemSystem
Function:Function: provide support and movement
Organs/Organs/Components: Components: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, tendons
Organ Systems Muscular Muscular SystemSystem
Function:Function: transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body.
Organ Systems Circulatory Circulatory SystemSystem
Organs: Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood
Function:Function: directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes Organs: Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Organ Systems Nervous Nervous SystemSystem
Function:Function: provide gas exchange between the blood and the environmentfor the organs.Organs: Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs. bronchi
RespiratorRespiratory Systemy System
Function:Function: breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance
Organs: Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
Digestive Digestive SystemSystem
Function:Function: filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water from the circulatory system
Organs: Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Excretory Excretory SystemSystem
Function:Function: relay chemical messages through the body and in conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes Organs: Organs: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, ovaries/testies, and adrenal glands
Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem
Function:Function: manufacture cells that allow reproduction
Organs: Organs: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glandstestes, seminal vesicles and penis
ReproductivReproductive Systeme System
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyDirectional TermsDirectional TermsCranialCranial: towards the
headCaudalCaudal: towards the feet/buttocksMedialMedial: towards the middleLateralLateral: towards or from the side
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyDirectional TermsDirectional Terms
PlantarPlantar: toward or on the soles of the feet
PalmarPalmar: toward or on the palm of the hand
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
a. Abdominal b. Antecubital c. Axillary d. Brachial
e. Buccal f. Carpal g. Cervical
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
j. Inguinal
l. Oral k. Nasal
i. Femoral
n. Patellarm. Orbital
h. Digital
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
o. Pubic
q. Thoracic r. Umbilical
p. Tarsal
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
u. Gluteus
s. Cephalic t. Dorsum
v. Lumbar
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms
w. Popiteal
y. Calcaneusx. Sural
ABDOMINOPELVICABDOMINOPELVIC
QUADRANTSQUADRANTS
Right Upper Right Upper QuadrantQuadrant(RUQ)(RUQ)
Right Lower Right Lower QuadrantQuadrant(RLQ)(RLQ)
Left Upper Left Upper QuadrantQuadrant(LUQ)(LUQ)
Left Lower Left Lower QuadrantQuadrant(LLQ)(LLQ)
Anatomical Anatomical TerminologyTerminology
Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
CranialCranialCavityCavity
ThoracicThoracic
PericardiPericardialal
AbdominAbdominalal
PelviPelvicc
SpinalSpinal
BodyBodyCavitiesCavities
DorsaDorsall
VentralVentral
Abdomino-Abdomino-pelvicpelvic
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS• Is maintaining the internal Is maintaining the internal
environment within environment within physiological limitsphysiological limits–Internal environment refers to the extracellular fluids (EFC)
–Includes lymph, plasma and interstitial fluid
•The maintenance of The maintenance of homeostasis results in healthhomeostasis results in health
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS•And StressAnd Stress
–Homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract the effects of the stress and bring the condition back to normal
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS• Homeostasis is regulated by Homeostasis is regulated by
the nervous system and the nervous system and endocrine systemsendocrine systems
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS• And Feedback Systems (Loops)And Feedback Systems (Loops)
–a cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region.
–Any stress that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus.
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS•And Feedback Systems And Feedback Systems
(Loops)(Loops)–three basic components
•The control center •The receptor •The effector
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS• And Feedback Systems (Loops)And Feedback Systems (Loops)
– Negative Feedback SystemsNegative Feedback Systems a. Reverses the original stimulsb. Tend to maintain conditions
that require frequent fine tuning
– Positive Feedback SystemsPositive Feedback Systemsa. enhances the original stimulusb. tend to regulate conditions that do not occur often and do not require continual fine-tuning
•And DiseaseAnd Disease– Disease Disease a. any change from a state of health, characterized by
symptoms & signs
b. Local vs. systemic disease
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostasis Homeostasis And DiseaseAnd Disease– Symptoms vs. Symptoms vs. SymptomsSymptoms a. Symptomsa. Symptoms
are subjective changes in body functions that are not
apparent to an observerb. Signsb. Signs
are objective changes that a
clinician can observe and measure
What is Anatomy & What is Anatomy & Physiology?Physiology?• AnatomyAnatomy
– Is the study of structure–Subdivisions of anatomy
•surface anatomy• gross anatomy•systemic anatomy•regional anatomy•radiographic anatomy•developmental anatomy•embryology•cytology•pathological anatomy
THE THE CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY
OF LIFEOF LIFE
CH 2CH 2
I. Atoms and molecules A. Atoms are the smallest A. Atoms are the smallest
stable units of matter.stable units of matter. 1.1.NucleusNucleus
• Protons • Neutrons
2. Electron cloud2. Electron cloud• Electrons
3. Atoms are electrically 3. Atoms are electrically neutralneutral # protons = #
electrons
I. Atoms and molecules B. Elements
Element= A substance that is Element= A substance that is made of only one kind of atommade of only one kind of atom1.1.Contain atoms with the same Contain atoms with the same
number of protonsnumber of protons• Called “atomic number” • Differ in number of electrons
and neutrons 2. 92 naturally occurring 2. 92 naturally occurring
3. Principle elements of human 3. Principle elements of human bodybody
O, C, H, N, Ca, PO, C, H, N, Ca, P
II. Chemical bonding A. Ionic bonds A. Ionic bonds
1.1.Form when one atom Form when one atom gives up an e- and gives up an e- and another atom gains another atom gains that e-that e- • cations cations • anionsanions
2. Properties of Ionic Compounds2. Properties of Ionic Compounds• readily dissolve in water • dissociate in water into their cations and anions.
II. Chemical bonding B. Covalent bonds B. Covalent bonds
1.1.Form when two atoms Form when two atoms shareshare electrons, forming a moleculeelectrons, forming a molecule
3. Properties of Covalent Cmpds3. Properties of Covalent Cmpds strong bonds
•Form a molecule•Diatomic mc: H2, 02, N2
2. Kinds of covalent bonds2. Kinds of covalent bonds•Nonpolar Covalent bondsNonpolar Covalent bonds•Polar Covalent bondsPolar Covalent bonds
II. Chemical bonding C. Hydrogen bonds C. Hydrogen bonds
1.1.Form Form betweenbetween two adjacent polar mc two adjacent polar mc containing H and O, N, or Fcontaining H and O, N, or F• Ex: between water mc
2. Properties of Covalent Cmpds2. Properties of Covalent Cmpds• Very weak• Important in determining the shape of
large biological mc such as protein and DNA
• Important in determining characteristics of water
II. Chemical bonding D. States of Matter D. States of Matter
1.1.Are determined by the amount of Are determined by the amount of bonding that occurs between mcbonding that occurs between mc• Solid Liquid Gas
2. Properties of Covalent Cmpds2. Properties of Covalent Cmpds• Water is the only substance that can
occur in all three states within temperature ranges consistent with life
Solid
Liquid
Gas
III. Chemical reactions A. Fundamental Concepts A. Fundamental Concepts
1.1. Metabolism Metabolism 2.2. ReactantsReactants2. Products2. Products3. Chemical reaction3. Chemical reaction4.4. EnergyEnergy
• Potential EnergyPotential Energy• Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy• Law of Conservation of Matter and EnergyLaw of Conservation of Matter and Energy
III. Chemical reactions B. Types of reactions B. Types of reactions
1.1. Decomposition Decomposition • AB AB A + B A + B• Catabolic processesCatabolic processes• ExergonicExergonic• HydrolysisHydrolysis
III. Chemical reactions B. Types of reactions B. Types of reactions
2. Synthesis2. Synthesis• A + B A + B AB AB• Anabolic processesAnabolic processes• EndergonicEndergonic• Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis
III. Chemical reactions B. Types of reactions B. Types of reactions
3.3. Exchange Exchange • AB + CD AB + CD AD + CB AD + CB• Decomposition and Decomposition and
synthesis may be paired.synthesis may be paired.
III. Chemical reactions C. Reversible reactionsC. Reversible reactions
1. Reactants become products 1. Reactants become products while products become while products become reactantsreactants
• A + B A + B AB AB• Continues until equilibrium is reachedContinues until equilibrium is reached
2. Very important to biological 2. Very important to biological systemssystems
ATP ATP ADP + PADP + P
III. Chemical reactions D. Enzymes and Chemical reactionsD. Enzymes and Chemical reactions
1. Enzymes are important 1. Enzymes are important reaction catalysts in metabolic reaction catalysts in metabolic systemssystems
• Speed up the reactionSpeed up the reaction• Allow the reaction to occur at lower Allow the reaction to occur at lower
than normal temperaturesthan normal temperatures• Lower the activation energyLower the activation energy
2. Are not altered or used up by 2. Are not altered or used up by the reaction the reaction
IV. Inorganic compounds A.A. Generally ConceptsGenerally Concepts
1.1.Don’t contain both C & HDon’t contain both C & H 2. Important organic cmpds in 2. Important organic cmpds in
the the human bodyhuman body• COCO22
• OO22
• HH22OO• inorganic acids, bases, and salts inorganic acids, bases, and salts
IV. Inorganic compounds B. Water B. Water
1.1. Excellent solvent because it is Excellent solvent because it is polarpolar. . Solute + solvent = solutionSolute + solvent = solution
IV. Inorganic compounds B. Water B. Water
2.2. Forms a reaction medium, Forms a reaction medium, particularly in hydrolysis particularly in hydrolysis reactions which break down reactions which break down larger molecules. larger molecules.
IV. Inorganic compounds B. Water B. Water
3. High heat capacity and thus 3. High heat capacity and thus water stays in a liquid form over water stays in a liquid form over a broad range of temps. a broad range of temps.
4. 4. Water is an important reactant Water is an important reactant in some types of chemical in some types of chemical reactions.reactions.
IV. Inorganic compounds B. Water B. Water
4.4.Water carries heat with it when Water carries heat with it when it evaporates - thus water helps it evaporates - thus water helps stabilize body temperature. stabilize body temperature.
5.5.Effective lubricant in joints and Effective lubricant in joints and within body cavities and thus within body cavities and thus serves a protective function. serves a protective function.
IV. Inorganic compounds C. Aqueous solutions and C. Aqueous solutions and
electrolytes electrolytes 1.1. ElectrolytesElectrolytes
• Water soluble inorganic cmpdsWater soluble inorganic cmpds• Are capable of conducting an electric Are capable of conducting an electric
current current 2. Electrolytes and the electrical 2. Electrolytes and the electrical
activity they can generate are the activity they can generate are the basis for basis for • nerve impulses nerve impulses • muscle actionmuscle action
IV. Inorganic compounds C. Aqueous solutions and C. Aqueous solutions and
electrolytes electrolytes 3. Homeostasis of electrolytes in 3. Homeostasis of electrolytes in
body fluids body fluids • kidneys (rid body of excess ions)kidneys (rid body of excess ions)• digestive (absorb ions from diet)digestive (absorb ions from diet)• skeletal (store and release ions)skeletal (store and release ions)
4. 4. HydrophilicHydrophilic and and HydrophobicHydrophobic Mc Mc
IV. Inorganic compounds D. Colloids and suspensionsD. Colloids and suspensions
1.1. ColloidsColloids – are solutions in which large and are solutions in which large and
complex organic mc are dispersed complex organic mc are dispersed – mc stay in solution indefinitelymc stay in solution indefinitely– Example: proteinsExample: proteins
2.2. SuspensionsSuspensions– Contain large particles that will Contain large particles that will
settle out if left undisturbed settle out if left undisturbed – Example: bloodExample: blood
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and E. Acids/Bases / Salts and
pHpH1.1.AcidsAcids–Are substances Are substances
which form Hwhich form H+ +
ions when in ions when in solution solution ((the stronger the the stronger the acid the more Hacid the more H++ ions it containsions it contains))
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pHE. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
1.1.AcidsAcids
- can break - can break bonds, bonds,
denature denature proteins, proteins, and disrupt cell and disrupt cell and tissue and tissue functions functions
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pHE. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
1.1.AcidsAcids• pH pH 7 7 • Examples: Examples:
– Carbonic acidCarbonic acid– HClHCl
The lower The lower the pH the the pH the stronger stronger the acidthe acid
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pHE. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
2. Bases2. Bases• Are substances which Are substances which
form OHform OH-- ions when in ions when in solution solution ((the stronger the the stronger the base the more OHbase the more OH-- ions it containsions it contains))
• pH pH 7 7((the stronger the the stronger the base the higher the base the higher the pHpH))
Normal pH of blood is 7.35Normal pH of blood is 7.35
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pHE. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
2. Bases2. Bases– Strong bases are very Strong bases are very
damaging to cell damaging to cell processesprocesses
– Example: NHExample: NH44OHOH
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and E. Acids/Bases / Salts and
pHpH3. Salts3. Salts
• Contain a cation Contain a cation other than H and an other than H and an anion other than OH anion other than OH
• dissociate in water dissociate in water • Are strong Are strong
electrolyteselectrolytes• pH pH = 7= 7
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and E. Acids/Bases / Salts and
pHpH3. Salts3. Salts
• Importance in the Importance in the body:body:– provide ions for provide ions for
transport of transport of substances into substances into and out of cellsand out of cells
– function in muscle function in muscle contractioncontraction
– function in nerve function in nerve impulse conductionimpulse conduction
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pHE. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
4.4.Changes in the acid-base Changes in the acid-base balance are resisted bybalance are resisted by – extracellular and extracellular and
intracellular chemical intracellular chemical buffers buffers
– respiratory regulationrespiratory regulation– renal regulationrenal regulation
IV. Inorganic compounds E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pHE. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
5. Buffers5. Buffers• compounds help stabilize the compounds help stabilize the
pH of a solution by turning a pH of a solution by turning a strong acid or base into a strong acid or base into a weaker oneweaker one
• usually consist of a weak acid usually consist of a weak acid and its related salt and its related salt
• Example: Example: – bicarbonate ion buffers the bloodbicarbonate ion buffers the blood
V. Organic compounds A. GeneralA. General
1.1.Long-chain moleculesLong-chain molecules• Always contain C and H Always contain C and H • Usually contain OUsually contain O
2.2. Linked by covalent bondsLinked by covalent bonds3.3. Many are soluble in waterMany are soluble in water4.4. Classes of Organic CmpdsClasses of Organic Cmpds
• CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• LipidsLipids• ProteinsProteins• Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
V. Organic compounds A.A.Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
1.1. Contain C H O Contain C H O in a near 1:2:1 ratioin a near 1:2:1 ratio
2.2. Most important function:Most important function:Primary Primary energy energy source source for the for the cellcell
V. Organic compounds A.A. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
3.3.KindsKinds• MonosaccharidMonosaccharid
eses– Simple sugars Simple sugars – 3-7 carbons in 3-7 carbons in
length length – Example: Glucose Example: Glucose
(C(C66HH1212OO66))• DisaccharidesDisaccharides–Double sugars Double sugars –Example: Example: Lactose, Lactose, sucrosesucrose
• PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
–Most complex Most complex sugars sugars
–Example: Example: Starch Starch GlycogenGlycogen
V. Organic compounds B.B. Lipids Lipids
1.1.Contain C H O in Contain C H O in very large very large numbersnumbers
2.2. IncludeInclude Fats, oils and Fats, oils and
waxeswaxes3.3.Common Common
examplesexamples– triglyceridestriglycerides– steroidssteroids– phospholipidsphospholipids
V. Organic compounds B.B. Lipids Lipids
5. Insoluble in 5. Insoluble in waterwater
4. Importance4. Importance• long term energy long term energy
storagestorage• structural structural
component of cell component of cell membranes membranes ((phospholipidsphospholipids))
B. LipidsB. Lipids
5. Kinds5. Kinds– Fatty AcidsFatty Acids::
• saturatedsaturated C have only C have only
single single bonds bonds • unsaturatedunsaturated
C have 1 or C have 1 or more double more double bonds.bonds. polyunsaturatedpolyunsaturated
double double bondsbonds
occur at multiple sites occur at multiple sites
V. Organic compounds B.B. Lipids Lipids
5. Kinds5. Kinds– Eicosanoids:Eicosanoids:
• Have short C chainsHave short C chains• ProstaglandinsProstaglandins – local – local
hormoneshormones• LeukotrienesLeukotrienes – coordinate – coordinate
response to injury or diseaseresponse to injury or disease
B. LipidsB. Lipids 5. Kinds5. Kinds
– GlyceridesGlycerides• composed of composed of
fatty acids fatty acids and glyceroland glycerol
• FunctionFunction Energy Energy
sourcesource InsulationInsulation ProtectionProtection
B. LipidsB. Lipids 5. Kinds5. Kinds
– SteroidsSteroidslg lipid mclg lipid mcexamples:examples: cholesterol, cholesterol, testoteronetestoterone, estrogen, estrogen
- FunctionFunctionStabilize cell membraneStabilize cell membraneSex hormonesSex hormonesRegulate metabolism and Regulate metabolism and mineral mineral balancebalanceFormation of bileFormation of bile
B. Lipids 5. Kinds5. Kinds
– PhospholipdPhospholipdstructural structural lipids that lipids that help form help form and maintain and maintain cell cell membranes membranes
polar head - polar head - hydrophilichydrophilicnonpolar tail- nonpolar tail- hydrophobichydrophobic
V. Organic compounds C.C. Proteins Proteins
Examples:Examples: Keratin, hemoglobinKeratin, hemoglobin
1. Basics1. Basics– the most abundant organic the most abundant organic
components in the bodycomponents in the body– contain carbon, hydrogen, contain carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen and nitrogen. oxygen and nitrogen.
– If made of more than 30 If made of more than 30 amino acids it is called a amino acids it is called a polypeptidepolypeptide
C. ProteinsC. Proteins
Made from amino acids (20 Made from amino acids (20 exist) held together by exist) held together by peptide bondspeptide bonds
V. Organic compounds C. Proteins C. Proteins
2. Functions2. FunctionsSupport, movement, transport, buffers, regulate reactions, coordination, control, defense
3. Structure3. StructurePrimary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quatranary
Primary Primary Structure:Structure:
Order of the Order of the amino acid amino acid sequencesequence
Secondary Secondary Structure:Structure:
the tendency of the polypeptide to coil or pleat due to H-bonding between R-groups
Peptide Peptide bondsbonds
Tertiary Structure:Tertiary Structure:
Describes the overall Describes the overall shape of a protein;shape of a protein;
Quaternary Quaternary Structure:Structure:
Proteins formed from Proteins formed from one or more one or more polypeptidespolypeptides
Shape determines Shape determines function function
V. Organic compounds C. Proteins C. Proteins
4. Shape Determines 4. Shape Determines functionfunction
Small changes in pH, temperature, ionic composition can denature a protein (affects protein structure) & cause it not to function properly
5. 5. EnzymesEnzymes• Biological catalysts • Speed up a reaction without being used up in the reaction
V. Organic compounds C. Proteins C. Proteins
5. 5. EnzymesEnzymes• Biological catalysts • Speed up a reaction without being used up in the reaction
Lock and Lock and Key Model Key Model of Enzyme of Enzyme
ActionAction
V. Organic compounds C. Proteins C. Proteins
5. 5. EnzymesEnzymes• lower the needed activation energy
Induced Induced Fit Fit
Model of Model of Enzyme Enzyme ActionAction
V. Organic compounds C. Proteins C. Proteins
5. 5. EnzymesEnzymes• Some poisons bond permanently to an enzyme
Model of Model of How How Some Some
Poisons Poisons WorkWork
V. Organic compounds C. Proteins C. Proteins
6.6. GlycoproteinsGlycoproteins• Protein + carbohydrate • Important in cell recognition
V. Organic compounds C. Proteins C. Proteins 6.6. GlycoproteinsGlycoproteins
• Function Function As enzymesAs antibodiesAs hormonesAs cell membrane componentsTo secrete mucins which absorb water to form mucus
V. Organic compounds D. Nucleic Acids D. Nucleic Acids
1.1.lg organic mc that have lg organic mc that have C, H, O, N and P
2.2. Function Function store and process information
3.3. Structure Structure made ofmade of nucleotides nucleotides
Phosphate, sugar, base Phosphate, sugar, base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)thymine, uracil)
linked bylinked by dehydration dehydration synthesissynthesis
V. Organic compounds D. Nucleic Acids D. Nucleic Acids
3.3. Structure Structure • made ofmade of nucleotides nucleotides
V. Organic compounds D. Nucleic Acids D. Nucleic Acids
4.4. KindsKinds• DNADNA
Important in inheritance
Codes for and directs the synthesis of proteins
Regulates cell metabolism
Found in nucleus Double stranded Sugar is Deoxyribose Bases are A G C T Able to self replicate
DNA STRUCTURE
V. Organic compounds D. Nucleic Acids D. Nucleic Acids
4.4. KindsKinds• RNA RNA
comes in several forms (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) that cooperate to manufacture proteins
Single stranded Found in nucleus and
cytoplasm Bases are U A G C Sugar is ribose
E. High Energy E. High Energy CompoundsCompounds
• ATP made of 3 phosphate groups attached to an adenosine (composed of adenine and ribose)
1.1. Energy currency cells is Energy currency cells is ATPATP
V. Organic compounds
E. High Energy Compounds E. High Energy Compounds
2. Energy is stored when P 2. Energy is stored when P is added to ADPis added to ADP (energonic)(energonic)
E. High Energy Compounds E. High Energy Compounds
2. 2. Energy is released Energy is released when P is when P is added to ADPadded to ADP (exergonic)(exergonic)
E. High Energy E. High Energy CompoundsCompounds3. Another form, called cyclic-
AMP is used as an intracellular signal.