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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212:
Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.
CHAPTER 14
BLOOD Lectures
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes Part 4: Platelets Part 5: Disorders
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FORMED ELEMENTS
ERYTHROCYTE Red Blood Cells
RBCs
LEUCOCYTE White Blood Cells
WBCs THROMBOCYTE
Platelets
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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RUBRIBLAST
MYELOBLAST
MONOBLAST
LYMPHOBLAST
MEGAKARYO-
BLAST
RBC
EOSINOPHIL NEUTROPHIL
BASOPHIL
MONOCYTE
LYMPHOCYTE
THROMBOCYTE
Hemopoiesis
ADULT RED BONE MARROW
HEMOCYTOBLAST
PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELL
WBC
WBC
WBC GRANULOCYTES
PLATELETS
ERYTHROCYTE
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
UNIPOTENTIAL STEM CELLS:
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WBC CLASSIFICATION
LEUKOCYTES aka
Leucocytes WBCs
GRANULOCYTES
NEUTROPHIL BASOPHIL
EOSINOPHIL LYMPHOCYTE MONOCYTE
AGRANULOCYTES
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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NEUTROPHIL
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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NEUTROPHILS
Wright's stain 50 - 65% of WBCs band vs segmented
variety in nuclear shape
both or neither : Eosin (red)
Methylene Blue
12 µm diameter curved vs
2-5 nuclear lobes
also called PMN(L)s and/or polymorphs
Neutrophil
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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FUNCTIONS
DIAPEDESIS: THROUGH BV
WALLS! PHAGOCYTES LYSOZYME DEFENSINS
AMOEBOID: Very motile
die, more arrive via
chemotaxis anti - bacterial
enzyme Versus some
bacteria, fungi, viruses
NEUTROPHILS
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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BASOPHIL
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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BASOPHILS
Wright's stain
Less than 1% of WBCs
approx. 10 µm
diameter
Methylene Blue only
Nucleus: 2 Lobes
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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10 Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
BASOPHILS
FUNCTIONS
MIGRATE to INJURY SITE
RESEMBLE MAST CELLS
release HISTAMINE
release HEPARIN
release ECF
Very motile: AMOEBOID DIAPEDESIS
Mast Cells: Tissue cells
inflammatory reactions
anti - coagulant
attracts eosinophils
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EOSINOPHIL
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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EOSINOPHILS
Wright's stain 1 - 4% of WBCs 2 nuclear lobes
Eosin (red, acid)
only 12 - 17 µm diameter
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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EOSINOPHILS
FUNCTIONS Limited Phagocytic:
Mostly Ag/ABO complexes
ALSO RELEASE ENZYMES THAT
NEUTRALIZE HISTAMINE
INCREASE IN NUMBER during....
BIND to PARASITIC
WORMS
Affects regulation of inflammatory
reactions
Parasitic infections Allergic reactions
kill by releasing destructive
enzymes
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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LEUKOCYTES Leucocytes
WBCs
GRANULOCYTE AGRANULOCYTE
NEUTROPHIL BASOPHIL
EOSINOPHIL LYMPHOCYTE MONOCYTE
WBC CLASSIFICATION
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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LYMPHOCYTE
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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LYMPHOCYTE
30% of WBCs Small 6-9 µm
or Large 9-15 µm
diameter
1 large roundish nucleus
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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3 TYPES
T cells (80%)
B cells (15%)
LGLs or NK cells
(5%)
control immune system
humoral immunity
plasma cells: antibody
production
kill some virally
infected cells
LYMPHOCYTE
MICROSCOPICALLY INDISTINGUISHABLE
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
Large Granular Lymphocyte
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WBC CLASSIFICATION
LEUKOCYTES Leucocytes
WBCs
GRANULOCYTE AGRANULOCYTE
NEUTROPHIL BASOPHIL
EOSINOPHIL LYMPHOCYTE MONOCYTE
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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MONOCYTES
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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MONOCYTE
2 - 8% of WBCs
14 - 19µ diameter
NUCLEUS: indented, foamy
"punched in"
Diapedesis "MACROPHAGE"
when exiting blood
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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TWO TYPES
FREE FIXED
Tissue Roamers
Remain in one place
CNS: Microglial
cells CT:
Histiocytes LIVER: Kupffer
cells
MONOCYTES Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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AVID PHAGOCYTES
Secretions Chemotactic
for fibroblasts
Secrete some blood clotting
factors
Secrete some complement components
begin scar formation
Immuno - significant
MONOCYTES Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs)
CIRCULAR BICONCAVE
DISKS
NO NUCLEUS (Mature)
LARGEST NUMBER approx.
5 million/µl (microliter)
7- 8 µm diameter
1 µm = 1 µ (micron)
No Mitosis
Limited Metabolic Activity
MALES 4.6 - 6.2
million/µl
lifespan: 120 days
FEMALES 4.2 - 5.4
million/µl
lifespan: 109 days
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Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
ERYTHROCYTES
Biconcave disc Bulk of cell volume is hemoglobin
Light Microscopy
Scanning Electron
Microscopy
Transmission Electron
Microscopy
Mature Stage: No nucleus
assorted cross-‐sections
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GLOBIN
HEME
HEME HEME
HEME
HEMOGLOBIN • 1/3 of CELL SUBSTANCE • 280 million HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES PER RBC • OXYGEN (O 2 ) & CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) TRANSPORT
4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS
HEME: IRON- CONTAINING PIGMENT
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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TRANSPORT:!HEMOGLOBIN
O 2
CO2
98% via Heme 02% via Plasma
(dissolved)
OXY- HEMOGLOBIN:
O 2 is bound- Blood: Bright Red
70%: Bicarbonate!23% via Globin!07% via plasma!
(dissolved)
CARBAMINO-!HEMOGLOBIN:!CO2 is bound
4 O 2 per Hemoglobin
≈ 1.1 Billion/RBC!
DEOXY- HEMOGLOBIN: O 2 NOT bound-
Dark Red , Bluish
1 CO 2 per Globin ≈
280 million/RBC!
200x affinity for Carbon
monoxide (CO)
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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OPTIONAL:
Forwarded by Linda Ladden
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28 Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets ERYTHROPOIESIS
takes place in red bone marrow. about 2.5 million RBCs produced/destroyed per second hemocytoblast >>>>>> eventually, reticulocyte >>>>>>> RBC 3-5 days 1-2 days Reticulocyte = cell that is released into the blood
Normal reticulocyte count = 0.8% of RBCs if greater than 1.5%:!
!if lower than 0.5%:
O2 deficiency!bone marrow cancer!anemia!kidney disease!
! ! ! ! Significance:!
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29 Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets Production of RBCs - Control of
Need sufficient number of RBCs: carry adequate oxygen. Excessive number of RBCs - impede blood flow (artery clogging)
PRODUCTION CONTROL via two pathways: HYPOXIA = stimulus for both
First possibility: Liver-> REF/inactive erythropoietin--> erythropoietin ------> hemocytoblast------> increase RBCs-------> increase O2 ------> Negative Feedback: Kidney
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Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
Production of RBCs - Control of
Second possibility: 2. hypoxia ------> kidney ------> erythropoietin ------> hemocytoblast------> increase RBCs ------> increase O2 ------> Negative Feedback: Kidney
HYPOXIA may result from:
Hemorrhage Inadequate breathing
High Altitude Anemia
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31 Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets ANEMIAL CAUSES
LACK OF-
IRON
AMINO ACIDS
FOLIC ACID
VITAMIN B-12
Heme formation
Globin formation
Nucleic Acid formation
Nucleic Acid formation
Intrinsic Factor by stomach cells:
B-12 absorption in SI
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32 Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
Destruction
of RBCs
MACROPHAGES: Spleen Liver
Red Bone Marrow
HEMOGLOBIN
HEME GLOBIN
PORPHYRIN IRON
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Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
Fate of: PORPHYRIN PORPHYRIN -------> BILIVERDIN -------> BILIRUBIN ------->
(green pigment) (orange pigment) released into blood-------> binds to ALBUMIN------------> enters Liver-------> binds with Glucaronic Acid----------->
(to form a BILE SALT) released into SI------> acted upon by bacteria-----------> STERCOBILINOGEN (UROBILINOGEN) will either: 1. Stay in DIG TRACT ---> STERCOLBILIN
(brown/orange color of FECES) 2. Go to KIDNEY ----------> UROBILIN
(amber color of URINE)
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34 Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
Fate of: IRON
Released into Blood
Binds to TRANSFERRIN
(a plasma ß Globulin)
Red Bone Marrow Liver
Remakes heme Storage (ferritin)
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35 Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
Fate of: GLOBIN
BROKEN DOWN INTO AMINO ACIDS
Released into the Blood
Later: used for Protein Synthesis
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PLATELETS Only 2-‐3 µm in diameter: significantly smaller than RBCs
Non-‐nucleated cells formed in bone marrow from pinching off of cytoplasm of huge cells called megakaryocytes.
Functions: • In normal tissue -‐plugs defects in the walls of small blood vessels. • In injured tissues -‐clot formation and retraction; also produce serotonin, which causes: constriction of damaged vessels.
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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BLOOD DISORDERS
RBCs
Anemia
Polycythemia
Nutritional Hemorrhagic
Hemolytic
Aplastic
Pernicious
Sickle Cell
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets
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38 Blood Disorders BLOOD DISORDERS
ERYTHROCYTES
LEUKOCYTES
HEMOSTASIS
ANEMIA Nutritional, Hemorrhagic Hemolytic,
Aplastic impaired marrow function Pernicious: lack of B-12 needed by marrow Sickle Cell
Polycythemia excess of RBCs
LEUKEMIA Acute vs. Chronic
Lymphoid (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen) Myeloid (red marrow of long bones, ribs, sternum, body of verterbrae, parts of skull)
Infectious Mononucleosis caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)
Thrombus Blood clot: fibrin threads found around platelet plug.
Fibrin from fribrinogen which is made in liver, found in plasma.
Embolus Solid body OR air in circulation. Hemophilia Lack of clotting factors Thrombocytopenia reduction in # of platelets NOTE: SERUM = PLASMA - FIBRIN (i.e., won't clot)
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39 ADDITIONAL CLINICAL TERMS...
PROTHROMBIN TIME Lab test to determine amount of Prothrombin circulating in the blood. Indicates likely speed of clotting.
PURPURA Presence of purplish patches on skin and mucous membranes due to ruptured subcutaneous blood vessels.
SEPTICEMIA the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood.
LAST PLATE
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Leukocytes Part 3: Erythrocytes
Part 5: Disorders Part 4: Platelets