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Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina
Associate Professor Trevor SherwinDepartment of Ophthalmology
University of Auckland
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Light entering the Eye
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Eye Exam
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The retina
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Function of the retina
-Transmit electrical impulse to the brain via ganglion cells
- To absorb photons of light
- Translate light into a biochemical message
- Translate biochemical message into electrical impulse
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Sagittal section of the retina
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Cellular detail of the retina
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Octopus Retina
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Octopus Retina
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Layers of the retina
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Cell bodies and synapses
All vertebrate retinas are composed of three layers of cell bodies and two layers of synapses
Cell bodies of rods/cones
Cell bodies of bipolar cells
Cell bodies of ganglion cells
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Neuropil layers
Photoreceptor -bipolar synapse
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Neuropil layers
Bipolar – ganglion synapse
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Photoreceptors
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Photoreceptors
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Photoreceptors
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Rhodopsin and photoreceptor cells
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Rhodopsin
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Central and peripheral retina
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Central and peripheral retina
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Optic Nerve
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Optic Nerve
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Blood supply to the Retina
Choroid supplies 85%Mainly outer retinaPhotoreceptors
Central retinal artery supplies 15%Inner retinal layer
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IV Fluorescein Angiogram
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IV Fluorescein Angiogram
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IV Fluorescein Angiogram
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IV Fluorescein Angiogram
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The foveaFoveal pit + foveal slope + parafovea + perifovea
= Macula
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Eagle Vision
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Photoreceptor cell diameter
Rods (IS) – 2 microns
Cones (IS) – 6 microns
However, in the foveaCones (IS) – 1.5 microns
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Photoreceptor cell diameter
Rods (IS) – 2 microns
Cones (IS) – 6 microns
However, in the foveaCones (IS) – 1.5 microns
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Photoreceptor density
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Acuity of the retina
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The Macula Lutea
Xanthophyll caratenoids –zeaxanthin & luteinTapetum
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Colour Absorbancy
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Colour Blindness
Red/green colour blindness - X linked
Males only have a single X chromosome
Almost all genes on the X have no counterpart on the Y
Any gene on X, even if recessive in females will be expressed in males
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Summary of photoreceptors
Rods - Low light levels (scotopic)Peripheral visionSlow response
Cones - Visual acuityColour visionFast response
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Clinical examination of photoreceptors
Form & spatial vision, measured by visual acuityReflects rod & cone distribution
Colour vision testing is indicative of cone function and associated processing of the signal
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Vision and Movement
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