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Anaerobe zuivering van huishoudelijk
afvalwater; energie produktie &
grondstoffen terugwinning
22-04-2014, Grietje Zeeman; WUR-ETE
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large quantities of water for toilet flushing
Dilution of toilet waste water
Industrialized
countries
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screens grit
chamber
Raw sewage
primary sedimentation
tank
activated sludge tank
secondary sedimentation
tank
sludge digestion
sludge dewatering
Sludge
Treated effluent
Basic setup of
aerobic treatment
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screens grit
chamber
Raw sewage
high-rate anaerobic treatment
effluent polishing
pond
sludge drying beds
Sludge
Treated effluent
Basic setup of
anaerobic treatment
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AWWT plant
Bucaramanga,Colombia
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UASB
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UASB (Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge
Bed) reactor
• Developed by Lettinga (1970’s)
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Low temperature
& low
concentration
Large UASB reactors
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Low
temperature &
low
concentration
UASB-sludge digester
Under development
Lei Zhang, Tim L.G. Hendrickx, Weiguang Li, Christel Kampman, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman (2013). Co-digestion to support low temperature anaerobic pre-treatment of municipal sewage in a UASB-Digester. Bioresource technology 148, 560-566
Mahmoud N, Zeeman G, Gijzen H, Lettinga G. 2004. Anaerobic sewage treatment in a one-stage UASB reactor and a combined UASB-Digester system. Water Research 38: 2347-2357.
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Separation at source
‘New Sanitation’
BW K
GW
Recovery
system
en
erg
y
organic
feritilizer
treatment
food
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‘New Sanitation’; restore the cycle with agriculture
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Barrel system
End of the 19th century:
Feces & urine collected in barrels
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Hygienic ?
Barrel system
Abraham: ’’what, not yet forbidden….?’’
Van Zon, 1986
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Black water &
Kitchen waste
(g p-1d-1)
% of total domestic
Wastewater &
Kitchen waste
N 12.3 g 92
P 1.6 g 80
K 3.9 g 84
organics 111 g COD 69
Raw materials; BW & KW
adapted from Zeeman & Kujawa-Roeleveld, 2011
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The potential for recovery
World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .
BW + KW (tons per year)
Fertilizer production (tons per year)
% coverage
Energy equivalent
P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27
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..
Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. (2009). The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Global Environmental Change, 19, 292-305.
Phosphorus is a finite resource
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Recovery and
reuse of nitrogen
needed?
..
78%
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Haber-Bosch
process
N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3
Energy use :
*37-45 kJ/g N;
*Maurer, M., Schwegler, P., and Larsen, T. A. (2003). Nutrients in urine: energetic aspects of removal and recovery.
Water Science and Technology, 48 (1), 37-46.
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The potential for recovery
World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .
BW + KW (tons per year)
Fertilizer production (tons per year)
% coverage
Energy equivalent
P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27
N *30.9*106 ##121*106 25 1.1*103 PJ/y
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The potential for recovery
BW + KW (tons per year)
% coverage
Energy equivalent
COD 280*106
±cooking energy
69*109
m3 CH4 per year
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‘New Sanitation’
DESAH BV
• Collection (WC) & transport with
minimal water use
•vacuum toilets
•water free urinals
•urine separation toilets
• Separation at source
•BW separate from GW
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Modern vacuum
collection and
transport
• comfort
• minimal water use (≤ 1Litre per flush)
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EET & STOWA supported
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‘New Sanitation’
Full scale
application
Vila Flora; Venlo
DESAH BV
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‘New Sanitation’
Full scale
application
Sneek; 250 houses
DESAH BV
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New sanitation in NIOO building
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New sanitation‘Brouwershuis’
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New sanitation ‘Brouwershuis’
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Black water UASB treatment,
nitritation-anammox & struvite-precipitation
1.8 m3 CH4/m3
UASB Autotrophic N-removal
N2
P-recovery
De Graaff et al.(2010), Water ;De Graaff et al., (2010), Water Research;De Graaff et al., (2011),Water Research 2*;De Graaff et al., (2011),WS&T
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Black water treatment
UASB
Air Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Effluent
Biogas
MP & Pathogens
Sludge
UASB
MP & Pathogens
Local use
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Black water treatment
UASB
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Agriculture
Effluent
Biogas
Sludge
UASB
MP & Pathogens
MP & Pathogens
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Energy
Liquid Eff. N,K
COD
Black Water P-granules
Sludge
Simultaneous AD & Ca-phosphate precipitation
Taina H. Tervahauta, Renata D. van der Weijden, Roberta L. Flemming, Luc´ıa Hern´andez Leal, Grietje Zeeman,,Cees J. N. Buisman (submitted) Calcium phosphate precipitation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Water Research 48 (2 014 ) 632-642
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33
Simultaneous AD & Ca-phosphate
precipitation
Granule formation in black water UASB reactor (a) dried granule (b) and inorganic core of granule (burned at 550"C) (c)
Taina H. Tervahauta, Renata D. van der Weijden, Roberta L. Flemming, Luc´ıa Hern´andez Leal, Grietje Zeeman,,Cees J. N. Buisman (submitted) Calcium phosphate precipitation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Water Research 48 (2 014 ) 632-642
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NH3-recovery; microbial fuel cell
Kuntke, P., Śmiech, K.M. , Bruning, H., Zeeman, G., Saakes, M. , Sleutels, T.H.J.A. , Hamelers, H.V.M., Buisman, C.J.N. (2012). Ammonium recovery and energy production from urine by a microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 46-8, 2627-2636
• migrational ion flux to the cathode
• driven by electron production
• anaerobic degradation of organic matter in urine.
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N & P recovery; microalgae growth on
urine
Kanjana Tuantet, Marcel Janssen, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman, René H. Wijffels, and Cees J.N. Buisman (2013). Nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production on urine in a short light-path photobioreactor. Water R e search 5 5, 1 6 2 -1 7 4
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N & P recovery; microalgae growth on BW
Schematic representation of current and future black water according to new sanitation concepts. Tania Fernandes, NIOO
effluent
polishing
BW
UASB
DBW
Vacuum
toilet
Biogas
PBR
NIOO-KNAW
Wetland
Algae
harvesting
H2O
C
LNV, 2007
NIOO-KNAW
N & P
To develop
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Water scarcity
20th century:
• 6* increase water use
• > 2* population growth
..
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2025
1.8 billion people live in countries with an absolute water shortage (UN, 2007)
..
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Bio-flocculation of grey water (GW)
Grey water
biogas
Bioflocculated and
concentrated
organic matter
Black water and
kitchen refuse
Bioflocculation
unit
membrane
Effluent
Grey water
UASB
GW-sludge
Hernandez Leal L., Temmink H., Zeeman G., Buisman C.J.N. (2010b). Bioflocculation of Grey Water for improved energy recovery within decentralized sanitation concepts. Bioresource Technology, Volume 101, Issue 23, 9065-9070
Biogas
BW&KW
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Treated grey; potential water source
Grey water management at community level (Hernandez, 2010)
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Micro-pollutants
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Micro-pollutants
(MPs)
*almost 200 micro-pollutants from personal care products in GW
**190 different pharmaceutical substances recorded
DESAH BV
*Eriksson, E.; Auffarth, K.; Eilerse, A. M.; Henze, M.; Ledin, A (2003). Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA, 29, 135–146. **Winker, M., Faika, D., Gulyas, H. and Otterpohl, R. (2008). A comparison of human pharmaceutical concentrations in raw municipal wastewater and yellow water. Science of the total environment
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Lucia Hernandez
Fate MPs in
biological BW- or
GW-treatment
*Personal care products in GW
**Pharmaceutical residues & estrogens in BW
*Hernandez Leal L., Vieno, N., Temmink H., Zeeman G., Buisman C.J.N. (2010). Occurrence of Xenobiotics in Grey Water and Removal in Three Biological Treatment Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44 (17): 6835–6842 **de Graaff, M.S., Vieno, N.M., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G.; Temmink, H.; Buisman, C.J.N. (2011). Fate of hormones and pharmaceuticals during combined anaerobic treatment and nitrogen removal by nitritation-anammox in vacuum collected black water. Water Research, Volume 45, Issue 1; **T.Z.D. de Mes, K. Kujawa-Roeleveld, G. Zeeman and G. Lettinga (2007). Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with micro-aerobic post-treatment. Water Science & Technology Vol 56 No 5.
Marthe de Graaff Titia de Mes
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Conclusies; anaerobe zuivering van
huishoudelijk afvalwater;
3 ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ toepassingen in Nederland
Verbeteringen ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ in ontwikkeling
Ontwikkeling UASB-slibvergisting systeem
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Conclusies; anaerobe zuivering van
huishoudelijk afvalwater;
VRAGEN?