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An Overview of An Overview of Mobile Ad hoc NetworkingMobile Ad hoc Networking
M. Scott [email protected]
Flarion TechnologiesBedminster, NJ USA
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Overview of Presentation
! Introduction to MANET
! Applications for MANET
! IP-based MANET Control Rationale
! IETF Standardization Work Status
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INET 2002, June 18-21
MANET (1832-1883)
“Father of Impressionism”whose work influenced
• Edgar Degas• Claude Monet• Auguste Renoir• Alfred Sisley• Camille Pissarro• Paul Cézanne
Edouard Manet
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Mobile Ad Hoc Networking
Technology also known as ...
! Mobile Packet Radio Networking" Term coined during early military research (70s,
80s)
! Mobile Mesh Networking" Term which appeared in an Economist article
regarding the structure of future military networks
! Mobile, Multihop, Wireless Networking" Perhaps the most accurate term
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET)
! No wires or cabling (cheap installation)
! Mobile infrastructure possible (flexible)
! Autonomous operation possible (stand-alone)
! Relatively low capacity (Mbps)
Characteristics of MANET Technology
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Hybrid Communications Networks
mobile ad hocnetworks
cellular/PCS/WLAN/networks
high speednetworks
fixed or static infrastructure
No fixed infrastructure
(fully mobile network)
satelliteoverlay
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Likely Initial Usages
#Small-scale (few nodes) #Usage in Diverse Applications
• Commercial– Industrial: factory, construction site, outdoors– Office/Home: personal networks
• Government-specific– Fire/Safety/Rescue/Disaster Recovery operations– Military
• Community/Urban Networks (HAM radio-type)
– “covert” networks
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Farther Term Usage
#Large-scale usage (many nodes)• Commercial
– Mobile Cellular-like Infrastructures
• Government– Large-scale Military Networks
• “Free” Community/Urban Networks– Unrestricted local communications
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HostSatelliteInterface
WirelessInterface
Wired LANInterface
Router
Router connects hardwired localnet to multiple wireless interfaces
Combined host/router with multiple wireless interfaces
Airborne router provides asymmetric links to MANET
Embedded host/router with single wireless interface
Ad hoc networks form and disband as mobile nodes enter and exit net
MANET:MANET: A network of highly mobile platforms that are not dependent on pre-existing or fixed communications infrastructure
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Initial Architectures
! Low power sensor networks
* “Surveillance” webs
! Small, relatively static, embedded ad hoc networks
* “Bluetooth-type” networks
! Small-to-medium sized, mobile ad hoc networks
* “802.11-style” networks
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INET 2002, June 18-21
#A Wireless LAN (WLAN) Standard• 2.4 GHz, 1 to 11 Mbps WLAN technology
capable of efficient multihop operation using peer-to-peer CSMA/CA mediated access
• Range: nominal 250 meters, but extendable with power amplification
• Suitable for in-building and outdoor usage• Cost: $100’s per transceiver, possibly $10’s per
transceiver in future
IEEE 802.11
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INET 2002, June 18-21
#Campus-sized networks• people• vehicles
#Voice over IP over MANET over 802.11• peer-to-peer
– point-to-point– multi-hop
• non-optimized---yet works good enough as long as network loading is low
802.11 Uses
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INET 2002, June 18-21
#A global specification for wireless connectivity created by an industry consortium• “cable replacement” technology• 2.4 GHz, 1 Mbps wireless LAN technology
capable of multihop operation• Short Range: 10m initial range (100m coming)• Suitable for in-building and personal use• Cost: $5 per transceiver chip targetted
Bluetooth
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INET 2002, June 18-21
#Personal Networks• cellphone to laptop (in briefcase ;-), ...
#Desktop Networks• between laptop, desktop, printer, fax, network
#Spontaneous Networks• ad hoc meetings, laptop to laptop• conferences
Bluetooth Uses
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INET 2002, June 18-21
#Wireless technologies will continue toevolve
#Multiple technologies can be used simultaneously--multi-mode radios• There is need for a standards-based approach at
the network layer
Technology keeps Changing...
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Mobile Ad hoc Networkingand the
Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)
Mobile Ad hoc Networkingand the
Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)
Joseph [email protected]
Information Technology DivisionCode 5540
Naval Research LaboratoryWashington, D.C. 20375
M. Scott [email protected]
Flarion TechnologiesBedminster One
135 Route 202/206 SouthBedminster NJ, 07928
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Future Global Internet Architecture
Fiber OpticCore
(fixed Internet)
Wireless Cloud(mobile Internet)
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Mobile NetworkRouters and Hosts
Mobile Hosts
Fixed NetworkRouters and Hosts
The Emerging Mobile Internet
MobileInternet
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Characteristics
! Dynamic topologies
! Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity, asymmetric links
! Energy-constrained operation
! Wireless vulnerabilities and limited physical security
Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET)
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Traditional Mobile Packet Radio Design! Proprietary! Single technology! Technology-specific networking
IP-Based Design! Standards-based! Degree of physical media independence! Routing flexibility, efficiency and robustness! Eased interoperability with Internet! Hardware economies of scale! Future quality of service support
Advantages of IP Routing for MANETs
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Why an Internet Layer Solution?
(... as opposed to subnet-based, link-level addressing and routing)
! The intent is the same as the original concept of the Internet: “... to develop a homogeneous networking capability over a heterogeneous networking infrastructure.”
Commercial Driver-> Cost Effectiveness
! In this case, the infrastructure is wireless rather than hardwired with" Multiple wireless platforms" Multiple link-layer technologies
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Generic MANET Router Structure
Wireless Interface Address (IA)
Hardwired IA
IA IA IA
Router Identifier(RID)
IA IA IA
CombinedHost/RID
IA
Host
IA
IA
RID
IA
Host
Host
IA
IA
IA
MANET: An autonomous system of mobile nodes which may consist of separate networked devices or may be integrated into a single device
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INET 2002, June 18-21
logical nodelogical link
logical
physical
Topology of Wireless Technology B
Topology of Wireless Technology A
Logical Topology of Wireless Fabric for Routing at the IP Layer
mobile node
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HostSatelliteInterface
WirelessInterface
Wired LANInterface
Router
Router connects hardwired localnet to multiple wireless interfaces
Combined host/router with multiple wireless interfaces
Airborne router provides asymmetric links to MANET
Embedded host/router with single wireless interface
Ad hoc networks form and disband as mobile nodes enter and exit net
MANET:MANET: A network of highly mobile platforms that are not dependent on pre-existing or fixed communications infrastructure
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Application to Today’s Networking
IP-based MANET can provide robust, low-capacity communications
! Secondary form of information delivery ! Primary form when higher capacity options are
unavailable
Advantages include:! Cost effectiveness! Flexibility! Interoperability! Physical media independence
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INET 2002, June 18-21
IETF Proposed Algorithms
“One size does not fit all...”
Smaller Networks! Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
! Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
! Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
! Topology-Based Reverse Path Forwarding (TBRPF)
Larger Networks! Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)
! Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
! Landmark Router (LANMAR)
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INET 2002, June 18-21
IETF Standards Snapshot
# AODV: completed second WG last call for comments on promotion to Experimental RFC status
# DSR: second last call coming# OLSR and TBRPF: respective proponents are
engaged in a debate within the WG for mindshare# Large-scale MANETs: Near-term impracticality
and lack of WG interest have put this work into question
# Flooding: work beginning on requirements definition
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INET 2002, June 18-21
Questions???
For More Information...
[email protected]@itd.nrl.navy.mil
http://tonnant.itd.nrl.navy.mil/manet/manet_home.html