Download - An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function
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An Introduction to An Introduction to Animal Structure Animal Structure and Functionand Function
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TissuesTissues: groups of cells with a : groups of cells with a common structure and function (4 common structure and function (4
types)types) AnatomyAnatomy: structure: structure PhysiologyPhysiology: function: function Epithelial:Epithelial: outside of outside of
body and lines body and lines organs and cavities; organs and cavities; held together by held together by tight junctionstight junctions
basement basement membranemembrane: dense : dense mat of extracellular mat of extracellular matrixmatrix
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TissuesTissues: Epithelial: Epithelial
Simple: single layer Simple: single layer of cellsof cells
Stratified: multiple Stratified: multiple tiers of cellstiers of cells
Cuboidal (like dice)Cuboidal (like dice) Columnar (like Columnar (like
bricks on end)bricks on end) Squamous (like floor Squamous (like floor
tiles)tiles) mucous membranemucous membrane
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Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Connective:Connective: bind and support other tissues; bind and support other tissues;
scattered cells through matrix; 3 kinds:scattered cells through matrix; 3 kinds:– A-Collagenous fibers (collagen protein) A-Collagenous fibers (collagen protein) – B-Elastic fibers (elastin protein) B-Elastic fibers (elastin protein) – C-Reticular fibers (thin branched collagen fibers)C-Reticular fibers (thin branched collagen fibers)
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Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Loose connective tissue:Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to binds epithelia to
underlying tissue; holds organsunderlying tissue; holds organs– A - Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins A - Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins – B-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis B-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis – C-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulationC-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulation
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Tissues - ConnectiveTissues - Connective Fibrous connective tissue:Fibrous connective tissue: parallel bundles of cells parallel bundles of cells
– A-Tendons- muscles to bones A-Tendons- muscles to bones – B-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints (B-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints (BOBOLBOBOLI)I)
CartilageCartilage: collagen in a rubbery matrix (: collagen in a rubbery matrix (chondroitinchondroitin); ); flexible supportflexible support
BoneBone: mineralized tissue by : mineralized tissue by osteoblastsosteoblasts BloodBlood: liquid plasma matrix; : liquid plasma matrix; erythrocyteserythrocytes (RBC’s) (RBC’s)
carry Ocarry O22; ; leukocytesleukocytes (WBC’s) immunity (WBC’s) immunity
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Tissues - NervousTissues - Nervous NervousNervous: senses stimuli : senses stimuli
and transmits signals and transmits signals from 1 part of the from 1 part of the animal to anotheranimal to another
NeuronNeuron: functional unit : functional unit that transmits impulsesthat transmits impulses
DendritesDendrites: transmit : transmit impulses from tips to impulses from tips to rest of neuronrest of neuron
AxonsAxons: transmit : transmit impulses toward another impulses toward another neuron or effectorneuron or effector
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Tissues - MuscleTissues - Muscle
MuscleMuscle: capable of : capable of contracting when contracting when stimulated by nerve stimulated by nerve impulses; myofibrils impulses; myofibrils composed of proteins composed of proteins actin and myosin; 3 actin and myosin; 3 types:types:
A- A- SkeletalSkeletal: voluntary : voluntary movement (striated)movement (striated)
B- B- CardiacCardiac: contractile : contractile wall of heart (branched wall of heart (branched striated)striated)
C- C- SmoothSmooth: involuntary : involuntary activities (no striations)activities (no striations)
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Organ systemsOrgan systems
Organ: organization of Organ: organization of tissuestissues
Mesentaries: Mesentaries: suspension of organs suspension of organs (connective tissue)(connective tissue)
Thoracic cavity (lungs Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart)and heart)
Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity (intestines)(intestines)
Diaphragm Diaphragm (respiration)(respiration)
Organ systems…...Organ systems…...
DigestiveDigestive-food processing-food processing CirculatoryCirculatory-internal distribution-internal distribution RespiratoryRespiratory-gas exchange-gas exchange Immune/LymphaticImmune/Lymphatic-defense-defense ExcretoryExcretory-waste disposal; -waste disposal;
osmoregulationosmoregulation EndocrineEndocrine-coordination of body -coordination of body
activitiesactivities ReproductiveReproductive-reproduction-reproduction NervousNervous-detection of stimuli-detection of stimuli IntegumentaryIntegumentary-protection-protection SkeletalSkeletal-support; protection-support; protection MuscularMuscular-movement; -movement;
locomotionlocomotion
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Internal regulationInternal regulation
Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid: : internal fluid internal fluid environment of environment of vertebrates; exchanges vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastesnutrients and wastes
HomeostasisHomeostasis: “steady : “steady state” or internal state” or internal balancebalance
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Internal regulationInternal regulation Negative feedbackNegative feedback: change in a : change in a
physiological variable that is being physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., body temperaturebody temperature
Positive feedbackPositive feedback: physiological control : physiological control mechanism in which a change in some mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change; i.e., uterine contractions at the change; i.e., uterine contractions at childbirthchildbirth
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MetabolismMetabolism: sum of all energy-: sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactionsrequiring biochemical reactions
Catabolic processes of Catabolic processes of cellular respirationcellular respiration
EndothermsEndotherms: bodies warmed : bodies warmed by metabolic heatby metabolic heat
EctothermsEctotherms: bodies warmed : bodies warmed by environmentby environment
Basal Metabolic RateBasal Metabolic Rate (BMR): (BMR): minimal rate powering basic minimal rate powering basic functions of life (endotherms)functions of life (endotherms)
Standard Metabolic RateStandard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of powering basic functions of life (ectotherms)life (ectotherms)