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An Intro to Tensile Structures:References:
Wolfgang Schueller, The Design of Building StructuresHorst Berger, Light Structures – Structures of Light
Hans – Joachim Schock, Soft ShellsMaritz Vandenberg, Soft Canopies
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Definition:• Tension roofs or canopies are those in which
every part of the structure is loaded only intension, with no requirement to resistcompression or bending forces. Vandenberg; page 6
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Classes of Tensile Structures• Membranes
• The structural membrane acts also as the weathershield
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Classes of Tensile Structures• Cable Nets
• A separate grid of structural cables supports anon–structural weathershield
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Classes of Tensile Structures• Pneumatics
• The tension force is created by an interior positivepressure and the membrane acts as the weathershield
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Shapes• Anticlastic Surfaces
• The centers of curvature ofthe membrane are onopposite sides of themembrane e.g. hyperbolicparabaloid, torus
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Shapes• Synclastic Surfaces
• The centers ofcurvature of themembrane are on thesame side of themembrane. E.g sphereor balloon
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
A Simple Paraboloid• Defined by a Minimum of Four Points w/ at
Least One out of Plane
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Equilibrium Forces• Anticlastic Surfaces
• The surface is stabilised because the tension forcesfrom prestressing or load are in equilibrium.
• Synclastic Surfaces• The surface is stabilised because the tension forces
from internal pressure are in equilibrium with the tensionforces in the membrane.
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
A Simple Example
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
A Simple Example
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
A Simple Example
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
A Simple Example
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
A Simple Example
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
A Simple Example
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Deformations• By definition, the membrane can only resist
forces in tension, so forces perpendicular to themembrane cause large deformations and largemembrane forces.
• Tensile roofs are susceptible to vibration.• Reverse curvature and/ or prestressing can bring these
forces to zero.
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Materials• Uncoated fabrics
• Simple woven fibers• Canvas, nylon
• Coated fabrics• High strength woven fibers w/ coatings to prevent UV– &
environmental degradation and improve weatherresistance.
• PVC–coated polyester: relatively short service life• PTFE–coated glass fiber: high strength, long service life
• Foils• PVC– and ETFC– foil
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Edge Conditions• Rope Edge
• A cable running in a sleeve and connected to a rigidstructure at both ends
• Hard Edge• A continuous connection to a rigid structure through
clamping plates w/ or w/o prestressing devices.
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Point Supports• Masts capable of resisting compression and
buckling forces.• The magnitude of forces at the point support
require distribution via rings or umbrellas
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Third Year Studio
Line Shaped Supports• Arches – internal or External• Valley and Ridge Cables