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AN International Diagnostic Grouping algorithm for use with
ICD-11 AND ICHI
Ric Marshall – 30 June - 11 University of Sydneywith thanks to Steve Sutch and PCSI for background material.
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GRANULARITY OF CATEGORIES
Terms concept labels
+/- 600,000 Snomed CT
+/- 300,000 Snomed RT
Others Galen Read Loinc
Classification categories
+/- 15,000 Diagnoses
+/- 5,000 Procedures
500<->1000 DRGs
300<->400 ADRGs [+/- 200 SRGs - +/- 100
Clinical service types]
23 MDCs
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Other - Care types Rehabilitation, aged care, specialised nursing Chronic care, Mental health.
Risk adjusted capitation groupings DCGs
Care-staging-associated unbundled groupings – eg DBCs
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DRG Design Goals Clinical and cost homogeneity,
Exhaustive and mutually exclusive ??????
Materiality, Transparency,
Data burden – routine clinical/admin data
Quality inputs – required precision clinical, policy, and cost
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Primary data requirements
Underlying classifications ICD/Morbidity, Procedures, Patient
function Patient demographics
Available design and test data sets
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Dependent variableE.g. EPISODE:
Cost or proxy eg Length of Stay, price, charges
Quality indicators Validation standards, variability measures,
reconciliation totals
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Design process Formal timetable of representations, Design
and response Germany, USA/Medicare (annual)
Semi formal, biannual/annual processes Australia, UK, Nordic
Engagement with stakeholders Hospitals, Clinicians, Policy, Commissioners
Education
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Statistical/classification tools Discriminant analysis (DA) Uses least squares methods
Regression models (multiple and logistic) relationship between multiple variables
Artificial Neural Networks interconnected simple processors
Tree-based algorithms (CART) Classification and Regression Trees (CART), CHAID,
AUTOGRP (Yale)
Rules for new groups Size, homogeneity
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Clinical input and design Clinical Panels, representatives of medical
associations Australia, UK
Formal representation from hospitals, medical associations USA, Germany
Direct clinical design input and evaluation Practicing clinicians, full time design
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Design Issues
Purpose
Responsibilities
Design principles
Review and Revising process
Currency, DRG unit of activity for payment
Setting Independence
Unbundling
Iso-Resource Groupings
Clinically meaningful
Comprehensive coverage
Readily available data
Quantitative rules
Statistical Criteria
Improving the Explanation of Variance
USE CASE ISSUES TECHNICAL APPROACH
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Grouping ProcessData cleaning and
input
Data EditsGrouping
ModellingReporting
Output
Standardise dataFixed file formatOne or multiple filesSingle patient (interactive) orMultiple patients (Batch)
Face validityConsistencyWarnings or failuresApply algorithm (s) – Table drivenUngroupables
Predictive modelsConcurrent modelsObserved v ExpectedAggregate statisticsGrouping variables
Input file & grouping variablesExpected valuesFile format(s)
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Design Structure
*APDRG, APRDRG
Body System Or Specialty
SurgicalGroups
Major Surgery
Intermediate Surgery
Minor Surgery
With/WO CC/Age
MedicalGroups
Neoplasms
Specific Diagnoses
Non Specific/Symptoms
With/WO CC/AgeMajor CC, Severity Scale* Major CC, Severity Scale*
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Check list of modifiers CC levels, multiple levels Minor, Intermediate, Major + multiple
Multiple procedures Procedure escalators, effect of ITCs
Treatment packages E.g. renal dialysis, chemotherapy
Chronic care Stable, non-stable, catastrophic events
Generic design
Primary care Cross over with outpatients
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Options Build your own DRG system
Adapting another country’s system (no adaptation)
International examples Adopt a grouper (e.g. Ireland) Adapt a grouper (e.g. Germany) Develop new grouper (e.g. UK, Australia)
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Options (2) Adoption of a procedure classification Separate decision to Casemix classification E.g. Germany
Joint decision e.g. Ireland, Portugal
International Standard Grouper Countries need to make decisions on grouper for
domestic use (support national policies) Can make a separate decision for international
comparisons Advantage in having the two related.
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International Evolution of DRGs
Adapted from Fetter R (1999) Casemix Classification Systems,Australian Health Review vol 22 no 2
HCFA v6-181989-2000
AP-DRGs v8-151991-98
AN-DRGs v1-31992-98
NACRICHAMPUS/DoD
1988-98
NY-DRGs v5-71988-90
APR-DRGs v8-151991-98
HCFA v5(4th Revision)
1988 (CC )exclusions
Yale RDRGs1989
HCFAVersion 1-41983- 1987
EnglandPortugalFrance
AR-DRGs v41998-2001
HRG v1-21991-1994
HRG v31997
HRG v3.52003
English Casemix Groups1989
AP-DRGs v16-231999-2006
CMS DRGs v19-232000-2006
Nord DRG1983-2006
G-DRGs v1-22003-2005
HRG v42006
Inc Non-AcuteAR-DRGs v52002IR-DRGs v1-2
1998-2003
Canada CMG1983-2006
JapanDPC
NetherlandsDBC
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Medicare’s evolution to MS-DRGs
In 2008 Medicare adopted Medicare-severity DRGs From 1989 to 2007 differences in severity of illness were
captured by presence or absence of a CC Early in the 2000s, many hospitals were beginning to take
strategic advantage of opportunities for selection: Specialization in cardiac care and orthopedic surgery Development of physician-owned specialty hospitals
CMS contracted with 3M to develop MS-DRGs, which: Expanded the number of DRGs from 500 to 750 Completely revised the CC and CC-exclusion lists Many base DRGs are split 3 ways, with MCC, CC, no/CC
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How CMS revised the CC list
Is a given diagnosis (Dx), when present as a secondary Dx, a Major CC (MCC), a CC, or not a CC?
Clinicians re-evaluated 13,549 Dxs to make initial MCC, CC, no CC assignments, and exclusions
CMS measured resource impact for 3 patient groups: The target Dx is present as a 2nd DX, and the patient has:
1. No other 2nd Dx, or all other 2nd Dxs are not CCs2. At least one other 2nd DX that is a CC, but no 2nd Dx is a MCC3. At least one other 2nd DX that is a MCC
CMS calculated ratios of average charges for each group to average charges for all patients where no 2nd Dx is a CC.
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Australian Refined DRG (ARDRG)
AN-DRG v1.0 1992 updated annually 1998 bianually
AR-DRG v6, 2008
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Health and Ageing Clinical Casemix Committee National Casemix and Classification Centre (NCCC), University of
Wollongong
23 MDCs, 665 DRGs Surgical heirarchy, principal diagnosis
ICD-10-AM, ACHI
Increase in groups with CC splits
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AR-DRG CC Splits Complication and comorbidity level (CCL)
patient clinical complexity level (PCCL) assignment
CC Level Description
0 Not a complication or comorbidity
1 Minor
2 Moderate
3 Severe
4 Catastrophic
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Canada CMG Introduced 1983
Redevelopment in late 1980s, 1990 improved
1997, age & complexity overlays Age,CC not splits in CMGs 5 comorbidity levels
2001, ICD-10-CA introduced
2004 Redevelopment, 2007 CMG+• 2007 CMG+, 2010 (CA 10th revision)
21 MCCs, 560 CMG 5 Factor adjustments Age Category, Comorbidity Level, Flagged Intervention, Intervention Event, Out-of-
Hospital Intervention
CACS, Ambulatory care
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CMG+ Comorbidity Levels Comorbidities assign patient to one of 5 Comorbidity
Levels, impact on resource consumption: Level 0 (0% to 24%) Level 1 (25% to 49%) Level 2 (50% to 74%) Level 3 (75% to 124%) Level 4 (125% or higher)
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Germany G-DRG Introduced 2003, adapted from AN-DRG v4.1
Annual revision via the structured dialogue 40% of all suggestions resulted in adjustments of the
weights or the classification calculation of the relative weights of each DRG
2008, 1,137 DRGs, 26 Chapters Incorporates hours on mechanical ventilation
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G-DRG Functions 16 different types of functions, global spilt criteria:
OR-procedure not related to the principal diagnosis Weight at admission (for patients with an age < 1 year at admission) Specified procedures Complex procedures Complicating procedures Dialysis Polytrauma Procedure on several locations Intensive care therapy with a score above 552 points Intensive care therapy with a score above 1104 points Complex early rehabilitation therapy in geriatrics Early rehabilitation therapy Sequence of complex OR-procedures Specified OR-procedures, conducted at four different time levels Pre-transplantation hospital stay Complicating procedures in conjunction with an allocation to the pre-MDC.
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EnglandHealthcare Resource Groups (HRG)
Payment by Results Timetable Healthcare Resource Groups (HRG) and Service
Classification Tools (SCT) Implementation of limited HRG Tariffs 2003/04 15 HRGs 2004/05 48 HRGs (piloting of tariff)
Tariff based system 2005/2006 Objective 60% total NHS spend Acute Inpatients, Outpatients, A&E, Critical Care, Mental
Health
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OTHERS FRANCE
AUSTRIA
JAPAN
THAILAND
COMMERCIAL – eg 3M
MALAYSIA UNU
??VALUE IN A COMPREHENSIVE TABULATION
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International Adoption/Development
Country Diagnoses Procedures CasemixUSA ICD-9-CM ICD-9-CM, CPT4 HCFA/CMS-DRG, AP/R/APR-DRGAustralia ICD-10-AM ACHI AR-DRG, local variationsJapan ICD-10, ICF DPGSouth Korea ICD-10 KHIC-PH Korean DRGMexico ICD-9-CM ICD-9-CM HCFA DRG, version 16South Africa ICD-10 ICD-9-CM AP-DRGAustria ICD-10 Austrian LKFBelgium ICD-9-CM INAMI, /ICD-9-CM AP-DRG (1995), APR-DRG (2002)Denmark ICD-10 Nomesko Nord DRG/DAGSFinland ICD-10 NCSP Nord DRG/FinFrance ICD-10 CDAM GHM/GHJGermany ICD-10 SGVB G-DRGUK ICD-10 OPCS HRGIreland ICD-10-AM ACHI AR-DRGItaly ICD-9-CM ICD-9-CM HCFA-DRG, version 14Netherlands DBC Dutch coding lists DBC-GroupsNorway ICD-10 Norwegian code Nord DRGPortugal ICD-9-CM ICD-9-CM HCFA DRGSpain ICD-9-CM ICD-9-CM HCFA DRGSweden ICD-10 Nomesko Nord DRGSwitzerland ICD-10 ICD-9-CM AP-DRGHungary ICD-10 ICPM-Hungary Hungarian grouperRomania ICD-10 ICPM AP-DRG, HCFA, IR-DRGRussia ICD-10 ICD-9-CM AP-DRG
Turkey, fyrMacedoniaCroatia,SerbiaBosnia h.Singapore
ICD-10-AMICD-10-AMICD-10-AMICD-10ICD-10-AMICD-10-AM
ACHIACHIACHIACHIACHIACHI
AR-DRG-V6AR-DRG-V6AR-DRG-V6AR-DRG-V6AR-DRG-V6AR-DRG-V6
IndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesMongolia
ICD-10 ?ICD-10 ?ICD-10 ?ICD-10 ?
ICD-9-cm v3ICD-9-cm v3ICD-9-cm v3ICD-9-cm v3
UNUUNUUNUUNU
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TOWARDS AN INTERNATIONAL DRG?
EURO DRG PROJECT – compatible goals?
UNU SIMPLIFIED GROUPER PROJECT –collaboration?
APPROACHING UPTAKE OF ICD-11 AND ICHI NEED FOR INTERNATIOAL COMPARISONS NEED FOR ACCESSIBLE - OPEN SOURCE MATERIAL COST OF MAINTAINING MULTIPLE PLATFORMS -
THE BUSINESS CASE FOR LOCAL VARIANTS
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POTENTIAL GOALS STANDARD INTERNATIONAL CORE At “adjacent” (general) DRG level. Approximately 400 categories Expandable to 800-1000 with complexity splits
General CC tables but local levels values
Local complexity splits.
Initial scope - acute inpatients ??? but expandable to incorporate other care types and setting independence.