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An Ecological Stratification Approach for Mapping Global Marine Ecosystems
Esri Ocean GIS ForumNovember 5, 2015
Dawn J. Wright, Ph.D.Esri Chief Scientist
Roger Sayre Ph.DSenior Scientist for EcosystemsUS Geological Survey
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Steering CommitteeRoger Sayre U.S. Geological Survey
Sean BreyerEsri
Pat HalpinDuke University Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab
Nawajish NomanEsri
Dawn Wright Esri
Kevin ButlerEsri
Steve KoppEsri
Nathan ShepherdEsri
Mark Costello University of Auckland
Doug CribbsEsri
Miles Macmillan-LawlerGRID Arendal, Norway
Drew StephensEsri
Peter Harris GRID Arendal, Norway
Charlie FryeEsri
Mark MonacoNOAA Biogeography
Beata Van EschEsri
Pete AnielloEsri
Kathy GoodinNatureServe
Lance MorganMarine Conservation Institute
Randy VaughanEsri
Zeenatul Basher U.S. Geological Survey
John GuinotteMarine Conservation Institute
Guy NollEsri
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GEOSS Task EC-01-C1Global Ecosystem Classification and Mapping
• Develop a standardized, robust, and practical global ecosystems classification and map for the planet’s terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.
• Dr. Roger Sayre, USGS, Task Lead
• Esri is a partner, engaged in producing and hosting the content
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Why Do We Need Global Ecosystems Maps?Too many governmental policies are based on antiquated knowledge and technology
• Catalyze: Science Planning Management
• Provide Globally Comparable- Understanding of Changes, Impacts, Resilience…- Value: Economic, Social, Goods & Services
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Water
MatterEnergy
Land CoverLithology
Bioclimate Landforms
Ecological Land Classification
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Terrestrial Input LayersIn Order of Ecological Importance
Bioclimates
Landforms
Surficial Lithology
Land Cover
Drivers of Ecological Character (Physical Setting)
Response to the Physical Setting
Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical setting.
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Ecological Land Classification …not Ecological Classification
BiomesEcoregions
EcosystemsNatural Communities
SpeciesGenes
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Terrestrial Effort: Ecological Land Units (ELUs)
Land Cover
Lithology
Landform
Bioclimate
Example: Warm Wet Plains on Metamorphic Rock with Mostly Deciduous Forest
48,872 Combinations (Facets)3,923 Unique Land Units/Colors
www.aag.org/global_ecosystems esriurl.com/eluesriurl.com/ecotapestryesriurl.com/landscape
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Marine Effort: Marine Ecological Units (EMUs)
Who wants one? GLORES!
IUCN, WWF, CI, Mission Blue Sylvia Earle Alliance
GEO & GEOSS
FAO and ICES
IOC and IODE
OOI and IOOS/GOOS
Essential Ocean Variables community (e.g., World Climate Research Program)
Researchers
Educators
Local agencies who want the global context
Natl science agencies
Editors of textbooks
CNN and the like
Why? • Contextualize MPAs and Siting Process
• Ecosystem Health, Resilience, Ecosystem Goods & Services; Ecosystem Services Valuation
• Nature Conservation Reporting
• Conservation planning
• Ecosystem Classification
• Ecosystem Based Management
• Fisheries Management
• Marine Data Management
• Indicating Species Distributions
• Explaining and Understanding Nature
• Risk Reduction
• Context: Local related to Global
• System Connectivity
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Additional AUDIENCES for EMUs
• IUCN Red List
• UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• UN Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
• UN Beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Working Group
• UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• Ocean Data Interoperability Platform (ODIP)
• International Seabed Authority
• Funding Organizations
• Foundations making strategic decisions about future directions (e.g., Moore, Packard, Waitt, Science Philanthropy Alliance)
• Other NGOs/Science/Conservation organizations
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EMUs will:• cover all the ocean
• be 3D
• be based on best available data
• be independent of political, social and economic influence
• further understanding of how the environment structures biodiversity (including fisheries, threatened species, etc.)
How is this different from what exists?
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What will it contain?
• X, Y, Z coordinates• Ocean colour (chlorophyll, productivity)• Temperature (annual average)• Major freshwater inputs • Salinity• Ice cover• Tidal height• Wave height• Current velocity (including max on seabed)• Particulate Organic Carbon • Diffuse attenuation coefficient and/or
Photosynthetic Active Radiation• Aragonite • Geomorphology • Coral reefs, mangroves
Sea surface
Epipelagic (photic)
Mesopelagic
Deep Sea
Sea bed
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Sea Surface (SS)
Benthic (SF)
Epipelagic (EP)
Mesopelagic (MP)
Deep Pelagic (DP)
X, Y, Z, SST, SAL, DO, OC, Surface Water Mass, Surface Current, OBIS biogeographic region(atr)
X, Y, Z, T, Salinity, Photosynthetically Available Radiation+H20clar, Regional Current Velocity, Quasi-stationary Water Mass, OBISBR(atr)
X, Y, Z, T, SAL, PAR+H20clar, QSWM, RCV, Mesopelagic Biogeographic Region(atr), OBISBR(atr)
X, Y, Z, T, SAL, PAR+H20clar, QSWM, RCV, OBISBR(atr), CCD(atr)
X, Y, BATHY(Z), SLOPE, Benthic Physiographic Region, Benthic Landform Type1, BottomSedimentType, T, SAL, DO, PHOT, Episodic CV, Particulate Organic Carbon Flux(food), OBISBR(atr)
EMU TYPE EMU ATTRIBUTES
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Sea Surface (SS)
Benthic (SF)
Epipelagic (EP)
Mesopelagic (MP)
Deep Pelagic (DP)
X, Y, Z, SST, SAL, DO, OC, SWM, SC, OBISBR(atr)
X, Y, Z, T, SAL, PAR+H20clar, RCV, QSWM, OBISBR(atr)
X, Y, Z, T, SAL, PAR+H20clar, QSWM, RCV, MPBR(atr), OBISBR(atr)
X, Y, Z, T, SAL, PAR+H20clar, QSWM, RCV, OBISBR(atr), CCD(atr)
X, Y, BATHY(Z), SLOPE, BPR, BLT1, BLT2, BST, T, SAL, DO, PHOT, ECV, POCflux(food), OBISBR(atr)
EMU TYPE EMU ATTRIBUTES
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1. 3-D framework (mesh)
2. Environmental attributes of each mesh element
3. Spatial statistical clustering of numerical variables to define recurring spatial environmental units
4. Matching units to geomorphological features (e.g., seamounts, shelf slope, abyssal plain)
5. Matching units to biological features (coral reefs, mangroves, biogeographic realms, other?)
How?
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Data SourcesNOAA World Ocean Atlas 1 or ¼ degree - 41 depth levels
TempSalinityDissolved O2Particula O2 SaturationApparent O2 UtilSilicatePhosphateNitrate
GMED (Surface)Chlorophyll A (10 km)Primary Productivity
Marine Conservation Institute Aragonite SRTM30
GRID-ArendalGeomorphology
StratificationFeatures
Phas
e 2a
-St
ats
ClusteringExploratory RegMulti-D ClusteringK-means Clustering
Evaluate Describe
Phas
e 2b
–C
ateg
ory
CategorizeBin
Evaluate
Noise Reduction
Outlier Cleanup
Describe
Phas
e 3
–In
fo
Prod
MapsStoryMapsExploration AppServices Ph
ase
4 -
Rel
ease
Technical DocsPublicationsPromotions• Press Release• Blogs• Conferences
Phas
e 1 Combine/ExtractAll Data Sources
Ecological Marine Units - Plan
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Preliminary Results
video
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Preliminary Results
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Preliminary Results
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Preliminary Results
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Parallel Effort – esriurl.com/3dfence
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Parallel Effort – esriurl.com/3dfence
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Parallel Effort – esriurl.com/3dfence
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Parallel Effort – esriurl.com/3dfence
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Parallel Effort – esriurl.com/3dfence
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ETL(extract, transform, load)
ArcGIS Online Repository of Data
Ocean MeshFramework Main
Database
EMUs
multivariate analyses
(e.g.,statisticalclustering)
Additional DataOver Time
Visualizations
Open Sharing
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Layering in the Ocean
Thermoclines
Haloclines
Pycnoclines
Scientific Products (including peer-reviewed pub)
Biological Attributes
Species distributions (from OBIS)
Biogeographic realms (species endemicity)
Seabed habitat and biotope maps (e.g., from EMODnet project)
Derived Pelagic “Seascapes”
Water masses
Fronts
Current “storms”
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Other Value-Added Maps, Layers, and Apps . . .
• Oceans Chapter of Living Atlas of the World• ArcGIS Open Data Site• Story Maps • “Ocean Observatory” (Urban Observatory)• Possible Ocean Modeler App• Diagrams/Illustrations Explaining Fundamental Ocean
Ecology/Conservation Concepts
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Dawn Wright Roger [email protected] [email protected]
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Extra Slides
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EMU Classes (9)EMU Types (16)