American Psychological American Psychological Association (APA) Association (APA) References Style References Style
Welcome!Welcome!
Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesUpon completion of this Learning Object you will be able to:Upon completion of this Learning Object you will be able to: Correctly site references according to the APA style.Correctly site references according to the APA style. Identify the different types of electronic references.Identify the different types of electronic references. Identify the different types of non-electronic references.Identify the different types of non-electronic references.
Prerequisite KnowledgePrerequisite KnowledgeYou are expected to have had:You are expected to have had: Exposure to writing formal papers.Exposure to writing formal papers. Familiarity with the written English language.Familiarity with the written English language.
Estimated TimeEstimated Time This lesson will take approximately 30 minutes to complete.This lesson will take approximately 30 minutes to complete.
TopicsTopics
In this Learning Object you will be In this Learning Object you will be introduced to proper citation according to introduced to proper citation according to the APA method regarding:the APA method regarding:
Proper formatting of references pageProper formatting of references page Electronic References/Internet Electronic References/Internet
ResourcesResources Non-electonic References Non-electonic References
Before we get started…Before we get started…
If at any time you would If at any time you would like to review what you like to review what you have learned, click on have learned, click on the arrows to move back the arrows to move back or go forward to the next or go forward to the next screen.screen.
Let’s begin...Let’s begin...
Proper formatting of references pageProper formatting of references page
Electronic References/Internet ResourcesElectronic References/Internet Resources
Non-electronic ReferencesNon-electronic References
APA Quick QuizAPA Quick Quiz
Introduction Introduction
The American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) has established a style that it uses in all (APA) has established a style that it uses in all of the books and journals that it publishes.of the books and journals that it publishes.
Many other journals in the social and Many other journals in the social and behavioral sciences have adopted this style behavioral sciences have adopted this style as their standard as well, both in the U.S.A. as their standard as well, both in the U.S.A. and elsewhere.and elsewhere.
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Proper FormattingProper Formatting
FormattingFormatting TitleTitle: : Type the word References at the top of a new Type the word References at the top of a new
page, centered.page, centered. SpacingSpacing: : All entries should be double-spaced, unless All entries should be double-spaced, unless
your assignment instructs you otherwise.your assignment instructs you otherwise. IndentionIndention: : TThe typeset version will have hanging he typeset version will have hanging
indents (first line flush left, following lines five spaces indents (first line flush left, following lines five spaces indent). indent).
CapitalizationCapitalization: : Capitalize only the first word of titles Capitalize only the first word of titles of books and articles and the first word after a colon.of books and articles and the first word after a colon.
Proper Formatting cont.Proper Formatting cont.
FormattingFormatting PunctuationPunctuation
Use a comma to separate surnames from initials Use a comma to separate surnames from initials a journal title from volume number a journal title from volume number a volume number from page numbers a volume number from page numbers an issue number from page numbers an issue number from page numbers (Ed.) from book title (Ed.) from book title city of publication from state city of publication from state
Any questions so far?Any questions so far?
Electronic References/Electronic References/ Internet ResourcesInternet Resources
Web Sites or web pagesWeb Sites or web pages Reference worksReference works Electronic texts (books, journals, poems, Electronic texts (books, journals, poems,
etc.)etc.) News articlesNews articles Newsgroups and listservsNewsgroups and listservs Web- or e-mail-based discussion groupsWeb- or e-mail-based discussion groups Web- or e-mail-based newslettersWeb- or e-mail-based newsletters
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Electronic References/Electronic References/ Internet ResourcesInternet Resources
Direct readers as closely as possible to the Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible, information being cited; whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.home or menu pages.
Provide Uniform Resource Locator (URL’s) Provide Uniform Resource Locator (URL’s) addresses that work.addresses that work.
Electronic References/Electronic References/ Internet ResourcesInternet Resources
At a minimum, a reference of an Internet At a minimum, a reference of an Internet source should provide a document title or source should provide a document title or description, a date (either the date of description, a date (either the date of publication or update or the date of retrieval), publication or update or the date of retrieval), and an address (in Internet terms, a uniform and an address (in Internet terms, a uniform resource locator, or URL). Whenever resource locator, or URL). Whenever possible, identify the authors of a document possible, identify the authors of a document as well.as well.
Electronic References/ Electronic References/ Internet Resources FormatInternet Resources Format
Online periodical:Online periodical: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Title of article. Title of article. Title of PeriodicalTitle of Periodical, xx,, xx, xxxxxx. xxxxxx. Retrieved monthRetrieved month day, year, from source. day, year, from source.
Online document:Online document: Author, A. A. (2000). Author, A. A. (2000). Title of workTitle of work.. Retrieved month Retrieved month
day, year, from source. day, year, from source.
Electronic References Electronic References (Example)(Example)
Internet articles based on a print source Internet articles based on a print source
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. version]. Journal of Bibliographic Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, Research, 5, 117-123. 117-123.
Electronic References Electronic References (Example)(Example)
Article in an Internet-only journalArticle in an Internet-only journal
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. health and well-being. Prevention & Prevention & Treatment, 3, Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/ http://journals.apa.org/prevention/ volume3/pre0030001a.html volume3/pre0030001a.html
Any questions so far?Any questions so far?
Non-electonic References Non-electonic References
General reference worksGeneral reference works BooksBooks Magazines and newspapersMagazines and newspapers Articles in journalsArticles in journals
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Non-electonic References Non-electonic References FormatFormat
Proper Format:Proper Format: Author, A. A., (year). Author, A. A., (year). Title of BookTitle of Book. City of . City of publication: name of publisher. publication: name of publisher.
Sample Reference ListSample Reference ListBooksBooks
Book with one authorBook with one authorBaxter, C. (1997). Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and Race equality in health care and
education.education. Philadelphia: Balliere Tindall. Philadelphia: Balliere Tindall.
Book with more than one author Book with more than one author Hamer, D., Hamer, D., & Copeland, P. (1998). & Copeland, P. (1998). Living with our genes: Why Living with our genes: Why they matter more than you think.they matter more than you think. New York: New York: Doubleday.Doubleday.
Sample Reference ListSample Reference ListMagazinesMagazines
Magazine articleMagazine article
Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As good as Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As good as dead: Is there really such a thing as brain dead: Is there really such a thing as brain death? death? New YorkerNew Yorker, 36-41. , 36-41.
[Note: Use vol. no. if available.][Note: Use vol. no. if available.]
Sample Reference ListSample Reference ListNewspaper ArticleNewspaper Article
Discontinuous pagesDiscontinuous pagesReichenbach, M. (1988, May 10). Mind and Reichenbach, M. (1988, May 10). Mind and
body of a child. body of a child. Christian Science Monitor,Christian Science Monitor, pp. pp. 4, 16. 4, 16.
No authorNo authorUnderstanding early years as a prerequisite to Understanding early years as a prerequisite to
development. (1986, May 4). development. (1986, May 4). The Wall Street The Wall Street Journal,Journal, p. 8. p. 8.
Sample Reference ListSample Reference ListJournal ArticlesJournal Articles
One authorOne author
Roy, A. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. Roy, A. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British British Journal of Child and Family Studies, 141,Journal of Child and Family Studies, 141, 171-177. 171-177.
Continuous pagination (by volume; two authors)Continuous pagination (by volume; two authors)
Adkins, A., & Singh, N. N. (2001). Reading level and Adkins, A., & Singh, N. N. (2001). Reading level and readability of patient education materials in mental readability of patient education materials in mental health. health. Journal ofJournal of Child and Family Studies, 10Child and Family Studies, 10, 1-8., 1-8.
Are you ready to take Are you ready to take the APA quick quiz? the APA quick quiz?
What should be capitalized? What should be capitalized? What is the rule for spacing on thWhat is the rule for spacing on th
e references page?e references page? What does URL stand for?What does URL stand for? What does APA stand for?What does APA stand for? What is the basic format for a boWhat is the basic format for a bo
ok?ok?
Basic FormatBasic Format
CapitalizationCapitalization:: Capitalize only the Capitalize only the
first word of titles of first word of titles of books and articles books and articles and the first word and the first word after a colon.after a colon.
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Basic FormatBasic Format
SpacingSpacing: : All entries should be All entries should be
double-spaced, double-spaced, unless your unless your assignment instructs assignment instructs you otherwise.you otherwise.
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Electronic ReferencesElectronic References
URL = Uniform URL = Uniform Resource LocatorResource Locator
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Electronic ReferencesElectronic References
APA = American APA = American Psychological Psychological AssociationAssociation
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Non-electonic ReferencesNon-electonic References
Proper Format:Proper Format:
Author, A. A., (year). Author, A. A., (year). Title of Title of BookBook. City of publication: . City of publication: name of publisher. name of publisher.
Congratulations, Congratulations, You did it!You did it!
In summary…In summary…
You have successfully completed the APA You have successfully completed the APA references learning object. You are now able references learning object. You are now able to:to:
Correctly site references according to the APA Correctly site references according to the APA style.style.
Correctly identify the different types of electronic Correctly identify the different types of electronic references.references.
Correctly identify the different types of non-Correctly identify the different types of non-electronic references.electronic references.
American Psychological American Psychological Association (APA) Association (APA) References StyleReferences Style
ResourcesResources http://www.apastyle.org/http://www.apastyle.org/
CreditsCredits Sangkhom RatsavongSangkhom Ratsavong
This learning object was created for course ADLDSP 767: Program Planning & Implementation.This learning object was created for course ADLDSP 767: Program Planning & Implementation.University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Instructor: Simone Conceicao Copyright @ 2005University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Instructor: Simone Conceicao Copyright @ 2005