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America After the Civil War: 1870-1900Industrialization Industrialization & Urbanization & Urbanization
Reconstruction & Reconstruction & Rise of Jim Crow SegregationRise of Jim Crow Segregation
Ranching, Mining, Ranching, Mining, & Farming& Farming
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America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900The SouthThe South:
By 1877, the South was recovering from the Civil War but was no longer forced to “reconstruct”
“Jim Crow” reigned supreme as whites legally segregated the South into 2 distinct societies
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America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The NorthThe North:Experienced a “2nd Industrial Revolution,”
mass immigration, & urbanization
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Railroads, steel, & oil companies formed America’s first monopolies
American industry & urbanization grew
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America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The WestThe West:Manifest Destiny
continued after 1865 as miners homesteaders,
& ranchers headed West
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The United States by 1890
Established new states & closed the
frontier by 1890
Colorado
Washington Montana North Dakota
South Dakota
Idaho
Wyoming
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Western raw materials fueled eastern factories
..but this came at the expense of
Native Americans
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Settlement of the West
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The Mining Bonanza■Mining was the 1st magnet to
attract settlers to the West
■CA (1849) started the gold rush, but strikes in Pikes Peak, CO & Carson River Valley, NV (1859) set off wild migrations to the West:
–Comstock LodeComstock Lode = $306 million
–John Mackay’s Big BonanzaBig Bonanza made him richest man in world
John Mackay earned $25 a minute from his gold/silver lode in Sierra Mountains
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Mining Regions of the West
Discoveries of gold & silver led to overnight mining towns
Created need for local gov’t, law enforcement, sanitation, businesses, prostitutes
Individual “placer miners”placer miners” took little skill or money to start, but could not reach deep lodes
Corporations had the expensive machinery (“hydraulic mining techniques”) to extract
most of the gold in the West
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Mining Bonanza■¼ to ½ of the mining population
was foreign born:–Latin American miners brought
experience & new techniques–Chinese brought a tireless ethic
■Led to hostility & riots:–Foreign Miners’ ActForeign Miners’ Act in 1852
charged a monthly mining fee–Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act in 1882
suspended Chinese immigration
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The Cattle
Bonanza
In the 1860s, cattle ranching boomed
Ranchers used the
“open range” to graze
longhorns
By 1867, ranchers started using trains to ship cattle to Chicago
A cattle bought for $4 in Texas sold for $40 in Kansas
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The Cattle Bonanza■½ of all cowboys were black &
¼ were Mexican
■By 1880, the “open range” was ending:
–Wheat growers, homesteaders, & barbed wire blocked the range
–Many switched to raising sheep
But “range wars” erupted over grazing rights between cowboys & “sheep-boys”
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The Farming Bonanza■The U.S. gov’t offered incentives
for farmers to settle the West:–Homestead ActHomestead Act (1862)—gave
160 acres of land if families pledged to live there for 5 years
–Other gov’t acts helped develop western lands by planting trees & building irrigation systems
–Due to land grants, RRs were the largest western landowners
500 million acres doled to businesses but only 80 million to homesteaders
2/3 of all homesteaders failed to farm their land
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The Farming Bonanza■In 1870, homesteaders pushed
West & adapted to the harsh farming conditions:–Farmers used dry farming
techniques & planted tougher varieties of wheat
–New machinery sped harvesting & planting; led to bonanza farms
–By 1890, the U.S. became a major crop exporter
A pioneer sod house
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Exodusters
■Exodusters were black farmers who moved West to escape Southern crop liens & Jim Crow Laws
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Rails Across the Continent■In 1862, Congress authorized the
transcontinental railroad:–Union Pacific worked westward
from Nebraska (Irish laborers)–Central Pacific worked eastward
from CA (Chinese immigrants)–May 10, 1869 the 2 tracks met
at Promontory Point in Utah■By 1900, 4 more lines were built
to the Pacific
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Federal Land Grants to Railroads by 1871The national gov’t doled $65 million &
millions of acres in land grants (received reduced rates for shipping)
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The Transcontinental Railroad
In 1870, RR companies developed the 1st time zones to better schedule the RR system; the US
would not adopt time zones until 1918
“Pullman cars” & “refrigeration cars”
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Crushing the Native Americans
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The Plains Indians In 1865, 2/3 of all Indians lived on the Great Plains
Tribes of several 1,000 people were subdivided into bands of 100s which made it difficult for the U.S. to negotiate treaties
Their culture was dependent
upon the buffalo & the horse
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Searching for an Indian Policy■Before the Civil War, the West
was “one big reservation”
–The Indian Intercourse Act Indian Intercourse Act (1834) forbade whites from entering “Indian country” without a license
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Searching for an Indian Policy■But…rapid Western expansion in
the 1850s brought a new Indian “concentration policy”concentration policy” with distinct boundaries for each tribe “as long as the waters run and grass grows”
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Searching for an Indian Policy■Concentration did not last as
whites ignored these boundaries:–Sand Creek MassacreSand Creek Massacre (1864)—
Col John Chivington attacked 700 sleeping Indians in CO after a peace agreement was signed
–Sioux WarSioux War (1865-1867)—gold miners wanted a Bozeman Trail (across Sioux hunting grounds) to connect mining towns; Sioux murdered 88 U.S. soldiers
“Kill and scalp all, big and little”
Congress investigated & condemned Chivington’s attack
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Searching for an Indian Policy■In 1867, the U.S. formed the
Indian Peace Commission :–Ended Bozeman Trail plans –Made “small reservations” in the
Dakota & Oklahoma territories■Few Native Americans settled into
these reservations peacefully:–Red River War (1874)–Little Big Horn (1876)–Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Black soldiers in the U.S. army called “buffalo soldiers” were used to fend
off Indian attacks in the West
The discovery of gold in South Dakota led a Sioux army of 2,500 to ambush
& kill Lt Col Custer & his 197 soldiers
“Custer’s Last Stand” set off demands for revenge among Americans
The U.S. army was ordered to stop Sioux “ghost dances” & machine
gunned 200 men, women, & children
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The End of Tribal Life■In 1871, the U.S. adopted its 4th
Indian policy: Assimilation –U.S. citizenship was offered to
all Indians who farmed, lived away from their tribe & “adopted the habits of civilized life”
–Dawes Severalty ActDawes Severalty Act in 1887 offered farms (160 acres to families & 80 to men) & the protection of U.S. laws
“Kill the Indian and save the man” —Richard Pratt, founder of Carlisle
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The End of Tribal Life■The final blow to Indian culture
came with annihilation of buffalo:–Began with the construction of
the transcontinental RR in 1860s–From
1872 to 1874, 3 million buffalo were killed each year
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1 hunter = 100 buffalo per day
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The Final Fling■In 1889, Congress responded to
demands to open the Oklahoma Territory to white settlement
■On April 22, 1889, about 100,000 “Boomers” & “Sooners” flooded into the last “Indian land”
–White migrants claimed 2 million acres in Oklahoma homesteads
–Moved out Creeks & Seminoles
Oklahoma “Boomers” waiting for noon“Sooners” couldn’t wait until noon
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Conclusions: The End of the Frontier ■By 1890, the western frontier ended
–Miners, ranchers, & cowboys flooded West at the expense of Indians who were restricted to smaller & smaller reservations
–Westerners were commercially connected to Eastern markets but would grow increasingly frustrated by the economic & political concentration of power in the East
A continuation of antebellum
“Manifest Destiny”
With no more West to conquer, where would American expansion
go next?