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Alyssa DibidadTexas A&M University
Cyclotron Institute REU
3rd
year Biochemistry StudentFlorida A&M University
Tallahassee, FL
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What is Chemistry?The Basics
The Atom and Atomic StructureElements and the Periodic Table
What is Nuclear Chemistry?Radioactivity
Isotopes and the Chart of the NuclidesDecays
Alpha, Beta, and GammaHalf-lifeWhat we do at the Cyclotron
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Chemistry is the study of matterand the changes that it can undergoMatter is anything that has mass and takes up spaceCan be made up of pure or a mixture of pure substances in any stateThe smallest unit of matter is the atom
Lithium Atom
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The goal of chemistry is to understand atomic and molecular interactions – both naturally and synthetically
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Very basic structure
Mostly empty spaceRadius measured in picometers (10-12 m)
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1 femtometer = 10-15
m
NucleusElectron Cloud
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6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons
13 electrons, 13 protons, 14 neutrons
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Atoms differ depending upon the number of protons in the nucleus and as they are discovered, they are named and become elementsEach element is given an atomic number which corresponds with its proton numberThey are now organized by increasing atomic number in the Periodic Table of Elements
C6
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Nuclear Chemistry is the division dealing with the atomic nucleus, radioactivity, and nuclear reactionsRadioactivity - the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay
Any atom with 84 or more protons is radioactive
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C6Atomic Number (Z)
12 Atomic Mass (A)
Atomic Mass = Proton Number + Neutron Number
Al13
Aluminum: 13 p+, 13 e-, 14 n0
27?
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Atoms of the same element may have different neutron numbers, thus different mass numbers
6C12
Carbon-12
6 electrons, 6 protons, 8 neutronsC6
14Carbon-14
6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons
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We organize all the known isotopes of the elements into another chart, called the Chart of the Nuclides
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Nuclear reactions involve changes in an atom’s nucleusIsotopes with an unstable nucleus are radioactive and will spontaneously undergo a nuclear reactionA stable isotope will not spontaneously undergo a nuclear reactionDifferent isotopes undergo different types of changes
A nucleus will gain or lose protons and/or neutronsHigh energy particles or electromagnetic radiation will be given offThe new atom may be stable or radioactiveSeveral types of reactions
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When a nucleus undergoes α decay, it loses 2 protons and 2 neutronsA new element is produced, with an atomic number 2 less than and an atomic mass 4 less than the original
Uranium-238 into Thorium-234
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There are 2 types of Beta Decayβ‐ decayβ+ decay also called positron emission
In β- decay, a neutron decomposes into a proton and a beta particleIn β+ decay a proton is converted to a neutron and a positron
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Occurs when there are too many neutronsA neutron decomposes into a proton, antineutrino, and a beta particle (electron)
Carbon-14 into Nitrogen-14
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Occurs when there are too many protonsA proton is converted to a neutron, neutrino, and a positron (a positive electron)
Carbon-10 into Boron-10
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Emission of high energy electromagnetic radiation from an excited nucleusOften occurs with alpha or beta decay as a way to release energy
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The time required for ½ of the atoms in a sample to emit radiation and decayHalf-lives differ, from nanoseconds to yearsCalculated using where λ is the decay constant
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The Cyclotron is a particle acceleratorAccelerates charged particles using a high-frequency, alternating voltage, and a magnetic field
The Cyclotron produces a beam of particles that we can use to shoot at other particles to create and study isotopes and measure decays
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Brown, Theodore L., H. Eugene, Jr. LeMay, and Bruce E. Bursten. Chemistry: The Central Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2006.
Ferbel, A. Das and T. Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2003.
Koutroulis. "Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry." 2006. http://faculty.riohondo.edu/mkoutroulis/chem110/Notes/Introduction%20to%20Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes.pdf (accessed June 30, 2009).
Nuclear Chemistry. 2009. http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/17899-Nuclear-chemistry-presentation (accessed June 30, 2009).