Alternative EnergyAlternative Energy in in AmericaAmerica
Brian HeinsBrian Heins
CBE 562CBE 562
September 28September 28thth, 2006, 2006
CBECBE PerspectivePerspective: Mass Balance: Mass Balance
Mass Balance:Mass Balance:Aside from meteors (input) and Aside from meteors (input) and
astronauts (occasional output), the Earth astronauts (occasional output), the Earth weighs a constant 5.972 x 10weighs a constant 5.972 x 102424 kg kg
Other Facts:Other Facts:– The diameter is about 12,756 kmThe diameter is about 12,756 km– Cross-sectional area: 1.28*10Cross-sectional area: 1.28*101414mm22
CBE Perspective: Energy BalanceCBE Perspective: Energy Balance
Assuming the Earth only receives input Assuming the Earth only receives input energy from the Sun:energy from the Sun:– Solar constant = 1370 W/mSolar constant = 1370 W/m22
– On a clear day: 1000 W/mOn a clear day: 1000 W/m22 at the surface at the surface– This corresponds to This corresponds to 1.05*101.05*101919 Btu/day Btu/day
(1 Btu = 1055 J = 1055 W*s)(1 Btu = 1055 J = 1055 W*s)
CBE Perspective: Energy BalanceCBE Perspective: Energy Balance
Fortunately for us, this energy does not Fortunately for us, this energy does not accumulate for long.accumulate for long.
A few possible conversions:A few possible conversions:– [Photosynthesis][Photosynthesis] Chemical energyChemical energy– [Solar Panels][Solar Panels] Electrical energy Electrical energy– [Wind] [Wind] Kinetic energy Kinetic energy– [Evaporation] [Evaporation] Potential energy Potential energy
Eventually, back to heat:Eventually, back to heat:– [Thermal radiation] Off the planet[Thermal radiation] Off the planet
We Know Many Types of EnergyWe Know Many Types of Energy
Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels– CoalCoal– Fuel OilFuel Oil– KeroseneKerosene– LPGLPG– Natural GasNatural Gas– OilOil
RenewablesRenewables– BioenergyBioenergy– GeothermalGeothermal– HydrogenHydrogen– HydropowerHydropower– SolarSolar– WindWind
OthersOthers– NuclearNuclear– FusionFusion
Alternative to what?Alternative to what?
Fossil Fuels?Fossil Fuels?– Major source of pollutionMajor source of pollution– Will not last foreverWill not last forever
Nuclear?Nuclear?– Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste– Will not last foreverWill not last forever
Itself?Itself?– Hydroelectric dams fill with siltHydroelectric dams fill with silt– Geothermal sites cool down over timeGeothermal sites cool down over time
Goal of Alternative EnergyGoal of Alternative Energy
Provide energy to meet demandProvide energy to meet demand Be renewable and/or sustainableBe renewable and/or sustainable Be “green”Be “green”
– Non-pollutingNon-polluting– Environmentally friendlyEnvironmentally friendly– Little or no greenhouse gas emissionsLittle or no greenhouse gas emissions
What is the demand?What is the demand?
ConsumersConsumers
Question: Who Consumes the Question: Who Consumes the Most?Most?
Commercial End Usage (1999)Commercial End Usage (1999)
Natural Gas Electricity Fuel OilNatural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil
Space HeatingSpace Heating 1,4831,483 155155 167167
Water HeatingWater Heating 275275 3737 66
CookingCooking 200200 6565
CoolingCooling 88 793793
LightingLighting 716716
Office EquipmentOffice Equipment 555555
RefrigerationRefrigeration 266266
VentilationVentilation 226226
OtherOther 5959 288288 66
(Trillion BTU)(Trillion BTU)
Commercial UsageCommercial Usage
Natural Gas:Natural Gas: 2,023 Trillion BTU2,023 Trillion BTU Electricity:Electricity: 3,098 Trillion BTU3,098 Trillion BTU Fuel Oil:Fuel Oil: 197 Trillion BTU197 Trillion BTU
Total Usage:Total Usage: 5.32 Quadrillion BTU5.32 Quadrillion BTU Equivalent to 39 Cubic Miles of GasolineEquivalent to 39 Cubic Miles of Gasoline
Commercial ComparisonCommercial Comparison
Annual US Commercial
Energy Usage0.69%
Daily Solar Energy Incident
Upon US99.31%
Residential UsageResidential Usage
Percentage Usage By Energy TypePercentage Usage By Energy Type
Annual UsageAnnual Usage Cost to UserCost to User SpaceSpace AirAir WaterWater AppliancesAppliances
(Trillion BTU)(Trillion BTU) ($ / Million BTU)($ / Million BTU) HeatingHeating ConditioningConditioning HeatingHeating
ElectricityElectricity 38903890 25.8025.80 10%10% 15%15% 9%9% 67%67%
Fuel OilFuel Oil 710710 8.918.91 82%82% 18%18%
KeroseneKerosene 5050 11.0911.09 100%100%
LPGLPG 380380 14.8714.87 74%74% 13%13% 13%13%
Natural GasNatural Gas 48404840 9.709.70 69%69% 24%24% 8%8%
Residential TotalsResidential Totals
Natural Gas:Natural Gas: 4,840 Trillion BTU4,840 Trillion BTU Electricity:Electricity: 3,890 Trillion BTU3,890 Trillion BTU Other Fuels:Other Fuels: 1,140 Trillion BTU1,140 Trillion BTU
Total Usage:Total Usage: 9.87 Quadrillion BTU9.87 Quadrillion BTU Energy ~ 700,000 Space Shuttle LaunchesEnergy ~ 700,000 Space Shuttle Launches
(1 Shuttle Launch ~ 1.5*10(1 Shuttle Launch ~ 1.5*101010 BTU) BTU)
TransportationTransportation
Natural GasNatural Gas PetroleumPetroleum Alcohol FuelsAlcohol Fuels Elec.Elec. Elec. LossesElec. Losses TotalTotal
19981998 666666 24,53724,537 117117 1717 3838 25,25925,259
20042004 705705 27,00427,004 296296 2626 5858 27,79327,793
(Trillion BTU)(Trillion BTU)
Industrial Energy Usage (1998)Industrial Energy Usage (1998)
Look at seven major industries:Look at seven major industries:– AluminumAluminum– ChemicalsChemicals– Forest ProductsForest Products– GlassGlass– Metal CastingMetal Casting– PetroleumPetroleum– SteelSteel
AluminumAluminum
660 Trillion BTU/yr660 Trillion BTU/yr
ChemicalsChemicals
7374 Trillion BTU/yr7374 Trillion BTU/yr
Forest ProductsForest Products
654 Trillion BTU/yr654 Trillion BTU/yr
GlassGlass
293 Trillion BTU/yr293 Trillion BTU/yr
Metal CastingMetal Casting
367 Trillion BTU/yr367 Trillion BTU/yr
PetroleumPetroleum
6500 Trillion BTU/yr6500 Trillion BTU/yr
SteelSteel
2194 Trillion BTU/yr2194 Trillion BTU/yr
Industrial Total (1998)Industrial Total (1998)
18.0 Quadrillion BTU’s from these industries18.0 Quadrillion BTU’s from these industries That’s: 18,000,000,000,000,000 BTU’sThat’s: 18,000,000,000,000,000 BTU’s Or: 8.1 Trillion McDonald’s Big MacsOr: 8.1 Trillion McDonald’s Big Macs
(1 Big Mac = 560 Cals = 560,000 cals = 2222 BTU’s)(1 Big Mac = 560 Cals = 560,000 cals = 2222 BTU’s)
Industrial ComparisonIndustrial Comparison
Annual US Industrial
Energy Usage2.30%
Daily Solar Energy Incident
Upon US97.70%
Grand Total For 1998Grand Total For 1998
95.2 Quadrillion BTU’s95.2 Quadrillion BTU’s Includes a lot of electrical losses which were Includes a lot of electrical losses which were
not included in previous totalsnot included in previous totals ~700 Cubic miles of gasoline~700 Cubic miles of gasoline ~6 million shuttle launches~6 million shuttle launches ~Energy of everyone on earth eating 7,000 ~Energy of everyone on earth eating 7,000
Big MacsBig Macs
Overview (2004)Overview (2004)
Values are given in quadrillion BTUValues are given in quadrillion BTU
Energy Usage History (in quadrillion BTU)Energy Usage History (in quadrillion BTU)Year Coal Coal Imp. Nat. Gas Petroleum Total Nuclear Hydro. W,W,&A Geothermal Solar Wind Total Elec. Imp. Total1949 11.981 -0.007 5.145 11.883 29.002 0 1.425 1.549 NA NA NA 2.974 0.005 31.9821950 12.347 0.001 5.968 13.315 31.632 0 1.415 1.562 NA NA NA 2.978 0.006 34.6161955 11.167 -0.01 8.998 17.255 37.41 0 1.36 1.424 NA NA NA 2.784 0.014 40.2081960 9.838 -0.006 12.385 19.919 42.137 0.006 1.608 1.32 0.001 NA NA 2.929 0.015 45.0871965 11.581 -0.018 15.769 23.246 50.577 0.043 2.059 1.335 0.004 NA NA 3.398 (s) 54.0171970 12.265 -0.058 21.795 29.521 63.522 0.239 2.634 1.431 0.011 NA NA 4.076 0.007 67.8441971 11.598 -0.033 22.469 30.561 64.596 0.413 2.824 1.432 0.012 NA NA 4.268 0.012 69.2891972 12.077 -0.026 22.698 32.947 67.696 0.584 2.864 1.503 0.031 NA NA 4.398 0.026 72.7041973 12.971 -0.007 22.512 34.84 70.316 0.91 2.861 1.529 0.043 NA NA 4.433 0.049 75.7081974 12.663 0.056 21.732 33.455 67.906 1.272 3.177 1.54 0.053 NA NA 4.769 0.043 73.9911975 12.663 0.014 19.948 32.731 65.355 1.9 3.155 1.499 0.07 NA NA 4.723 0.021 71.9991976 13.584 (s) 20.345 35.175 69.104 2.111 2.976 1.713 0.078 NA NA 4.768 0.029 76.0121977 13.922 0.015 19.931 37.122 70.989 2.702 2.333 1.838 0.077 NA NA 4.249 0.059 781978 13.766 0.125 20 37.965 71.856 3.024 2.937 2.038 0.064 NA NA 5.039 0.067 79.9861979 15.04 0.063 20.666 37.123 72.892 2.776 2.931 2.152 0.084 NA NA 5.166 0.069 80.9031980 15.423 -0.035 20.394 34.202 69.984 2.739 2.9 2.485 0.11 NA NA 5.494 0.071 78.2891981 15.908 -0.016 19.928 31.931 67.75 3.008 2.758 2.59 0.123 NA NA 5.471 0.113 76.3421982 15.322 -0.022 18.505 30.232 64.037 3.131 3.266 2.615 0.105 NA NA 5.985 0.1 73.2531983 15.894 -0.016 17.357 30.054 63.29 3.203 3.527 2.831 0.129 NA (s) 6.488 0.121 73.1011984 17.071 -0.011 18.507 31.051 66.617 3.553 3.386 2.88 0.165 (s) (s) 6.431 0.135 76.7361985 17.478 -0.013 17.834 30.922 66.221 4.076 2.97 2.864 0.198 (s) (s) 6.033 0.14 76.4691986 17.26 -0.017 16.708 32.196 66.148 4.38 3.071 2.841 0.219 (s) (s) 6.132 0.122 76.7821987 18.008 0.009 17.744 32.865 68.626 4.754 2.635 2.823 0.229 (s) (s) 5.687 0.158 79.2251988 18.846 0.04 18.552 34.222 71.66 5.587 2.334 2.937 0.217 (s) (s) 5.489 0.108 82.8441989 19.07 0.03 19.712 34.211 73.023 5.602 2.837 3.062 0.317 0.055 0.022 6.294 0.037 84.9571990 19.173 0.005 19.73 33.553 72.46 6.104 3.046 2.662 0.336 0.06 0.029 6.133 0.008 84.7041991 18.992 0.01 20.149 32.845 71.996 6.422 3.016 2.702 0.346 0.063 0.031 6.158 0.067 84.6431992 19.122 0.035 20.835 33.527 73.519 6.479 2.617 2.847 0.349 0.064 0.03 5.907 0.087 85.9921993 19.835 0.027 21.351 433.84 75.055 6.41 2.892 42.8 0.364 0.066 0.031 6.156 0.095 87.6191994 19.909 0.058 21.842 34.67 76.48 6.694 2.683 2.939 0.338 0.069 0.036 6.065 0.153 89.2831995 20.089 0.061 22.784 34.553 77.488 7.075 3.205 3.068 0.294 0.07 0.033 6.669 0.134 91.251996 21.002 0.023 23.197 35.757 79.978 7.087 3.59 3.127 0.316 0.071 0.033 7.137 0.137 94.2561997 21.445 0.046 23.329 36.266 81.086 6.597 3.64 3.006 0.325 0.07 0.034 7.075 0.116 94.7691998 21.656 0.067 22.936 36.934 81.592 7.068 3.297 2.835 0.328 0.07 0.031 6.561 0.088 95.1921999 21.623 0.058 23.01 37.96 82.65 7.61 3.268 2.885 0.331 0.069 0.046 6.599 0.099 96.8362000 22.58 0.065 23.916 38.404 84.965 7.862 2.811 2.907 0.317 0.066 0.057 6.158 0.115 98.9612001 21.914 0.029 22.906 38.333 83.182 8.033 2.242 2.64 0.311 0.065 0.07 5.328 0.075 96.4722002 21.904 0.061 23.628 38.401 83.994 8.143 2.689 2.648 0.328 0.064 0.105 5.835 0.078 97.8772003 22.321 0.051 23.069 39.047 84.487 7.959 2.825 2.74 0.339 0.064 0.115 6.082 0.022 98.3112004 22.39 0.138 22.991 40.13 85.649 8.232 2.725 2.845 0.34 0.063 0.143 6.116 0.039 99.74
State Comparisons (2001)State Comparisons (2001)
So what’s the global outlook?So what’s the global outlook?
The United States is one country.The United States is one country.
For good or for bad…For good or for bad…
A recent Exxon Mobil study found that “oil A recent Exxon Mobil study found that “oil should remain plentiful and affordable at should remain plentiful and affordable at least through 2030.”least through 2030.”
This is based on the fact that the world has This is based on the fact that the world has consumed about 1 trillion barrels of “easy” consumed about 1 trillion barrels of “easy” oil.oil.
There are an estimated 6-8 trillion barrels of There are an estimated 6-8 trillion barrels of total within the Earth.total within the Earth.
About 40% of these are “easy.”About 40% of these are “easy.”
Alternative EnergyAlternative Energy
Enough of that!Enough of that! Let’s take a look at:Let’s take a look at:
– BioenergyBioenergy– FusionFusion– GeothermalGeothermal– HydrogenHydrogen– HydropowerHydropower– SolarSolar– WindWind
Guesses?Guesses?
BioenergyBioenergy FusionFusion GeothermalGeothermal HydrogenHydrogen HydropowerHydropower SolarSolar WindWind
Alternative Energy BreakdownAlternative Energy Breakdown
0.34
2.725
0.0630.143
2.845
1.989
0.56
0.296
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Wood
Waste
Alcohol Fuels
Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption. accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption.
BioenergyBioenergy
BioenergyBioenergy
Combines the fun of shredding things and Combines the fun of shredding things and burning them for energyburning them for energy
Also known as BiomassAlso known as Biomass Largest renewable energy source Largest renewable energy source
(passed hydroelectric in 2000)(passed hydroelectric in 2000) Main sources: wood, municipal waste, and Main sources: wood, municipal waste, and
alcohol fuelsalcohol fuels
WoodWood, Paper, Paper, Pulp, Pulp, Lumber, Lumber, etc., etc.
Three sources:Three sources:– ForestsForests– Civic projectsCivic projects– Lumber andLumber and
paper wastepaper waste
(Black Liquor)(Black Liquor)
Other Sources of BioenergyOther Sources of Bioenergy
Municipal waste (any guesses where this Municipal waste (any guesses where this comes from?)comes from?)
Alcohol fuelsAlcohol fuels– Ethanol in gasolineEthanol in gasoline– BiodieselBiodiesel
Animal fat or vegetable oil transformed with alcoholAnimal fat or vegetable oil transformed with alcohol E-diesel: an ethanol diesel mixE-diesel: an ethanol diesel mix
– 2.81 billion gallons of ethanol made from corn 2.81 billion gallons of ethanol made from corn (not necessarily used for energy)(not necessarily used for energy)
Notes for BioenergyNotes for Bioenergy
Paper mills actually consume about 40% of Paper mills actually consume about 40% of the bioenergy produced annuallythe bioenergy produced annually
Biomass still pollutesBiomass still pollutes But: no net carbon dioxide added to the But: no net carbon dioxide added to the
atmosphereatmosphere Maximum annual supply 8 quadrillion BTU Maximum annual supply 8 quadrillion BTU
(1990)(1990)
FusionFusion
FusionFusion
Can you say Can you say theoreticaltheoretical??
FusionFusion
Fusion output has increased by a factor of a Fusion output has increased by a factor of a trillion since 1970 (computers: only 100,000)trillion since 1970 (computers: only 100,000)
France to be future site of a fusion power France to be future site of a fusion power plantplant
FusionFusion
No major commentsNo major comments So far, major So far, major consumerconsumer of energy of energy
– No fusion reactor has ever produced more No fusion reactor has ever produced more energy than needed to sustain itenergy than needed to sustain it
See what happens…See what happens…
GeothermalGeothermal
GeothermalGeothermal
Use Earth’s heat as energyUse Earth’s heat as energy Power plants usually use mile+ deep wells:Power plants usually use mile+ deep wells:
– Dry steamDry steam Steam turns turbine directlySteam turns turbine directly– Flash steamFlash steam Hot water vaporizes to Hot water vaporizes to
form form steam and power steam and power turbinesturbines
– Binary-cycleBinary-cycle Use water to vaporize Use water to vaporize more more volatile liquidsvolatile liquids
GeothermalGeothermal
Provide local heating/cooling with shallow Provide local heating/cooling with shallow wells (heat pump applications)wells (heat pump applications)– Heat a building or a communityHeat a building or a community– Melt snow under roadsMelt snow under roads– Pasteurize milkPasteurize milk
Most geothermal reservoirs are located in Most geothermal reservoirs are located in Western States, Alaska, and HawaiiWestern States, Alaska, and Hawaii
Future goal: extract heat from magmaFuture goal: extract heat from magma
GeothermalGeothermal
Home town example: Home town example:
Fond du Lac High SchoolFond du Lac High School Estimated 40% reduction in energy costsEstimated 40% reduction in energy costs
GeothermalGeothermal
Overall, the United States has enough Overall, the United States has enough energy to supply 2.8 million average homesenergy to supply 2.8 million average homes
Most houses are unable to use geothermal Most houses are unable to use geothermal electricity directlyelectricity directly
Instead: use ground source heat pumps to Instead: use ground source heat pumps to lower heating and cooling costslower heating and cooling costs– Need knowledgeable contractors and capitalNeed knowledgeable contractors and capital– Payback time of 2-10 yearsPayback time of 2-10 years
HydrogenHydrogen
What is the government doing?What is the government doing?
Hydrogen and EfficiencyHydrogen and Efficiency
Hydrogen can be produced in a plant at Hydrogen can be produced in a plant at about 60% efficiencyabout 60% efficiency
Electricity has an efficiency of 35%Electricity has an efficiency of 35% Automotive hydrogen fuel cells are about Automotive hydrogen fuel cells are about
40-60% efficient40-60% efficient Automobile gasoline is only about 30% Automobile gasoline is only about 30%
efficientefficient
Hydrogen BasicsHydrogen Basics
Energy content:Energy content:– 120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for 120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for
gasolinegasoline– 8 MJ/liter for liquid hydrogen versus 32 MJ/liter 8 MJ/liter for liquid hydrogen versus 32 MJ/liter
for gasoline for gasoline
Hydrogen BasicsHydrogen Basics
Storage:Storage:– Need to store 5-13 kg of hydrogen to compete Need to store 5-13 kg of hydrogen to compete
with gasolinewith gasoline– As a gas: 5,000-10,000 psiAs a gas: 5,000-10,000 psi– As a liquid: -252.8°CAs a liquid: -252.8°C
Hydrogen BasicsHydrogen Basics
Storage:Storage:– Via adsorption or absorption:Via adsorption or absorption:
Hydrogen BasicsHydrogen Basics
Hydrogen is produced in many ways:Hydrogen is produced in many ways:– Steam reforming of natural gas (methane)Steam reforming of natural gas (methane)– Water Splitting via combinations of:Water Splitting via combinations of:
ChemicalsChemicals HeatHeat LightLight Biological SystemsBiological Systems
– Full list: Full list: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/basics.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/basics.html
Hydrogen UsageHydrogen Usage
Fuel cells are the main way hydrogen is Fuel cells are the main way hydrogen is utilized.utilized.
Fuel cell animation:Fuel cell animation: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/animation/intro.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/animation/intro.html
Many fuel cells contain fuel processors Many fuel cells contain fuel processors which must reform the fuel before it can which must reform the fuel before it can enter the fuel cell stack (for fuel cells enter the fuel cell stack (for fuel cells running on methane, gasoline, etc.)running on methane, gasoline, etc.)
Hydrogen UsageHydrogen Usage
Efficient over a range of outputs, from 1kW Efficient over a range of outputs, from 1kW to hundreds of MW.to hundreds of MW.
Efficiency of 80% for co-generation uses Efficiency of 80% for co-generation uses (produce both electricity and heat)(produce both electricity and heat)
Hydrogen ChallengesHydrogen Challenges
Cost – $25-35/kW (for automobile uses)Cost – $25-35/kW (for automobile uses) Durability – largely untestedDurability – largely untested System Size – currently large and heavySystem Size – currently large and heavy Energy management – needs large heat Energy management – needs large heat
exchangers, etc.exchangers, etc. Full list:Full list: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/fuel_cells.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/fuel_cells.pdf
Excerpt from Report:Excerpt from Report:
HydropowerHydropower
Types of HydropowerTypes of Hydropower
ImpoundmentImpoundment– Stores water behind a dam in a reservoirStores water behind a dam in a reservoir
Diversion or run-of-riverDiversion or run-of-river– Diverts water from a river through turbinesDiverts water from a river through turbines– May not require a damMay not require a dam
Pumped storagePumped storage– Able to pump water from a low reservoir to a Able to pump water from a low reservoir to a
high reservoir when demand is lowhigh reservoir when demand is low
Hydroelectric TurbinesHydroelectric Turbines
3 Common types: Pelton, Francis, Propeller3 Common types: Pelton, Francis, Propeller Range in size from 200 to 800 megawattsRange in size from 200 to 800 megawatts Vary based on head: from 10-300 ft to 50-Vary based on head: from 10-300 ft to 50-
6,000 ft6,000 ft Various flow arrangements availableVarious flow arrangements available
HydroelectricityHydroelectricity
Essentially emission-freeEssentially emission-free Causes “fish injury and mortality from Causes “fish injury and mortality from
passage through turbines, as well as passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water.”downstream water.”
SolarSolar
SolarSolar
Popularly thought of as Popularly thought of as one of those one of those alternative energy alternative energy sources…sources…
Only accounts for 1% Only accounts for 1% of total of total renewablerenewable energy consumedenergy consumed
Solar TypesSolar Types
ConcentrationConcentration– Produce steam by concentration lightProduce steam by concentration light– Looks to be viable (according to government)Looks to be viable (according to government)
Photovoltaic cellsPhotovoltaic cells– Untreated surface reflects 30% of the lightUntreated surface reflects 30% of the light– High and low wavelengths are useless, only High and low wavelengths are useless, only
about 45% of the light can be utilizedabout 45% of the light can be utilized– Lose efficiency due to recombination of Lose efficiency due to recombination of
charges, resistance, and high temperaturescharges, resistance, and high temperatures
Photovoltaic CommentsPhotovoltaic Comments
Emission-freeEmission-free Why such little popularity?Why such little popularity?
– Usually costs more than local utilitiesUsually costs more than local utilities– Costs increases dramatically to go from 95% Costs increases dramatically to go from 95%
availability to 99.99% availabilityavailability to 99.99% availability
Solar TypesSolar Types
Solar HeatingSolar Heating– Passive (technically, this provides a ridiculous Passive (technically, this provides a ridiculous
amount of energy… which we will ignore)amount of energy… which we will ignore)– ActiveActive
Liquid or gas heated by sunlightLiquid or gas heated by sunlight Heat rooms or waterHeat rooms or water Can be stored for later (liquid usually)Can be stored for later (liquid usually)
Solar TypesSolar Types
Solar LightingSolar Lighting– Used to be commonUsed to be common– Thomas Edison came alongThomas Edison came along– Coming back as hybrid lightingComing back as hybrid lighting
Hybrid LightingHybrid Lighting– Optic fiber route sunlight into hybrid fixturesOptic fiber route sunlight into hybrid fixtures– Sensors monitor input light and adjust electricity Sensors monitor input light and adjust electricity
to maintain brightnessto maintain brightness
WindWind
WindWind
Fastest-growing alternative energyFastest-growing alternative energy A form of solar energy (though technically, A form of solar energy (though technically,
everything is)everything is) Wind turbines are growing larger and more Wind turbines are growing larger and more
efficientefficient Current GE Prototype is 3.6 megawattCurrent GE Prototype is 3.6 megawatt
(300 operating 35% of the time would (300 operating 35% of the time would produce 1 trillion BTU)produce 1 trillion BTU)
How it Works (Horizontal Axis)How it Works (Horizontal Axis)
v
Wind CommentsWind Comments
Clean, relatively cheap, minimal land useClean, relatively cheap, minimal land use More expensive than standard power plant More expensive than standard power plant
both initially and based on power outputboth initially and based on power output Wind is intermittentWind is intermittent Good locations are often remoteGood locations are often remote Noise, appearance, bird-smacking abilities Noise, appearance, bird-smacking abilities
are also possible issuesare also possible issues
Pie Chart ReviewPie Chart Review
0.34
2.725
0.0630.143
2.845
1.989
0.56
0.296
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Wood
Waste
Alcohol Fuels
Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption. accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption.
ProjectionsProjections
ReferencesReferences http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/enduse_consumption/intro.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/enduse_consumption/intro.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_el.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_el.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_fo.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_fo.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_kr.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_kr.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_lpg.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_lpg.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_ng.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_ng.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/aluminum/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/aluminum/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/forest/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/forest/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/glass/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/glass/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/metalcasting/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/metalcasting/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/petroleum/fuel.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/petroleum/fuel.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/steel/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/steel/energy_use.html http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/articles2.cfm?TID=306http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/articles2.cfm?TID=306
ReferencesReferences http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/factoids/funfacts.htmhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/factoids/funfacts.htm http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html http://abcnews.go.com/Business/CSM/story?id=1140560http://abcnews.go.com/Business/CSM/story?id=1140560 http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/
basics.htmlbasics.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/overview.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/overview.html http://www.alliantenergygeothermal.com/stellent2/groups/public/http://www.alliantenergygeothermal.com/stellent2/groups/public/
documents/pub/geo_act_sch_001349.hcsp documents/pub/geo_act_sch_001349.hcsp http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/995653330_5.htmlhttp://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/995653330_5.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/ http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.html