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Rootstock Selection for
Salinity Management
D. Doll, R. Duncan, L. Hendricks, W. Micke, and
G. ArnoldUniversity of CaliforniaAgriculture and Natural
Resources
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A little bit of background…
1990: Warren Micke and Lonnie Hendricks established a rootstock trial in the Atwater/Livingston Area
- Atwater Sand- 6 Rootstocks: Brights Hybrid, Halford,
Hansen, Lovell, Nemaguard, Nemared,- Spacing: 24’ x 24’- 5 blocks of 6 trees established in RCBD
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Hendricks retired in 2001, ending the continuous data collection
Around the orchards 15th year, marginal leaf scorching started to appear on peach rootstocks
Possible differences in salt tolerance?
A little bit of background…
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A little bit of background…Salt burn:•Accumulated amounts of salt within the tissue become toxic•Salts come from fertilizers, manures, irrigation water•Stresses the trees – makes them “work harder” for the water•Winter rains often leached salts out rooting profile•Growers can apply leaching fraction to reduce
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A little bit of background…
Sources of Salt within rootstock trial:
• Fertilizer• Manures/compost• Irrigation water:
Sodium (meq/liter)
Calcium (meq/liter)
Magnesium (meq/liter)
Carbonate (meq/liter)
Chloride (meq/liter)
E.C. mmhos/cm
Well 6.35 2.10 5.59 0.00 0.63 0.28
UC Values 3.0 4.0
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A profile soil sample will tell if salt is accumulating:
E.C. (dS/m) Sodium (meq/L) Chloride (meq/L)
1’ 0.19 0.55 0.31
2’ 0.19 0.82 0.30
3’ 0.81 3.12 0.94
4’ 1.25 5.05 1.24
5’ 0.93 3.96 0.93
UC Value <5.0 <5.0
A little bit of background…
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A little bit of background…Leaf tissues were pulled from non-fruiting spurs in Mid-July:
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A little bit of background…
Sodium % Chloride %
None <0.25 >0.3
Increasing 0.25-0.40 0.3-0.5Severe >0.4 >0.5
Critical Values for July Leaf Sampling
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Does the rootstock impact salt tolerance?
Sodium % within leaf tissues
A AA
B
B B BB
B B BIncreasing
Severe
P=0.05
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Does the rootstock impact salt tolerance?
Chloride % within leaf tissues
B BB
BB
BB
B
AA A A
Increasing
P=0.05
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Does the variety impact salt tolerance?Sodium Chloride
P=0.05P=0.05
BA
A A
NO YES
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What about yield?
P=0.05
A A
A
B
B
BB
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What about yield?
P=0.05
AA
BBBB
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Orchard View - Lovell
Carmel Nonpareil
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Orchard View- Brights Hybrid
Carmel Nonpareil
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Orchard View - Halford
Carmel Nonpareil
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Orchard View - Hanson
Carmel Nonpareil
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Orchard View - Nemaguard
Carmel Nonpareil
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Orchard View - Nemared
Carmel Nonpareil
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Conclusions• Sampling of irrigation water, soil profile, and tissue
sampling should be done to monitor salt build up• Peach Almond Hybrids have a higher salt tolerance than
peach rootstocks• Yields after 20 years are higher on peach almond hybrids
than on peach rootstocks in the conditions of the trial.• Growers can use P/A hybrids to help manage salt in
orchards, BUT:– Many P/A hybrids are susceptible to ring nematode and
bacterial canker complex– It should not take the place of proper irrigation/salt
management – i.e. leaching coefficient
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Acknowledgements: Arnold Farms for hosting the trial, helping
with harvest, and maintaining the trial during the 7 year absence of a farm advisor.
Larry Burrows and Isaiah Pagani for crack out and harvest.
Online weekly update about almond production at www.thealmonddoctor.com
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