Download - alias STRUCTURE
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alias STRUCTURE
UNDERSTANDING the
LOAD CARRYING SYSTEM
of BUILDINGS
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SYSTEM
•Method of approach to understanding
•Collection of interrelated elements
•Various aspects of elements and relationships
•Problems related to the whole system
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STRUCTURE
•Multiple structures in a system.
•Abstract notion describing interrelationship of elements
•Many different representations (verbal, graphical, mathematical).
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MY FAMILY SYSTEM
Mother Father Foster mother
MeBrother SisterBrother in Law
Sister in Law Wife
Nephew Son Daughter NieceDaughter in Law
Son in Law
GranddaughterGrandson
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STRUCTURE of MARRIAGESMATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
Foster Sister Daughter
Mother Mother Wife Daughter Sister in Law in Law
Father 1 1 0 0 0 0 0Me 0 0 1 0 0 0 0Son 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Son in Law 0 0 0 1 0 0 0Brother 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Brother in Law 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
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PARENTAGE STRUCTURE
Mother Father Foster mother
MeBrother SisterBrother in Law
Sister in Law Wife
Nephew Son Daughter NieceDaughter in Law
Son in Law
Grandson Granddaughter
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
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A SIMPLE BUILDING PLAN
Exterior
Corridor
Reception
SecretaryBoss Room 1
Hall
Room 2Room 3Room 4
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CIRCULATION STRUCTURE
Reception
Secretary
Boss
Corridor
Exterior
Room 1
Hall
Room 2
Room 3Room 4
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WHY BUILDINGS?
•Security (predators, pests, enemies, etc.)
•Meso-environment (thermal, acoustic, light)
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PROBLEMS in BUILDINGS
• Problem specific structures
• Problems and factors
• Nearly all elements involved
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HUMAN FACTORS
• Cultural (meanings, use patterns, etc.)
• Psychological (spatial perception, spatial cognition)
• Physiological (thermal comfort)
• Social (spatial layout)
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS•Climatic (thermal, radiation, wind, rain, snow, etc.)
•Topographical (slopes, vegetation)
•Geological (gravitation, earthquakes, materials, foundations)
•Economic (materials, labor, finance)
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MECHANICAL FACTORS
•Foundations
•Mechanics (forces and motions)
•Loads (gravitation, wind, earthquakes)
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LOAD CARRYING SYSTEM(LCS)
• Elements + connectivity structure
• STRUCTURE of building
• Structural problems
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A SIMPLE BUILDING LCS
Slab
Beam 1 Beam 2
Beam 3Beam 4
Col
umn
1
Col
umn
2 Col
umn
3
Col
umn
4
Wall 1 Wall 2
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BUILDING ELEMENTS
C1 C2 C3 C4
Slab
Wall 1 Wall 2
B1
B2
B3 B4
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STRUCTURE of CONNECTIVITY
Slab
B1 B2 B3 B4
Wall 1 Wall 2
C1 C2 C3 C4
Edge connection End connection
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STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTSof LCSs
• Restraint (sufficient members and supports to provide for equilibrium)
• Strength (sufficient material to prevent rupture)
• Rigidity (sufficient resistance to deformation)
• Ductility (sufficient capacity for energy absorption)
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COMPATIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
of LCSs• Spatial layout (e.g. hotels, bearing walls)
• Materials (e.g. masonry and vaults)
• Services (integration of services)
• Construction (e.g. bearing walls, integral forms, tower cranes)
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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR
•Displacements/deformations
LoadInternal force
Load
•Internal forces
•Energy storage
•Language of description is mechanical.
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UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIORof LCSs
•Modeling of LCS
•Prediction of loads
•Analysis of mechanical forms
•Understanding in terms of basic modes
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DIRECTION of PREDOMINANT LOAD
•Vertical (gravitation)
•Horizontal (wind)
•Combination (earthquake)
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GEOMETRIC FORM
•3D forms - solid, systems of 1D and 2D forms
•Dimensionality
•1D forms - rod, planar curve, spatial curve
•2D forms - plane, surface, systems of 1D forms
•Orientability
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MECHANICAL FORM
•Combination of geometric form and load
Orientation
Load
Geometric
Form
•Mechanical form = Oriented and loaded geometric form
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MECHANICAL FORMS(BEAM and COLUMN)
Geometric Form = ROD
Load Orientation Load Orientation
BEAM COLUMN
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MECHANICAL FORMS(ARCH and CURVED BEAM)
Geometric Form = PLANAR CURVE
Load
ARCH
Load Orientation
Load
Load Orientation
CURVED BEAM
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Arch
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Curved Beam
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Spatial
Curved Beam
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MECHANICAL FORMS(SLAB and WALL)
Geometric Form = PLANE
Load
WALL
Load Orientation
Load
Load Orientation
SLAB
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Slab
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Folded Plate
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MECHANICAL FORMS(SHELL)
Load
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Shell
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Dome
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UNDERSTANDING SPECIFICBUILDING LCS’s
•Resolve hierarchy of structural problems
•Determine scale of problem (overall building, breakdown of main structure, detail elements)•Resolve structure of elements
•Recognize the MF of elements
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World Trade Tower
s
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SKYSCRAPER(overall building scale)
Gravitation
MF = COLUMN
Windor
Earthquake
MF = BEAMGF = ROD
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SKYSCRAPER(main structure scale)
GF = PLANE GF = PLANE
Gravitation
MF = SLAB
MF = WALL
Gravitation
MF = WALL
Earthquake
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Sears Towe
r
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SKYSCRAPER(detail scale)
GF = PLANEGF = ROD
LateralLoad
MF = BEAM
Weight
AxialLoad
MF = COLUMN
AxialLoad
Weight
MF = SLAB
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BEHAVIOR of the BEAM
BENDING MOMENT SHEAR
INTERNAL FORCES
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BEHAVIOR of the COLUMN
Compression Tension
INTERNAL FORCES
COMPRESSIVE AXIAL FORCE
TENSILE AXIAL FORCE
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BEHAVIOR of the COLUMN (BUCKLING)
BENDING MOMENT
INTERNAL FORCE
Load
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DESIGN for BENDING•Provide material away from the center.
I beamRC beam
•Provide the right kind of material.
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DESIGN for SHEAR
Truss
Provide diagonals
I beam
Castella beam
Welding
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DESIGN for COMPRESSION
AGAINST BUCKLINGProvide this material away from the center.
Provide the necessary material in axial form.
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TWO BASIC PROBLEMS
1. Space enclosure.
2. Provision of horizontal levels.
Planes of equal potential energy
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CONCLUSION
•Look at a building LCS hierarchically.
•Identify the predominant loading.
•Identify the geometric form.
•Identify the mechanical form.
•Estimate the behavior.