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ALGAEALGAE
Lives in waterLives in water
Absorbs water and nutrients through all Absorbs water and nutrients through all surfacessurfaces
Fertilization occurs in waterFertilization occurs in water
No true roots or leavesNo true roots or leaves
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exampleexample
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LIFE ON LANDLIFE ON LAND
LIMITATIONS: not enough waterLIMITATIONS: not enough water
SOLUTIONS:SOLUTIONS:
Protection from drying out: waxy cuticleProtection from drying out: waxy cuticle
A way for carbon dioxide to get past cuticle A way for carbon dioxide to get past cuticle (stoma)(stoma)
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Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
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Still no true roots Still no true roots remain small because must absorb water from remain small because must absorb water from
ground like a spongeground like a sponge
No vascular system (“plumbing”)No vascular system (“plumbing”) Remain small because cannot get water farther Remain small because cannot get water farther
than it can be absorbedthan it can be absorbed
Still need water to get sperm to eggsStill need water to get sperm to eggsLimited to damp habitats Limited to damp habitats
for survival and reproductionfor survival and reproduction
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Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
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MORE SOLUTIONSMORE SOLUTIONS
VASCULAR SYSTEM (“plumbing”)VASCULAR SYSTEM (“plumbing”)
ROOTSROOTS Can reside in areas that are dry on the Can reside in areas that are dry on the
surface some of the yearsurface some of the year Can access water and mineral nutirents from Can access water and mineral nutirents from
below soil surfacebelow soil surface Can grow taller and better compete for Can grow taller and better compete for
sunlightsunlight
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Lower Vascular Plants Lower Vascular Plants - ferns and fern allies -- ferns and fern allies -
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Lower Vascular PlantsLower Vascular Plants
LIMITATIONS:LIMITATIONS:Cannot live outside of Cannot live outside of damp areasdamp areas Still need water to get Still need water to get
sperm to eggssperm to eggs Embryo very Embryo very
vulnerable – low vulnerable – low survival ratesurvival rate
Limited to damp habitats Limited to damp habitats for reproductionfor reproduction
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MORE SOLUTIONSMORE SOLUTIONS POLLEN POLLEN
sperm no longer needs to swim to egg in watersperm no longer needs to swim to egg in water
can be carried (even further) by windcan be carried (even further) by wind
-> More genetic diversity-> More genetic diversity
SEEDS:SEEDS:Embryo protected by seed coatEmbryo protected by seed coat
Embryo nourished by endospermEmbryo nourished by endosperm
-> Greater survival – more genes passed on-> Greater survival – more genes passed on
IMPROVED VASCULAR TISSUE (wood)IMPROVED VASCULAR TISSUE (wood) Can grow taller yet and compete evevn better for sunlightCan grow taller yet and compete evevn better for sunlight Deep roots can tap more resourcesDeep roots can tap more resources
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Vascular Plants with SEEDSVascular Plants with SEEDS- seed plants -- seed plants -
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Vascular Plants with SEEDSVascular Plants with SEEDS- seed plants -- seed plants -
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GYMNOSPERMSGYMNOSPERMS- limitations -- limitations -
wind disperses pollenwind disperses pollen Not always reliableNot always reliable Still limits genetic diversity to distance pollen Still limits genetic diversity to distance pollen
is carriedis carried
wind disperses seedswind disperses seeds Not always reliableNot always reliable Limits rate of spread to new habitatsLimits rate of spread to new habitats
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EVEN MORE SOLUTIONSEVEN MORE SOLUTIONS
FLOWERS FLOWERS Attract and reward animal pollinatorsAttract and reward animal pollinators
Improve prospects of fertilizationImprove prospects of fertilization Increase outcrossingIncrease outcrossing
FRUITFRUITAid in dispersal of seedsAid in dispersal of seeds
Some attract and reward animal dispersers (fleshy fruits)Some attract and reward animal dispersers (fleshy fruits) Greatly increase colonization of new habitatsGreatly increase colonization of new habitats Decrease local competitionDecrease local competition Increase outcrossingIncrease outcrossing
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FLOWERSFLOWERS
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FLOWERS & POLLINATORSFLOWERS & POLLINATORS
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FRUITFRUIT
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FRUITFRUIT