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Etiology
External trauma (MVA, surf board, assault, etc.)
Internal trauma (Endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy)
Other
▪ Systemic diseases (vasculitis, etc.)
▪ Chemo/XRT
▪ Idiopathic
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Trans-nasal “Esophagoscope”
Expanded diagnostic endoscopy
Laryngoscopy
Bronchoscopy
Esophagoscopy
2.0 mm Working Channel
Biopsies
Injections
Procedures▪ TEP
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Tracheal Anatomy
10-12 cm in length (adult)
13-16 mm width (females) and 16-20 mm width (males)
16-20 horseshoe shaped cartilage
Membranous:cartilaginous trachea::1:4.5
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Blood supply
Cervical trachea supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Mediastinal trachea supplied by bronchial arteries
Extensive dissection around trachea causes ischemia
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2-3 cm (4-6 rings) may be resected and reanastomosed primarily
Tracheal resection maneuvers allow resection of more rings
Suprahyoid release
Infrahyoid release
Intrathoracic tracheal mobilization
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Suprahyoid release (Montgomery)
Muscle attachments to the superior aspect of hyoid bone are severed and central hyoid cut
Larynx and cervical trachea allowed to drop inferiorly
Can give up to 2-3 cm in length
Significant post-op dysphagia a possible major complication compared to infrahyoid release
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Infrahyoid release (Dedo)
Inferior attachments to the hyoid are severed
Especially the thyrohyoid muscle and thyrohyoid membrane
Can add up to 2.5 cm length
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Grillo 1964 (Intrathoracic maneuvers)
Division of pulmonary ligament 3 cm (5.9 rings)
Division of mainstem bronchus 2.7 cm (5.5 rings)
Pericardial dissection 0.9 cm (1.6 rings)
Up to 6.4 cm trachea (about 13 rings) can be excised with the help of release maneuvers
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Pearson
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PRE-CTR POST-CTR
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Common scenarios
2-level stenosis (glottic + subglottic, subglottic + tracheal, stenosis + tracheostomy tube)
Typically involvement of the stenosis is 3 cm or more
What are the options?
▪ Reconstruct without removal of scar
▪ Reconstruct with removal of scar
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Endoscopic Laser
Dilation
± Steroid injection, Mitomycin-C application Open Surgical Primary resection and anastomosis
Laryngotracheoplasty (LTP)▪ Grafts (cartilage, mucosa)
▪ Stenting
▪ Single stage versus multistage
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Staged Laryngotracheoplasty
Resect scar and make an “open trough”
Line scar with mucosa (buccal)
Close trough in 2-3 weeks
Place T-tube stent
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LTP Stage 3 – Without T-Tube LTP Stage 3 – With T-tube
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Remove stent in 6- months Replace with trach tube If no recurrence of stenosis then decannulate
2-3 weeks later
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Staged Expansion Laryngotracheoplasty
Stage I (laryngotracheofissure, resection of stricture endoluminally, application of buccal mucosal graft, placement of prosthetic endoluminal bolster, open upper airway trough)
Stage II (placement of lateral marlex mesh)
Stage III (closure of anterior neotracheal wall incorporating mesh, advancement skin flaps)
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Trough
Marlex Mesh
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Purpose of stents
Stabilize the larynx or trachea after surgery to prevent collapse of the lumen
Counteract or prevent recurrent scar formation
Stent Trivia
The word stent is derived from Charles B. Stent, a British dentist who practiced in the late 19th century
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Laryngeal
Aboulker stents, silicone stents, Montgomery laryngeal stents, endotracheal tubes, and laryngeal keels
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SILICONE TRACHEAL STENT
Long-term tolerability Easily removable. Poor mucocilary clearance Can migrate
METALLIC TRACHEAL STENT
Incorporates into mucosa Difficult to remove Better mucociliary
clearance More reaction and
granulation tissue
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Fig. 2. Technique to customize the T-tube by marking the suction corresponding to the level of the tracheostomy, stenosis, and true vocal cords.
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Fig. 3. Grasping the silk suture through the laryngoscope to position it across the stenosis.
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Fig. 5. Proper placement of the T-tube through the stoma, across the stenosis. The looped suture is then cut and removed.
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Curved hemostats Know which limb is shorter
Take this side out first
Grasp as low as possible Pull it out like a banana
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Principles
Subglottic/tracheal stenosis –
No trach, not-intubatable
▪ LMA
▪ Endoscopic Balloon Dilation with CRE catheter system
▪ CTR vs. staged LTP if serial dilations not sufficient or desired
▪ Or CTR vs LTP, trach through stenosis under visualization
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Principles
Subglottic lesion, tracheostomy present
▪ Assess location of tracheotomy and distance from stenosis
▪ Then perform CTR versus staged LTP
▪ Need repeated procedures
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Principles Tracheal Stenosis – soft web
Do LMA (allows one to visualize stenosis endoscopically), balloon dilation▪ If severe, Do LMA, then trach, then assess lesion
If severe tracheal lesion then do trach through stenosis▪ Primary resection with anastomosis
▪ Tracheoplasty (staged)
For severe stenosis best to perform awake trach, then as above