Download - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ( a summary )
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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
PRINKESH BARODIYA
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Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided byground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the
ground and in the air.
The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is -
o separate aircraft to prevent collisions by use of lateral,
vertical and longitudinal separation minima.
o to organize and expedite the flow of traffic.o to provide information and other support for pilots
when able.
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Pursuant to requirements of the International CivilAviation Organization (ICAO), ATC operations are
conducted either in the English language or the
language used by the station on the ground.
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The primary method of controlling
the immediate airport
environment is visual observation
from the airport traffic control
tower (ATCT
).
The ATCT is a tall, windowed
structure located on the airport
grounds.
Airport Traffic Control Tower
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Aerodrome or Tower controllers are responsible for
the separation and efficient movement of aircraft andvehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of
the airport itself, and when the aircraft in the air is
near the airport .
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Radar displays are also available to controllers at some
airports. These displays include a map of the area, the
position of various aircraft, and data tags that include
aircraft identification, speed, heading, and other
information described in local procedures.
The areas of responsibility for ATCT controllers fall into
three general operational disciplines; Local Control or Air
Control, Ground Control, and Flight Data/Clearance
Delivery.
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Ground Control is responsible for the airport movement
areas, as well as areas not released to the airlines or otherusers.Any aircraft, vehicle, or person walking or working in
these areas is required to have clearance from Ground
Control. This is normally done via VHF/UHF radio.
Ground Control
Local control or air control
Local Control is responsible for the active runway
surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or
landing. Within the ATCT, a highly disciplinedcommunications is managed between Local Control
and Ground Control.
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Flight data / clearance delivery
Clearance Delivery is the position that issues route
clearances to aircraft, typically before they commence
taxing. These contain details of the route that the aircraft
is expected to fly after departure. The primary
responsibility ofClearance Delivery is to ensure that the
aircraft have the proper route and slot time.
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Air traffic flow management
The day-to-day problems faced by the air traffic control system are primarily
related to the volume of air traffic demand placed on the system . Several
factors dictate the amount of traffic that can land at an airport in a given
amount of time. Each landing aircraft must touch down, slow, and exit the
runway before the next crosses the beginning of the runway. Allowing for
departures between arrivals, each runway can thus handle about 30 arrivalsper hour.
PROBLEMS
Rain, ice or snow on the runway cause landing aircraft to take longer to slow and
exit, thus reducing the safe arrival rate and requiring more space between
landing aircraft. Fog also requires a decrease in the landing rate. These, in turn,
increase airborne delay for holding aircraft. In Area Control Centers, a major
weather problem is thunderstorms, which present a variety of hazards to
aircraft
Weather
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Both ANSPs and ATSPs can be public, private or
corporatized organisations and examples of the differentlegal models exist throughout the world today. The world's
ANSPs are united in and represented by the Civil Air
Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO) based at
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands