Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project
with World Bank Loan(The Third Batch of Subprojects)
Social Assessment Report
March 14, 2021
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Presiding unit of the project: College of Public Administration, Hunan Normal University
Project director: Chen Chengwen, Professor of College of Public Administration, Hunan Normal University
Presider of the project: Chen Chengwen, Professor of
College of Public Administration, Hunan Normal
University
Compilation staff:
Chen Chengwen, Professor of Sociology, College of
Public Administration, Hunan Normal University
Chen Yunfan, Deputy Professor of Sociology, College of
Public Administration, Hunan Normal University
Guo Qing, Deputy Professor of Sociology, College of
Public Administration, Hunan Normal University
Chen Haiping, Deputy Professor of Sociology, College of
Public Administration, Hunan Normal University
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CONTENTSExecutive Summary....................................................................................................................................7
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................1
1.1 Brief introduction to the project......................................................................................1
1.1.1 Project background....................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Project overview........................................................................................................1
1.2 Project social assessment..................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Purpose and contents of social assessment................................................................3
1.2.2 Main methods for social assessment..........................................................................4
1.2.2 Scheduling of social assessment................................................................................6
2.Basic Social-Economic Analysisof Project Counties..............................................................7
2.1 Social-economic analysisof Hunan Province...................................................................7
2.1.1 Socioeconomic status.................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Heavy metal pollution status.....................................................................................9
2.2 Social-economic analysisof project counties..................................................................11
2.2.1 Social-economic analysis of Anhua County............................................................11
2.2.2 Social-economic analysis of Cili County................................................................13
2.2.3 Social-economic analysis of Yongshun County......................................................16
2.2.4 Social-economic analysis of Huayuan County........................................................18
2.2.5 Social-economic analysis of Jishou City.................................................................20
2.2.6 Social-economic analysis of Qiyang County...........................................................22
2.2.7 Social-economic analysis of Linwu County............................................................23
2.2.8 Social-economic analysis of Lengshuitan District..................................................25
2.2.9 Social-economic analysis of Hengnan County........................................................26
2.2.10 Social-economic analysis in Hengyang County....................................................28
2.2.11 Social-economic analysis of Yongding District....................................................29
3. Analysis of the main stakeholders and requirements of the project.....................................32
3.1 The definition of stakeholders of the project................................................................32
3.2 Analysis of stakeholdersproject awareness ..................................................................33
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3.2.1 Awareness and project awareness situations of stakeholders.................................33
3.2.2 Analysis of stakeholders’ participation willingness................................................35
3.3 Analysis of the needs of stakeholders............................................................................37
4. Analysis of Low-Income people...........................................................................................42
4.1 Analysis of low-income people in demonstration areas................................................42
4.1.1 General status of low-income people in demonstration areas.................................42
4.1.2 Living model of low-income people........................................................................43
4.1.3 Analysis of causes for poverty of low-income people.............................................44
4.2 Analysis of project awareness and needs of low-income people.................................45
4.2.1 Analysis of project awareness ................................................................................45
4.2.2 Analysis of needs.....................................................................................................46
5. Analysis of Social Gender....................................................................................................48
5.1 Analysis of women’s development status in demonstration area................................48
5.2 Analysis of participation methods of agricultural activities in women.......................48
5.3 Analysis of project project awareness and need of women group..............................50
5.3.1 Analysis of project awareness ................................................................................50
5.3.2 Analysis of needs.....................................................................................................51
5.4 Social gender action plan in various construction phases............................................52
5.4.1 Promotion of women’s participation in the project.................................................52
5.4.2 Improving women’s project awareness of rural cooperative and project...............52
6. Analysis of Ethnic Minority.................................................................................................53
6.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................53
6.1.1 Status of ethnic minority population in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture..............53
6.1.2 Status of ethnic minority population in Zhangjiajie................................................54
6.2 Customs and culture of ethnic minority dominated in the demonstration area........54
6.3 Identification of ethnic minority in demonstration areas............................................61
6.3.1 Identification basis...................................................................................................61
6.3.2 Identification methods.............................................................................................61
6.3.3 Screening of ethnic minority...................................................................................61
6.4 Implementation plans of the project villages of ethnic minorities..............................62
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7. Social Impact and Risk Analysis..........................................................................................64
7.1 Analysis of social impact.................................................................................................64
7.1.1 Positive impact.........................................................................................................64
7.1.2 Negative Impacts.....................................................................................................67
7.2 Analysis of social risks....................................................................................................67
7.2.1 Involuntary resettlement..........................................................................................67
7.2.2 Livelihood Risk of Farmer Households...................................................................68
7.2.3 Risk of Public Opinion............................................................................................70
7.2.4 Vulnerability risks of disadvantaged groups such as minorities and low-income groups...............................................................................................................................71
7.2.5 Risk of land transfer.................................................................................................72
8. Public Participation and Information Disclosure..................................................................73
8.1 Principle of public participation and information disclosure.....................................73
8.2 Participation of stakeholders in the project preparation stage...................................74
8.2.1 Basic participation methods.....................................................................................74
8.2.2 Participation contents and activities of information disclosure...............................76
8.3 Public participation in project execution stage............................................................77
8.4 Information Disclosure...................................................................................................78
9. Conclusions and Suggestions...............................................................................................81
9.1 Basic conclusions.............................................................................................................81
9.2 Suggestions......................................................................................................................90
10. Social Action Plan of the Project........................................................................................93
10.1 Logical Framework.......................................................................................................93
10.2 Consultation Framework.............................................................................................94
10.2.1 Organization Structure...........................................................................................95
10.2.2 Rules and Regulations & Rules of Procedure........................................................97
10.2.3 Actual Operation....................................................................................................97
10.2.4 Supervision and Administration............................................................................98
10.3Specific actions for social development......................................................................100
10.4 Complaints Mechanism..............................................................................................101
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10.5 Prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic.......................................................102
Appendix 1: Social Assessment Questionnaire of Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project with World Bank Loan..........................................104
Appendix 2: Questionnaires of ethnic minorities..............................................................109
Appendix 3: (Village) Cadre Interview (Symposium) Outline of Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project.......................................................111
Appendix 4: (Village) Cadre Interview (Symposium) Outline of Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project.......................................................113
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Executive Summary
Project Overview
The main contents of “Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land
Pollution Project with World Bank Loan” cover four aspects: agricultural polluted soil
management, sustainable soil management practice, environmental management and
agricultural environment monitoring, and project monitoring, evaluation and
management. The Project includes 14 counties: Hengyang County, Yongding District,
Jishou City, Baojing County, Huayuan County, Yongshun County, Cili County,
Zhongfang County, Anhua County, Hengnan County, Linwu County, Yizhang County,
Lengshuitan District and Qiyang County. So far more than two years have passed
since the Project was officially launched for implementation. During the
implementation, 11 project counties (namely Anhua County, Cili County, Yongshun
County, Huayuan County, Jishou City, Qiyang County, Linwu County, Lengshuitan
District, Hengnan County, Hengyang County and Yongding District) plan to include
more demonstration areas or enlarge the coverage of the previous demonstration areas
based on the agricultural land pollution inspection data and project need, which will
involve 2270.5 hectares farmland, 29 townships (towns), 60 administrative villages
and 113,917 beneficiaries including 7,336 people with disabilities and 9,341 left-
behind women.
Purpose and Process of Social Assessment
Social assessment aims to identify main stakeholders of newly-added
demonstration areas and their needs as well as opportunities, impacts and risks
brought by project construction and operation to stakeholders, and to prepare action
plan to address social impacts, evade or relieve social risks, assist in perfecting project
design and implementation, and get individuals & groups under direct impact of the
project activities to effectively participate in project activities.
To help with the project design and implementation, the Social Assessment
Team, supported and cooperated by the relevant authorities, conducted social
assessment survey from December 16, 2020 to December 25, 2020 on the 11 project
counties planning for more demonstration areas. Participatory social assessment
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method is adopted during the whole social assessment process. Information disclosure
and public consultation are used for information collection. Social assessment is
conducted in the 11 project counties through structural interviews, group interviews,
participatory scoring and ranking, matrix analysis of project impact, social resource
surveys and resource mapping. A total of 8 directors of farmers’ cooperatives and
main planting farmers have received in-depth interview. A total of 8 directors of the
government at the town and township level and leaders of the Village Committees in
the Project Villages have received in-depth interview. A total of 10 administrators and
implementers of the Project Counties have received in-depth interview. A total of 60
villagers have received in-depth interview including 20 women (33.3%), 20 people
from minorities (33.3%) and 20 low income people (33.3%). In addition, two types of
questionnaire surveys are performed in 11 project counties according to a certain
sampling proportion; 1100 social assessment questionnaires are distributed in 11
project counties, 949 of which are effectively completed and returned, and the
questionnaire response rate is 86.3%; 500 ethnic identification questionnaires are
distributed in 5 project districts and counties inhabited by ethnic minorities, 365 of
which are effectively completed and returned, and the questionnaire response rate is
73.0%.
Needs of Main Stakeholders
Total scale of management of contaminated farmland in 11 newly-added project
counties is 2270.5 hectares. Based on the field survey, social assessment team have
identified main stakeholders of the project and carried out participation and
consultation with main stakeholders. Needs of those stakeholders are as follows:
Common needs: Develop agricultural production, increase opportunities for
employment and entrepreneurship, enhance risk resistance, govern heavy metal
pollution of farmland and improve farmers’ production and living standards.
Needs of farmer households in demonstration areas: Total population involved in
demonstration areas is 114,000. The Needs of farmer households in demonstration
area include: (1) Improve agricultural production infrastructures, e.g. the repair or
new construction of irrigation canals, tractor roads, and other relevant facilities: (2)
Improve local ecological environment and the quality of agricultural products and
develop ecological agriculture; (3) Participate in farmers’ cooperatives and lower
production risks and cost; (4) Adjust industrial structure, increase the ratio of cash
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crops in a proper manner and improve the income level; (5) Lower the risk of an
increase cost brought to farmers during the governance process of heavy metal of
farmland.
There is a total of 47 specialized farmers’ cooperatives in demonstration areas.
Needs of cooperatives: (1) Acquire capital support, lower financing cost and lighten
the capital stress for development of ecological agriculture; (2) Improve organization
management level of cooperatives and facilitate local agriculture to adopt scaled
development path; (3) Establish the heavy metal monitoring stations for soil and
agricultural product, improve quality management level of agricultural products and
promote the local agriculture to adopt the development path of ecological agriculture;
(4) Lower risks of sales of agricultural products and increase of costs.
Needs of project village committees: (1) Establish and perfect specialized
farmers’ cooperatives and promote the local industrial upgrading; (2) Strengthen local
farmers’ environment awareness and planting technology training as well as their
environmental protection awareness and technological level; (3) Formulate a
reasonable compensation mechanism and lower the risk of residents’ income.
Needs of agricultural departments: (1) Smoothly and successfully complete the
project through cooperation with stakeholders; (2) Help farmer households in the
demonstration areas govern the heavy metal pollution of farmland, develop
agricultural production and improve the quality of agricultural products; (3) Explore
technologies and management models of local farmland pollution control through
improvements of the World Bank project.
Needs of other relevant departments of the government: (1) Improve soil quality
and local ecological environment and improve administration and monitoring level of
local environment: (2) Promote the economic development of project counties and
demonstration areas; drive the ecological development path of agriculture and
promote the rural revitalization; (3) Drive economic and social development, realize
political stability and improve government image; (4) Improve production and living
conditions of low income people, enhance the living standards of low income people,
safeguard social stability and promote harmonious development.
Analysis of Poor and Low-Income People
Of 11 project counties planning to include more areas, three counties once were
nationally designated poverty counties and five were provincially designated, all of
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which have been lifted out of poverty but are still relative poor with low income
people. The previously poor people turned into low income people, mainly referring
to low income people of poor households just out of poverty in 2020. A total of 2650
low income households or 11391 low income people live in the demonstration areas
of 11 counties and cities planning for farmland governance, with a relative poverty
incidence of 10%. There are 7336 people with disabilities.
The low-income residents mainly obtain their income from traditional
agriculture. According to survey, 60.0% of low-income individuals mainly obtain
their income from planting industry and breeding industry. Income from farmlands of
low-income individuals accounts for 63.5% of household income on average.
Low-income individuals have already had some knowledge of the project but
some of them are still not clearly aware of the project, which indicates a need of
further advocacy campaigns among low income people. In addition, low income
households have relatively consistent supporting attitude towards the Project.
According to the survey, 95.2% of low-income individuals believe that ‘Safety and
Quality Improvement Project for Producing Area of Agricultural Products’ is in favor
of the local economic and social development. All low-income households support the
project.
Low quality of agricultural products, high medical expenditure and low degree of
agricultural industrialization are the main reasons causing poverty. Diseases and
lacking of technology are the main factor causing poverty. 28.5% low income people
fall into poverty due to diseases; 26.4% low income people fall into poverty due to
lacking of technology. The low-income individuals have proposed the needs for
improvement of quality of agricultural products, strengthening of planting technical
training, increase of employment opportunities, enhancement of development capacity
and provision of cost compensation.
Gender Analysis
The educational level of women in villages is mainly junior high school level.
According to survey data: 37.4% of them have primary school and below primary
school diploma; 50.1% of them have junior high school diploma; 12.5% of them have
senior high school/technical secondary school/vocational school and higher diploma.
Farming women are mainly middle and old aged women. According to survey data:
Average age of farming women in demonstration areas is 48 years old, and the
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maximum age is 87 years old while the minimum age is 17 years old.
The farming workers in villages are mainly women and middle and old aged
people. The women take up about 48% of total employees in the rural cooperatives.
The proportion of women participating in the decision-making and management of
rural cooperatives is low. There is a total of 189 management personnels in rural
cooperatives, including 47 women, accounting for 25.0%. There is no woman in the
management of 8 rural cooperatives. Percentage of left-behind women in the areas to
be included is as high as 8.2% of total population in the demonstration areas, namely
9341 women.
Needs of women for the Project: Increase job opportunities (Left-behind women
require more job opportunities near their communities), provide labor protection
measures against high temperature, sunstroke, weeds and mosquitoes and preventing
inhalation of lime to lungs, and provide training of production skills such as operation
of agricultural machines. Classroom lecturing and site demonstration shall be
combined for relevant training to enhance the participation capability of women.
Analysis of Ethnic Minorities
The project counties within the demonstration area where ethnic minorities
inhabit include Jishou City, Huayuan County, Yongshun County, Cili County and
Yongding District. Total population of project villages is 49441, including a total
ethnic minority population of 38423, accounting for 77.7%. Among ethnic minorities,
total population of Tujia is 28277, accounting for 73.6%; total population of Miao is
10146, accounting for 26.4%.
Analysis on the difference of Tujia nationality in the demonstration area: In
project villages, total population of Tujia nationality is 28277, accounting for 57.2%
of the total population. According to the proportion of Tujia nationality in the
population of demonstration areas, 31 villages inhabited by Tujia are divided into
three categories: project villages where population of Tujia nationality accounts for
less than 30% of population of demonstration areas; project villages where population
of Tujia nationality accounts for 30% - 50% of population of demonstration areas;
project villages where population of Tujia nationality accounts for 50% and above of
population of demonstration areas. According to the definition of minorities of the
World Bank, various categories of project villages are identified through interview
and other methods. It is concluded: local residents do not identify themselves as a
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unique cultural group. Their customs and habits are substantially consistent with Han
nationality. In addition to Spring Festival, Lantern Festival and Dragon Boat Festival
and other traditional festivals as Han nationality, there are “going to the last fair
before spring festival”, “the 3rd day of the Third Lunar Month”, “the 8th day of the
Fourth Lunar Month”, “the 6th day of the Sixth Lunar Month” and “the 7th day of the
Seventh Lunar Month” and other local ethnic festivals. Local residents see no
difference with Han in terms of language, planting habit, customs and habits.
Language: Since the Tujia nationality lives together with Han nationality in
demonstration area for a long time, people with Tujia nationality have begun to use
Chinese quite early; Religious belief: In the demonstration area, Tujia nationality
believes in Taoism and pays tribute to the ancestors. Tujia nationality in the
demonstration area mainly believe in Taoism and worship their ancestors. Tujia
nationality believe in many gods, and their religious beliefs include natural worship.
Land, rocks, mountains, rivers, and water are all objects of worship. Almost every
household in Tujia nationality worships the ancestral shrine in the hall house. The
festivals of the Tujia nationality in demonstration area mainly include dragon-boat
racing and “the 6th day of the Sixth Lunar Month”. The Tujia nationality pays great
attention to traditional festivals especially the Spring Festival which is the most
ceremonious. Local customs: Before marriage of women of Tujia nationality in the
demonstration area, there is a custom of “crying wedding”. Before wedding, if a girl
cannot practice this custom, she will be discriminated and ridiculed. However,
currently, this custom has already been gradually faded. Mode of production: Mainly
planting rice. During the busy farming season, wheat is cut and seedlings are planted,
and grain is sown and fields are raised. For families with a shortage of labor force,
everyone will take the initiative to help each other. The host family only needs to
provide food. This custom of helping each other has become a custom through long
time usage for thousands of years.
In project villages, total population of Miao nationality is 10146, accounting for
20.5%. According to the proportion of Miao nationality in the population of
demonstration areas, 24 villages inhabited by Miao nationality are divided into two
categories: project villages where population of Miao nationality accounts for less
than 50% of population of demonstration areas; project villages where population of
Miao nationality accounts for 50% and above of population of demonstration areas.
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According to the definition of minorities of the World Bank, various categories of
project villages are identified through interview and other methods. Local residents do
not identify themselves as a unique cultural group. Their customs and habits are
substantially consistent with Han nationality. In addition to Spring Festival, Lantern
Festival and Dragon Boat Festival and other traditional festivals as Han nationality,
there are “going to the last fair before spring festival”, “the 3rd day of the Third Lunar
Month”, “the 8th day of the Fourth Lunar Month”, “the 6th day of the Sixth Lunar
Month” and “the 7th day of the Seventh Lunar Month” and other local ethnic
festivals. Local residents see no difference with Han in terms of language, planting
habit, customs and habits. Miao in Demonstration Areas does not have its unique or
other recognized cultural features, living customs or local customs; the social,
economic, cultural and political organization has no difference from that of
mainstream races; the religious, sacrificing and totem worship activities do not have
obvious difference from the mainstream society. Management mode of villages
inhabited by Miao in demonstration areas is substantially consistent with that of most
rural areas in China, i.e. the combination of township government and village
governance. Language used in daily communication of Miao in demonstration areas is
local dialect, and characters used in daily life are Chinese characters. Lands of Miao
in demonstration areas are owned by the collective; the management mode of contract
responsibility system based on the household with remuneration linked to output is
adopted.
Therefore, through in-depth investigation and analysis on Miao and Tujia people
in demonstration areas, considering that Miao and Tujia people in demonstration areas
have a high degree of integration, which does not conform to the World Bank’s
definition of minority, the World Bank’s minority policy is not applicable and there is
no need to prepare the minority development plan.
Social Impact and Risks
The assessment team considers that positive influence of Hunan Integrated
Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project:
Short-term positive influence is mainly reflected in: (1) Raise awareness of
stakeholders in producing safety products by project promotion. (2) Through the
training of the project, the farmer households’ skills in production safety products can
be enhanced. (3) Through public participation, consensus on the agricultural land
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heavy metal pollution control will be achieved. (4) Improve infrastructure and create
conditions for agricultural production. (5) The environmental management and the
agricultural environment monitoring provide technical supports for agricultural
product quality management. (6) The risk resistance capacity of the farmer
households and the product competitiveness are improved by cultivating 47 farmer’s
specialized cooperatives.
Medium and long-term positive influence is mainly reflected in: (1) Significant
ecological benefits: The heavy metal pollution of farmland has been administered in
the project through adoption of measures including source control, dynamic
monitoring and soil repair to a certain extent, thus benefiting improvement of
ecological environment; (2) Considerable economic benefits: The heavy metal
pollution control of farmland in the project can realize improvement of selling prices
of agricultural products, lowering of agricultural production cost, improvement of
land utilization efficiency and improvement of added value of agricultural products,
which benefits the improvement of farmers’ production and living standards; (3)
Obvious social benefits: The implementation of the Project benefits return of migrant
workers. In particular, it creates more jobs for women. It is in favor of poverty
alleviation of low-income households and formulation of farmland pollution
administration model.
The social assessment team thinks that the social risks of Hunan Integrated
Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project are mainly reflected in the
followings:
Social risks of cropping restructuring. The project does not involve land
acquisition and demolition, and does not trigger the involuntary resettlement policy of
the World Bank; therefore, there is no need to prepare the resettlement plan. But there
will be a need for restructuring crops in 66.7 hectares of heavily contaminated
farmland according to plan, which includes 33.3 hectares in Jishou City and 33.4
hectares in Hengnan County respectively. Planting other alternative crops requires
change of planting habits and techniques. Although the project management offices
and the project team have already carried out in-depth investigation and analysis,
there may still be some farmers who are not willing cooperate in the process. (2) The
issue of distribution and management of subsidies for change of cropping system.
Consensus has been reached on subsidy standards, but more farmers are worried
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about the transparency of the subsidy. (3) Labor supply problem. At present, many
villages are “empty villages” because young and middle-aged laborers are all working
outside. Planting of fruits and seedlings requires more laborers, which may face the
problem of insufficient labor.
Economic risks: Economic risks are mainly reflected in three aspects: (1) Social
risks resulting from land rehabilitation due to preservation of original planting habits:
The first category is risk of marketing. Rice is replanted to low-cadmium varieties,
and thus quality of rice grain will be affected to some extent, which means that
existing marketing channels and methods may be affected. The second category refers
to risk of failure of food to reach standard. During the period of governance, some
food may not completely reach the standard, which may influence food selling price.
The third category is risk of output reduction. Replanting low-cadmium varieties will
increase the risk of rice blast and may further lead to reduction of output. According
to survey data: the top concern for farmer households is reduction of actual income of
farmer households in short term (78.4%), followed by increase of agricultural
production labor amount (33.3%) as well as marketing risk incurred by replanting
varieties (31.2%). (2) Social risks from farmland restructuring: First, risk of cost
benefit of replanted crops. Second, risk of marketing. It is required to establish new
sales channels for replanted fruit trees, vegetables and cotton, so as to result in sales
risk. Third, risk of management. Replanting will not only implement new
requirements on technical management of replanted crops but also require project
villages to establish fair, transparent and standardized management procedures. (3)
Social risks from adjustment of cropping system: Changes in the planting pattern may
increase the input of labor force. If the input cannot be reasonably subsidized, the net
income will be reduced. According to survey data: in the process of restructuring, the
top concern for farmer households is reduction of actual income in the same year
(51.4%), followed by unmarketable replanted crops (38.5%).
Public opinion risks: Public opinion risks are mainly classified into four types:
The first category is the risk of improper attribution. The existing pollution condition
is resulted from multiple aspects. Administration of soil pollution of farmland before
launch of administration of other pollution may cause the local residents to attribute
all problems to heavy metal pollution so as to put forward relevant claims. The second
category is the risk of exaggeration of heavy metal pollution. Government
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departments leading the launch of farmland heavy metal pollution control in
demonstration area can easily attach the label of heavy metal standard-surpassing in
all agricultural products in demonstration area. The third category is the risk of
resident’s environmental protection awareness. The main stakeholder groups have
different orientations in their roles played in environmental pollution and
environmental protection. They neither think that they shall take responsibility for
surrounding environmental pollution nor believe that they are one of subjects
involved in environmental governance.
Risk of vulnerability of disadvantaged groups such as minorities and low-income
individuals. To-be-included project areas will involve 11391 people just out of
poverty including 46594 left-behind seniors, 7336 people with disabilities and 9341
left-behind women and 31 project villages in the five project counties and cities at
Zhangjiajie and Xiangxi Prefecture where Tujia and Miao dominate, among which 11
project villages have more Miao people and 20 project villages have more Tujia
people. Miao people in the eleven project villages of three project counties namely
Huayuan County, Yongshun County and Jishou City amount to above 30%. To reduce
the vulnerability of these disadvantaged groups, this Project will take powerful
measures to make them participate in and benefit from the project on an equal basis.
Risk of land transfer. There are mainly three types: Firstly, is a blind pursuit of
high transfer rate without consideration of the local natural conditions and realities in
development and without any respect to the intentions and autonomous rights of
farmers; Secondly is a lack of an exit mechanism in contractual rights of land, which
can hardly protect the farmer’s benefits and will affect the grain production safety. For
example, non-standard transfer contracts prevent the farmers’ benefits from being
guaranteed. Third is transfer without title affirmation due to the delay in granting a
certificate for land title affirmation and registration, which can easily cause disputes
over land.
Project proposals and action plans
To ensure a smooth implementation of ‘Safety and Quality Improvement Project
for Producing Area of Agricultural Products’ in the to-be-included project area, it is
necessary to follow the supporting policies as below: (1) to strengthen farmer’s
participation in trainings, form a farmland governance association and establish a full
participation and complaint mechanism; (2) to work out a basic compensation
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package and a subsidy scheme to ensure farmers’ income increase and avoid or reduce
to the maximum extent the negative effects on farmers caused by the governance of
polluted farmlands; (3) to enhance the publicity and training and the guidance of
public opinions and mitigate the risks of public opinions during the governance; (4) to
observe the original RPF and incorporate the measures and plans for helping the
disadvantaged groups.
In addition, the Social Assessment Team found problems when monitoring the
original project including incomplete pre-project work, slow implementation and
inconspicuous effects of project driven employment. To better give play to the
positive effects of the project and avoid repeated problems in the to-be-included
project areas, the Social Assessment Team also proposes to optimize the pre-project
implementation scheme, enhance the implementation and monitoring of agronomic
measures, speed up the construction and management of field works and push forward
and promote the guidance of the project for farmland cooperative economy.
In the meantime, to have an effective control over the COVID-19 epidemic, the
PMO will also have to set up a leading group for COVID-19 epidemic for planning
epidemic prevention work and handling with any emergency.
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1. Introduction
1.1 Brief introduction to the project
1.1.1 Project background
Hunan is known for its nonferrous metals; of 160 mineral reserves found in the
world, 140 varieties are found in Hunan. And tungsten, antimony, bismuth, zinc, lead
and tin reserves range top in the country. The exploitation history is as long as 2,700
years. This brings abundant mineral resources to Hunan, but simultaneously it also
brings severe heavy metal pollution in local regions. The serious land heavy metal
pollution of Hunan Province is an important cause resulting in standard surpassing of
cadmium in rice. Under this background, in order to administer heavy metal pollution
in producing places of agricultural products, improve quality and safety of agricultural
products and safeguard people’s life health, Agriculture Commission of Hunan
Province plans to utilize World Bank loan to implement “Hunan Integrated
Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project”.
1.1.2 Project overview
In consideration of Hunan Province as the main agricultural production area,
pollution levels and types of heavy metals in the soil and other factors, 14 counties are
selected by means of expert consultation as the Project Counties including, Hengyang
County, Yongding District, Jishou City, Baojing County, Huayuan County, Yongshun
County, Cili County, Zhongfang County, Anhua County, Hengnan County, Linwu
County, Yizhang County, Lengshuitan District and Qiyang County.
The main contents of the project cover four aspects: sustainable management of
farmland pollution, agricultural environment monitoring and management, project
capacity construction and project management and assessment.
1. Sustainable management of farmland pollution
In the light of the effective data analysis of rice, agriculture endogenous and
exogenous sources, agricultural production management and so on in the
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Demonstration Area, specific risk management measures, mainly including
engineering measures, agronomic measures, pest and disease integrated management
and other measures, etc. should be taken. Different control measures will be taken
according to the risk degrees, the risk control area in the demonstration area is
estimated to be 8000 hectares.
(2) Agricultural environment monitoring and management
Measures agricultural environment monitoring and management including:
Establish the agricultural environment monitoring and early warning system,
investigate content of pollutants in agricultural products in the demonstration area;
monitor input/output balance of farmland pollutants. Make related local rules and
regulations and technical draft standard for control & prevention of farmland pollution
and recovery. Provide technical support for control of pollution emission for
enterprises discharging heavy metal which severely affects pollution sources.
(3) Project capacity construction
In this project, the government officials and technical personnel will be
organized for study and training to improve project management capacity. Organize
local benefited farmers and main planting farmers for training to enhance their
reproject awareness of severity of pollution of farmland and agricultural products on
health as well as their soil management skills capability for sustainable utilization.
Organize implementation of a series of subject studies to support project
implementation and optimization of technical measures. Moreover, formulate the soil
environment protection action plan.
(4) Project management and assessment
The project management system is established to collect information and data of
farmland environmental quality variation in project implementation process. Establish
the integrated management evaluation system of farmland pollution; monitor and
evaluate project implementation results. Refine the project achievements. Purchase
office equipment needed by the project management organization as well as costs
incurred by daily management, purchase, financial management and project
supervision.
So far more than two years have passed since the Project was officially launched
for implementation. During the implementation, 11 project counties (namely Anhua
County, Cili County, Yongshun County, Huayuan County, Jishou City, Qiyang
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County, Linwu County, Lengshuitan District, Hengnan County, Hengyang County and
Yongding District) plan to include more project areas or enlarge the coverage of the
previous project areas based on the farmland pollution inspection data and project
need, which will involve 2270.5 hectare farmland, 29 townships (towns), 60
administrative villages and 113917 beneficiaries including 7336 people with
disabilities and 9341 left-behind women.
1.2 Project social assessment
1.2.1 Purpose and contents of social assessment
The emphasis of social impact assessment in this project is to determine
favorable and unfavorable influence on local social development goals by project
construction so as to fully recognize potential benefits and risks of the project and
take rational measures to avoid and remove social risks and social conflicts likely to
cause failure of the project to the largest degree, and to increase social benefit of
project investment. The social impact assessment in this project mainly covers:
(1) Collect social and economic development information of project affected
regions. Such information consists of community population, economic development,
social culture and political system affected by this project as well as traditional
occupancy of land resources of local residents and natural resources they reply on for
survival.
(2) Determine critical stakeholders of the project, including directly or indirectly
benefited groups or organizations and directly and indirectly affected groups or
organizations suffering losses.
(3) Have a full consultation with stakeholders in this project. In each phase of
project preparation and implementation, carry out free and full consultation with
affected population in advance; and establish the complaint channel and procedure for
disadvantaged groups.
(4) Social influence and risk analysis: Assess positive and negative influence of
the project mainly from the macro-perspective. In project construction period, local
farmland irrigation facilities and travel roads may be affected to some degree in
project implementation period. The social impact assessment will focus on analysis of
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possible social risks brought by the project, in particular, pay close attention to
potential unfavorable influence on ethnic minorities, old people, the disabled, low
income people, single parent family and other disadvantaged groups as well as
farmers with requisition of land.
(5) Analyze and strive for attitude support of the local community for project
construction. After diagnosing benefit conflicts likely to occur in project construction
process, further understand the willingness and attitude of such stakeholders. Strive
for enough support of local communities and residents for the project by participation
and consultation of social assessment.
(6) Collect suggestions of local communities to project planning and
implementation. The World Bank loan project shall guarantee that ethnic minorities
can benefit from the project fairly in planning. The project owner shall take measures
to prevent unfavorable influence on ethnic minority communities. To realize the goals
of social impact assessment, the social impact assessment team in the process collects
opinions and suggestions of local affected population and communities. They also
discuss with sample population in the demonstration area with the social impact
assessment so that the conclusions and measures of social impact assessment will be
proper. To prevent social conflicts and relieve negative impact on local residents and
communities, the social impact assessment team also provides the proper
countermeasures to the project planner.
1.2.2 Main methods for social assessment
To involve the beneficiaries in the demonstration area in this social evaluation so
that we could get real and abundant first-hand data, we used participatory evaluation
method and tools for social evaluation including structured interview, participatory
rating and sorting, matrix analysis of project impacts, site survey of community
resources, resource mapping, etc. Different methods were used for data collection and
processing including document literatures, site surveys, questionnaires, social
statistics, etc. These guaranteed voluntary, equal and positive participation of different
beneficiary groups and farmer households of different types in the project villages in
the Project.
(I) Collection of literature and statistical data: To know the project
4
background, project summary and social and economic information in the to-be-
included project areas. First of all, we need to have a general understanding, during
the site survey, of the to-be-included project counties by means of literatures and
collection of statistic data.
(1) Collect city annals, county annals and other literature stating local conditions
and customs of the demonstration area, in particular, statistical data of social and
economic conditions of ethnic minority regions in the demonstration area.
(2) Collect statistical yearbook of social and economic conditions of the
demonstration area, bulletin of national economy and social development of each
county in each year as well as literature provided by the county PMO.
(3) Collect social development regulations and policies of the demonstration area
including important national level social development laws, policies as well as some
important local regulations and policies made by Hunan Province.
(II) Questionnaire survey: In the key surveying communities and project
affected areas, the assessment team carries out questionnaire survey of main
stakeholders. The sample of questionnaire survey consists of different main
stakeholder groups; special attention has been paid to women, ethnic minorities, low
income people and other disadvantaged groups.
The cluster sampling mode is adopted in questionnaire survey. Distribution is
made in the equal distribution principle. First of all, every project county planning for
new areas intends to be distributed with 80-100 questionnaires. Secondly, two of the
new project areas will be selected randomly and further one of the villages in each
new project area selected. Each village will be distributed with 40-50 questionnaires.
A total percentage of women, minorities (if any) and low-income individuals is
required to be 30% of total samples. At last, social evaluation questionnaire survey
and ethnic group identification questionnaire survey are conducted respectively in the
selected villages.
In the end, 1100 social assessment questionnaires are distributed in 11 project
counties, 949 of which are effectively recovered, and the questionnaire recovery rate
is 86.3%; 500 ethnic identification questionnaires are distributed in 5 project districts
and counties inhabited by ethnic minorities, 365 of which are effectively recovered,
and the questionnaire recovery rate is 73.0%. The sample distribution is shown in
Table 1-1.
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6
Table 1-1 Sample Distribution
No. Demonstration areas/Project counties
Social assessment questionnaires
Ethnic minority questionnaires
Released quantity
Effective quantity
Released quantity
Effective quantity
1 Anhua County 100 942 Huayuan County 100 83 100 683 Yongding District 100 83 100 624 Cili County 100 88 100 735 Yongshun County 100 90 100 826 Jishou City 100 90 100 807 Hengyang County 100 838 Lengshuitan District 100 829 Qiyang County 100 8910 Linwu County 100 8311 Hengnan County 100 84
Total 1,100 949 500 365
(III) In-depth interview: In the key surveying project affected area, the
assessment team carries out in-depth interview. The selected targets consist of some
proportion of women, ethnic minorities and low-income households. In the end, the
Evaluation Team selected different interest-related parties for interview. A total of 60
villagers received in-depth interview including 20 women (33.3%), 20 people from
minorities (33.3%) and 20 low income people (33.3%). A total of 8 directors of
farmers’ cooperatives and main planting farmers have received in-depth interview. A
total of 8 directors of the government at the town and township level and leaders of
the Village Committees in the Project Villages have received in-depth interview. A
total of 10 administrators and implementers of the Project Counties have received in-
depth interview.
(4) Site survey: Surveys are conducted on site. Observational survey is used to
get direct and emotional social information including village appearance, human
settlement, farmland crop growing environment, etc.
(5) Social statistics: Results of questionnaire surveys are input into Epidata for
various statistic analysis by the software SPSS22.2 including frequency analysis,
mean value analysis, etc.
1.2.2 Scheduling of social assessment
The Social Assessment Team was divided into two survey teams from December
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16, 2020 to December 25, 2020 for site survey one after another in all project counties
and social assessment on new and enlarged project counties. Details are as below:
(I) Research schedule of the first group (8 counties and districts in total)
Anhua County (16th), Cili county (17th), Yongding District (18th), Yongshun
County (21st), Baojing County (22nd), Huayuan County (23rd), Jishou City (24th),
Zhongfang County (25th)
(I) Research schedule of the second group (6 counties and districts in total)
Hengnan County (16th), Hengyang County (17th), Yizhang County (18th),
Linwu County (21st), Qiyang County (22nd), Lengshuitan (23rd)
2.Basic Social-Economic Analysisof Project Counties
2.1 Social-economic analysisof Hunan Province
2.1.1 Socioeconomic status
The socioeconomic status of Hunan Province is characteristic of:
First, the economic aggregate ranks at national top level. Gross production
value in Hunan Province in 2019 reached RMB 3975.212 billion, an increase of 7.6%
over the previous year. GDP among 31 provinces, cities and regions ranked the ninth.
The added value in the primary industry was 364.69 billion Yuan, with the growth of
3.2%; in the secondary industry 1.4947 trillion Yuan, growth of 7.8%; in the tertiary
industry 2.11582 trillion Yuan, growth of 8.1%. The total regional output value per
capita was 57,540 Yuan with the growth of 7.1% calculated based on permanent
resident population. The contribution rate of primary industry, secondary industry and
tertiary industry to economic growth is 4.0%, 40.9% and 55.1%.
Second, rice output ranks top national wide. The grain planting area in Hunan
Province was 4.6164 million hectares in 2019 with the reduction of 0.1315 million
hectares compared with last year. Among them, summer grain crops cover 102,500
ha., a decrease of 21,200 ha.; early season rice covers 1,094,600 ha., a decrease of
143,600 ha.; autumn grain crops cover 3,419,300 ha., an increase of 33,300 ha. In
terms of autumn grain crops, middle season rice and single-season late rice cover
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1,602,100 ha., an increase of 129,600 ha.; double-season rice covers 1,158,500 ha., a
decrease of 139,800 ha. Annual cereal yield was 29.748 million tons with the
reduction of 1.6%. Among which the summer grain output was 413,000 tons with the
reduction of 19.6%; that of early rice was 6.614 million tons with the reduction of
12.5%; the autumn grain was 22.721 million tons with the growth of 2.5%. The
newly-added effective irrigation area of agricultural land was 30,200 hectares in the
whole year and newly-added water conservation irrigation area was 38,700 hectares;
75,000 various types of hydraulic projects started construction with investment fund
of 26.7 billion Yuan; 1.02 billion m3 earthwork of hydraulic project has been
completed; 5445.8km rural road has been improved and renovated. In 2019, Hunan
with its 3.1% cultivated land provides 4.5% grain. It ranks the 10th among main grain
producing provinces. The rice output accounts for 12.8% of the national output,
ranking the 1st, and making special important contribution to national food security.
Thirdly, the population reaches nearly 70 million. Hunan is one of the most
populous provinces. Permanent residents across the Province in 2019 reached
69,183,800, an increase of 196,100 over the previous year at a growth rate of 2.84%.
Among them, the population of age 0-15 amounted to 14,823,800 (21.43%), age 16-
59 amounted to 41,472,100 (59.94%) and age 60 and above 12,887,900 (18.63%).
Fourthly, the population of minorities reaches 6.8 million. Hunan is a
multiethnic province, where there are 55 nationalities including Han nationality, Tujia,
Miao, Yao, Dong, Bai and Hui. Among them, nine permanently reside including Han
nationality, Miao, Tujia, Dong, Yao, Hui, Zhuang and Bai. Most of these ethnic groups
reside in the mountainous areas in Xiangxi, Xiangnan and Xiangdong. The population
of the ethnic groups amounts to 6.8 million, about 10% of total population in Hunan
Province, most of whom reside in the mountainous areas in Xiangxi and Xiangnan
and a few of whom reside across Hunan Province. Miao and Tujia dominate the ethnic
groups mainly in the northwest of Hunan Province where Xiangxi Tujia and Miao
Autonomous Prefecture is located.
Fifth, farmland is severely polluted by heavy metal. According to the Report
on the National General Survey of Soil Contamination in 2014, the soil contamination
nationwide was 16.1%, which was beyond the limit. Arable areas were especially
most serious, which was up to 19.4%. Grain security faces severe challenges. Seen
from pollution distribution, soil pollution in South China is more severe than that in
9
North China. Soil pollution problem in Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and
Northeast China old industrial base is prominent. The overproof heavy metal of soil in
Southwest and Mid-South Regions is severe. The distribution of 4 inorganic
pollutants, including cadmium, mercury, arsenic and lead, increases gradually from
the northwest to the southeast and from the northeast to the southwest. According to
data, the mineral poisoned and heavy metal polluted land area in Hunan Province is
up to 28000 hectares, accounting for 13% of total area of the whole province. Of 14
cities and prefectures in Hunan, 8 are in Xiangjiang River Basin. The production and
living water of more than 40 million people is polluted.
2.1.2 Situation of heavy metal pollution
1) Compositions of heavy metal industries: enterprises involving heavy
metal in Hunan are as many as 1450. The industries involving heavy metal pollution
(as per the number of enterprise) are: non-ferrous metal metallurgy and rolling
industry, non-ferrous metal mining and separation industry, chemical raw material and
chemical product manufacturing industry, ferrous metal metallurgy and rolling
industry, metal product industry, coal mining and separation by washing industry,
leather, fur, feather (down feather) and their products industry, general equipment
manufacturing industry, electric machinery and equipment manufacturing industry,
transport equipment manufacturing industry, non-metal ores mining and separation
industry, non-metal ores product manufacturing industry, communication equipment,
computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry, ferrous metal
mining and separation industry, special equipment manufacturing industry, waste
resources and materials recycling and processing industry, wood processing and
wood, bamboo, vine, palm and straw product industry, pharmaceutical industry,
rubber product industry, instrument meter and culture, office machinery
manufacturing industry, power and thermal power production and supply industry,
printing industry and recording media duplication, artware and other manufacturing
industries.
2) Distribution of industries involving heavy metal: industries involving
heavy metal in Hunan Province are mainly distributed in non-ferrous metal metallurgy
and rolling industry, non-ferrous metal mining and separation industry, chemical raw
10
Non-ferrous metal mining and separation industry
Leather, fur, feather (down feather) and their products industry
Chemical raw material and chemical product manufacturing industry
Non-ferrous metal metallurgy and rolling industry
Other industries
material and chemical product manufacturing industry (sulfuric acid production
mainly), ferrous metal metallurgy and rolling industry (electrolytic manganese, iron
and steel industry mainly) and metal product industry (electroplate industry mainly).
See their proportion in Fig.2-1. The total enterprise quantity of the five industries
above accounts for 86.43% of total enterprises involved in heavy metal in the whole
province.
Figure 2-1 Distribution Map of Industries involved in Heavy Metal Pollution in Hunan
3) Regional distribution of industries involving heavy metal: the non-ferrous
metal metallurgy and rolling industry is mainly distributed in Chenzhou, Loudi and
Hengyang, accounting for 33%, 17% and 12% respectively in the whole province.
The metal mining and separation industry is mainly distributed in Chenzhou and
Xiangxi autonomous prefecture, accounting for 47% and 20% respectively of the
whole province. The chemical raw material and chemical product manufacturing
industry is mainly distributed in Hengyang, Changsha and Xiangtan, accounting for
20%, 17% and 13% respectively of the whole province. Seen from Fig.2-2, heavy
metal pollution enterprises and heavy metal pollution in Hunan province mainly
concentrate in Xiangjiang River Basin, South Hunan and West Hunan. Non-ferrous
metal mining, separation and metallurgy are concentrating in other regions such as
Anhua County and Taojiang County in Yiyang City, Hanshou County and Shimen
County in Changde City, which lead to severe heavy metal pollution.
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Figure 2-2 Distribution Map of Industries involved in Heavy Metal Pollution and Key
Districts/Counties in Hunan
2.2 Social-economic analysis of project counties
2.2.1 Social-economic analysis of Anhua County
(1) County overview
The population urbanization rate is close to 40%. There were 1.0088 million
registered population in Anhua County at the end of 2019, the permanent resident
population was 0.861 million, including 0.3339 million permanent population in
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urban and its urbanization rate was 38.78%. The birth rate was 8.96‰; the mortality
rate was 6.63‰ and natural growth rate was 2.32‰. There are 26 nationalities in
Anhua County, including Han Nationality, Tujia Nationality, Miao Nationality,
Mongolian Nationality, etc.
The total economic aggregate remains stable. In 2019, the total output value
reached 23.218 billion Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 6.7%. Among them, the
added value in the primary industry was 4.461 billion Yuan, with the growth of 3.1%;
added value in the secondary industry was 7.689 billion Yuan, with the growth of
7.8%; added value in the tertiary industry was 11.068 billion Yuan, with the growth of
7.2%. The ratio of three industries was 19.2: 33.1: 47.7; the proportion of primary
industries increased by 2.9 percentage points; the proportion of secondary industries
decreased by 0.7 percentage points, and the proportion of tertiary industries decreased
by 2.2 percentage points. Contribution rate of three industries on economic growth
was 8.6%, 42.9% and 48.5% respectively; GDP growth driven by three industries was
0.6%, 2.9% and 3.3% respectively. The per capita GDP of the county was 26,986
Yuan calculated based on permanent resident population.
Adjustment and optimization of agricultural structure. In 2019, it realized a
total output value of RMB 8.124 billion in the agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry
and fishing industries in the whole year with a growth rate of 3.3% compared with
same period last year. The grain sown area was 656,000 mu with total grain output of
229,000t. Sowing areas of grains and oil reach 1,044,500 mu and the comprehensive
agricultural mechanization rate reaches 63.3% The main grain crop in the county is
rice. The planting type is divided into double cropping and single cropping with main
forms of rice-oilseed rape, rice-corn, rice-cabbage and rice-watermelon, etc. Main rice
varieties include Longliangyouhuazhan Rice, Y Liangyou 488, Y Liangyou 2108,
Huanghuazhan Rice, etc. Planting area is 27,700 hectares.
It is shown by the result of soil agricultural product monitoring data that among
five risk factors of cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead and chromium, heavy metal
pollution risk exists in partial rice in Anhua County and the risk factor is cadmium.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Anhua County plans to add two demonstration areas (Le’an Town Demonstration
13
Area and Dafu Town Demonstration Area) and expand one demonstration area
(Qingtangpu Town Demonstration Area), including:
The newly-added, Le’an Town Demonstration Area is located in the Southwest
of Anhua County. Le’an Town Demonstration Area covers 4 villages, Gurong Village,
Wenshi Village, Hengshi Village, Yizhong Village, with an area of 2300 mu, and the
beneficiaries are 8402. The Demonstration Area focuses on paddy rice growing in one
season and oilseed rapes or paddy rice growing in double seasons. Farmlands might
be possibly polluted by heavy metals left from history or by the ceramics plant.
Cadmium pollution is a dominant type in farmland soil pollution, which is mainly of
slightly local pollution.
The newly-added, Dafu Town Demonstration Area is located in the Southeast
mountainous area of Anhua County. Dafu Town Demonstration Area covers 2
villages, Mengjia Village, Muxi Village, with an area of 1100 mu, and the
beneficiaries are 5444. The demonstration area mainly plants rice and adopts the
paddy rice growing in one season and oilseed rape. Farmlands were polluted by heavy
metals in the Three Wastes discharged by the antimony ore businesses once existing in
the past. Farmlands might also be polluted by the soil background value or
agricultural inputs, etc. Cadmium pollution is a dominant type in farmland soil
pollution, which is mainly of light degree.
Qingtangpu Town is expanded on the basis of the original demonstration area, it
covers 2 villages, Dongtian Village and Shaping Village, with an area of 1600 mu, and
the beneficiaries are 5313. The demonstration area mainly plants rice, corn and peanut
and adopts the rice growing in one-season cropping system. Farmlands were polluted
by heavy metals caused by coal mining. Farmlands might also be polluted by the soil
background value or excessive agricultural inputs, etc. Cadmium pollution is a
dominant type in farmland soil pollution, which is mainly of light degree.
It is shown by the result of soil agricultural product monitoring data that among
five risk factors of cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead and chromium, heavy metal
pollution risk exists in partial rice in Anhua County and the risk factor is cadmium.
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2.2.2 Social-economic analysis of Cili County
(1) County overview
The population urbanization rate is close to 50%. At the end of 2019, there
were 240,637 households in Cili County with total registered population of 690,390.
The permanent resident population was 619,600 at the end of year, including 293,100
permanent population in urban and its urbanization rate was 47.3%. Cili County is the
multiple-nationality county and 17 nationalities, including Han Nationality, Tujia
Nationality, Bai Nationality, Hui Nationality and Miao Nationality, live here; among
them, the minority population with Tujia Nationality as focus accounts for 61% of
total population.
The total economic aggregate grws steadily. In 2019, the total output value of
Cili County reached 17.82853 billion Yuan with the growth of 7.4% compared with
the last year. Among them, the added value in the primary industry was 3.1683 billion
Yuan, with the growth of 3.4%; the added value in the secondary industry was
3.11078 billion Yuan, with the growth of 6.8%; among them, the added value of
industry was 1.46113 billion Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 7.5%; the added
value of the construction industry was 1.65161 billion Yuan, with the growth of 6.1%;
the added value in the tertiary industry was 11.54945 billion Yuan, with the growth of
8.7%. The total regional output value per capita was 28,834 Yuan (calculated based on
permanent resident population), equaling to USD4,174 based on average exchange
rate in 2019. The structural adjustment was constantly optimized that the ratio of
added value of three industries on total county production output was 17.8: 17.4: 64.8.
In 2019, the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects was
achieved 93.5%.
Quality and efficiency improved in agricultural production. In 2019, the
arable land area across the County reached 806,500 Chinese mu, among which
653,800 Chinese mu was cultivated land area and 875,200 Chinese mu was used for
grains. The total grain yield reached 316,600 tons, a year-on-year increase of 3.6%. A
soil erosion area of 2.0 square kilometers was controlled, an effective farmland
irrigation area of 300 hectares newly added and a water-saving irrigation area of 140
hectares newly added. The main grain crop in the county was rice, the main planting
15
type is single cropping and double cropping with main form of rice-vegetable, rice-
fertilizer, rice-rape and rice-idle, etc.
It is shown as monitoring data analysis on agricultural products that among five
risk factors of cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead and chromium, heavy metal pollution
risk exists in partial rice in Cili County, and the risk factors are cadmium, arsenic and
mercury.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Cili County plans to add one demonstration area (Xiangshi Town Demonstration
Area) and expand four demonstration areas (Tongjinpu Town Demonstration Area,
Dongyueguan Town Demonstration Area, Yangliupu Township Demonstration Area
and Sanhe Town Demonstration Area), including:
The newly-added, Xiangshi Town Demonstration Area is located in the
Northwest of Cili County. The demonstration area covers 2 villages, Xurita Village
and Baiyang Village with an area of 415 Chinese mu and a population of 2990. Rice
and corn are staple crops in the demonstration area, and adopts the one-season
cropping system. Farmlands were polluted by heavy metals due to Xiangjiaxi coal
mining business. The enrichment coefficient of common rice varieties used by farmers
is not high and the risk of rice is low. There are different levels of heavy metal
pollution in farmland soil, and the main risk factor is cadmium.
Sanhe Town is located in the northwest of Cili County. The demonstration area
covers Zhuangta Village, with an area of 60 Chinese mu and a population of 1687.
The planting systems in the demonstration area are rice-rape and rice-vegetables.
Cadmium and arsenic pollution are the main types of farmland soil pollution,
cadmium pollution risk is mainly low or none and arsenic pollution risk is high and
extremely high. The rice varieties commonly used by farmers have a high enrichment
coefficient and such rice exceeds the standard, which is of light pollution.
Dongyueguan Town is located in the northeast of Cili County. The demonstration
area covers Liudong Village and Xinhua Village, and has an area of 1180 Chinese mu
and a population of 4705. Rice, corn and oilseed rape are staple crops in the
demonstration area with planting systems of rice-oilseed rape and rice-vegetables. The
heavy metal pollution of farmland was caused due to the sewage irrigation from
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Zhuangta Reservoir. The source of pollution, Zhuangta Coal Mine, has been shut
down, and after testing, the water quality of Zhuangta Reservoir has reached the
standard. The enrichment coefficient of common rice varieties used by farmers is not
high and the risk of rice is low. There are different levels of heavy metal pollution in
farmland soil, and the main risk factor is cadmium.
Yangliupu Township is located in the northeast of Cili County. The
demonstration area covers 3 administrative villages (neighborhood committees),
Yangliu Neighborhood Committee, Fuxing Village and Xinpu Village with an area of
1650 Chinese mu and a population of 7602. Rice and oilseed rape are staple crops in
the demonstration area with planting systems of rice-oilseed rape and rice-vegetables.
Farmland is affected by sewage irrigation in Zhuangta Coal Mine, as well as heavy
metal pollution caused by white garbage and domestic garbage. Zhuangta Coal Mine
as the source of pollution has been shut down and the water quality of the Zhuangta
Reservoir has been tested to reach the standard. The enrichment coefficient of
common rice varieties used by farmers is not high and the risk of rice is low. There are
different levels of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil, and the main risk factor is
cadmium.
Tongjinpu Town is located in the north-central part of Cili County. The
demonstration area covers Sihuping Village and Yanzi Neighborhood Committee,
with a population of 2596 and an area of 1060 Chinese mu. Planting systems in the
demonstration area is rice-rape and rice-vegitable. The heavy metal pollution of
farmland was caused due to the sewage irrigation from Zhuangta Reservoir. Zhuangta
Coal Mine as the source of pollution has been shut down and the water quality of the
Zhuangta Reservoir has been tested to reach the standard. The enrichment coefficient
of common rice varieties used by farmers is not high and the risk of rice is low. There
are different levels of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil, and the main risk factor
is cadmium.
2.2.3 Social-economic analysis of Yongshun County
(1) County overview
The minority population accounts for 93.2%, and the urbanization rate
17
reaches 42.8%. At the end of 2019, there were 164,300 households in the county
with total population of 536,100. Among them, minority population is 499,700. The
permanent resident population was 444,900, including urban population of 190,500
and rural population of 244,400. Urbanization rate of the whole county was 42.8%.
The economy in the County is not well developed, the aggregate economic
output remains low and financeremains vulnerable. In 2019, the total output value
of Yongshun County reached 8.64 billion Yuan with the growth of 6.7% compared
with the last year. Among them, the primary industry was 1.923 billion Yuan, with the
growth of 3.0%; the secondary industry was 1.536 billion Yuan, with the reduction of
1.2%; the tertiary industry was 5.181 billion Yuan, with the growth of 10.8%. The
output value per capita was 19,372 Yuan calculated based on permanent resident
population. The three industries structure of the County turned from 23.7: 21.9: 54.4
in the previous year to 22.3: 17.8: 59.9. The per capita disposable income of county
residents is 14,167 Yuan, with the growth of 10.1% and that of urban residents is
23,499 Yuan, with the growth of 8.3%. The per capita disposable income of rural
residents is 8823.01 Yuan, with the growth of 9.7%.
Agricultural and rural development moves forward at a steady pace. In
2019, the total cultivated land area across the County reached 39,830 hectares and the
crop sowing area in the County reached 980,700 Chinese mu (an increase of 0.15%),
with total grain yield reaching 218,000 tons (an increase of 2.97%), total rice yield
142,014 tons (an increase of 0.34%), total corn yield 36,987 tons (an increase of
13.36%), sweet potato yield 7,948 tons (an increase of 0.91%) and potato yield 27,680
tons (an increase of 5.58%). Single-season rice grows widely in Yongshun County
since it is a mountainous area. The cropping system is dominantly rice-rape and rice-
idle.
It is shown in the inspection result of soil heavy metal pollution inspection of
agricultural land in Yongshun County that heavy metal pollution exists in partial
agricultural land soil in Yongshun County to different degrees with main pollution risk
factor of cadmium.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Yongshun County plans to add two demonstration areas (Xiqi Town
18
Demonstration Area and Shaba Town Demonstration Area) and expand one
demonstration area (Wanping Town Demonstration Area). Including:
The newly-added, Xiqi Town Demonstration Area is located in the West of
Yongshun County. The demonstration area covers four villages, Liulangxi Village,
Xiqi Village, Hexin Village and Wachang Village, with an area of 1000 Chinese mu
and a population of 7827. Each village has a farmers’ specialized cooperative. The
demonstration area mainly plants rice and adopts the one-season cropping system.
Since the farmland is polluted by the heavy metal caused by “three wastes” of
enterprises involving heavy metal pollution, the rice and sediment test samples exceed
the standards, and the pollution sources have been effectively controlled. Cadmium
pollution is the main type of farmland pollution and it is mainly slightly polluted.
The newly-added, Shaba Town Demonstration Area is located in the Northeast of
Yongshun County. The demonstration area covers two villages, Taozixi Village and
Xishaba Village, with an area of 1800 Chinese mu and a population of 5992. Rice,
oilseed rape, corn, soybean and peanut are staple crops in the demonstration area, and
adopts the one-season cropping system. Farmlands were polluted by heavy metals
caused by iron ore business. Farmlands might also be possibly polluted by excessive
agricultural inputs or the higher soil background value. Cadmium pollution is the
main type of farmland pollution and it is mainly slightly or moderately polluted.
Wanping Demonstration Area is located in the north of Yongshun County. The
Demonstration Area covers 3 administrative villages, Beiliping Village, Heping
Village and Shangping Village, with an area of 800 Chinese mu, main crops in the
village include rice, oilseed rapes, corns and potatoes; the population of the
demonstration area is 6120. Since the farmland is polluted by the heavy metal caused
by “three wastes” of enterprises involving heavy metal pollution, the rice and
sediment test samples exceed the standards, and the pollution sources have been
effectively controlled. The main farmland pollution type is cadmium pollution, and
there is still a small amount of unpolluted farmland.
2.2.4 Social-economic analysisof Huayuan County
(1) County overview
19
Population Overview. Huayuan County is located in central Xiangxi Tujia and
Miao Autonomous Prefecture with total land area of 1109.35km2. Huayuan County is
the typical “old, minor, lateral, poor, reservoir and mountain” area, which is the key
county of national poverty alleviation and development and regional development of
Wuling Mountain. There were 312,473 registered population in Huayuan County at
the end of 2019, among them, 160,464 were men, 152,009 were women, the
permanent resident population was 283,609. The per capita disposable income of
county residents is 160,64 Yuan, the per capita disposable income of urban residents is
26,516 Yuan, and that of rural residents is 9,510 Yuan.
Economic Development Overview. In 2019, the total output value reached
7.21215 billion Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 6.1%. Among them, the added
value in the primary industry was 810.08 million Yuan, with the year-on-year growth
of 3.0%; added value in the secondary industry was 2.29671 billion Yuan, with the
year-on-year growth of 8.7%; added value in the tertiary industry was 4.10536 billion
Yuan, with the growth of 5.2%. The three industries structure turned from 10.2: 31.4:
58.4 in the previous year to 11.2: 31.8: 56.9. The output value per capita was 25,016
Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 8.7% calculated based on annual average
permanent resident population.
Agriculture Overview. In 2019, except producing grain crop, the county also
produces one-year cash crops and fruits; among them, grain crops mainly include rice,
corn, sweet potato, and soybean, etc.; the one-year cash crops mainly include rape,
peanut, vegetables, flue-cured tobacco and artemisia apiacea, etc.; fruits mainly
include orange, pear and kiwifruit, etc. Rice, oilseed rape, vegetables and other crops
are staple crops. Main planting systems are rice, rape-rice, rice-fertilizer, rice-
vegetable and so on. The sown area of agricultural crops in the year was 464,406
Chinese mu, the output was 177,077 tons. Grain crops cover a sowing area of 269,697
Chinese mu, among which cereals cover 219,483 Chinese mu, corns 63,523 Chinese
mu, beans 27,446 Chinese mu, tubers 22,768 Chinese mu and oil-bearing crops,
tobacco, Chinese herbs, vegetables and fruits respectively 61,171 Chinese mu, 21,800
Chinese mu, 12,937 Chinese mu, 71,563 Chinese mu and 4,898 Chinese mu. The total
grain output for across the year was 91,578 tons, with 81,745 tons of cereals.
(2) Demonstration area overview
20
Huayuan County plans to add one demonstration area (Biancheng Town
Demonstration Area):
The newly-added, Biancheng Town Demonstration Area is located in the West of
Huayuan County. The demonstration area includes Gaohe Village, the total area of
farmland in the demonstration area is 916 Chinese mu, and the main crop planted is
rice. The total population of the demonstration area is 1018. Farmland is polluted by
heavy metals caused by smelting, lead zinc ore and “three wastes” from other
enterprises involving in heavy metal pollution. The heavy metal content of rice and
soil test samples exceeds the standard but pollution sources have been effectively
controlled. A compound pollution of cadmium, arsenic and mercury is a dominant
type in farmland soil pollution, which reaches a medium level.
2.2.5 Social-economic analysisof Jishou City
(1) County overview
Population Overview. The total population with household registration of the
city was 312,400 in the end of 2019 with the growth of 0.26% compared with the last
year; the permanent resident population was 361,800 with the growth of 1.01%. The
urban population of the city was 268,400 and its urbanization rate was 74.18% with
the growth of 0.12%. The per capita disposable income of city residents was 27,357
Yuan, with the year-on-year growth of 9.1%. The per capita disposable income of
urban residents is 32,762 Yuan, increased 2,483 Yuan compared with the last year
with the growth of 8.2%. The per capita disposable income of rural residents is
11,761, increased 1,001Yuan with the growth of 9.3%.
Economic Development Overview. In 2019, the city total output value reached
19.3556 billion Yuan with the growth of 7.2% compared with last year. The added
value in the primary industry was 837.73 million Yuan, with the growth of 3.6%; in
the secondary industry 6.80896 billion Yuan, with the growth of 3.2%; in the tertiary
industry 11.70891 billion Yuan, with the growth of 9.9%. The total regional output
value per capita was 53,766 Yuan with the growth of 5.1% calculated based on
permanent resident population. The structure of three industries was 4.3: 35.2: 60.5 in
total production output.
21
Agricultural Development Overview. In 2019, the grain crops covered a
sowing area of 8,754 hectares all year round, a year-on-year decrease of 1.5%, among
which rice covered a sowing area of 5,607 hectares. The total grain yield across the
city reached 48,171 tons, a year-on-year decrease of 0.4%, among which rice yield
reached 36,050 tons. The planting type is double cropping and single cropping.
Double cropping with main forms of rice-oilseed rape and rice-vegetable; single
cropping with main form of rice-idle. The rice planting variety includes Xiangmi
5431, Y Liangyou 1998, Liangyou 584 and Chaoyou 2000.
The monitoring data results of soil agricultural products show that, in 5 risk
factors such as cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead and chromium, the rice in Jishou City
has the risk of heavy metal pollution, and its main risk factor is cadmium.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Jishou City plans to add two demonstration areas (Qianzhou Demonstration Area
and Aizhai Demonstration Area) and reduce one demonstration area (Shuangtang
Demonstration Area. The Project can not be implemented in the Shuangtang
Demonstration Area due to the construction of a High-speed Rail New Town).
Including:
Qianzhou Demonstration Area located in Jishou downtown area. The
demonstration area was newly-added Gongqianghu Village and Sanchaping Village,
and has an area of 280 Chinese mu and a population of 4428. Farmlands were
polluted by heavy metals caused by businesses involving in heavy metal pollution
including chemical and mining businesses. Farmlands might also be possibly polluted
by excessive agricultural inputs or the higher soil background value. Rice was sample
tested to show a result of exceeding the standard. The source of pollution has been
effectively treated. A compound pollution of cadmium and arsenic is a dominant type
in rice pollution, which is of light degree.
Aizhai Demonstration Area is situated in the west entrance of Jishou City, the
municipality of Xiangxi Prefecture. The demonstration area was newly-added
Liantuan Village, Pinglang Village, Shu’er Village, Jiating Village, Hangtuo Village,
Hongping Village and Jilue Village. The Demonstration area covers 510 Chinese mu
and a population of 5,973. Crops include rice, rape, tea, vegetables, etc. The cropping
22
system is rice-rape. The farmland is polluted by the heavy metal caused by “three
wastes” of historical enterprises involving heavy metal pollution, the rice and
sediment test samples exceed the standards, and the municipal environmental
protection bureau will further take countermeasures for pollution sources in the area.
A compound pollution of cadmium and arsenic is a dominant type in farmland
pollution, which is of light degree.
2.2.6 Social-economic analysisof Qiyang County
(1) County overview
Population Overview. The permanent resident population was 856,700 at the
end of 2019, including urban population of 433,500 and rural population of 423,200,
and the urbanization rate was 50.6%, 1.34 percentage points higher than last year. It
was not the area inhabited by ethnic minorities. The per capita disposable income of
rural residents is 15,339 Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 9.5%, and that of urban
residents is 34,015 Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 9.7%.
Economic Development Overview. In 2019, the total output value of the county
reached 33.206 billion Yuan with the growth of 7.2% compared with the last year.
Among them, the added value in the primary industry was 5.092 billion Yuan, with
the growth of 3.1%; added value in the secondary industry was 9.717 billion Yuan,
with the growth of 7.9%; added value in the tertiary industry was 18.343 billion Yuan,
with the growth of 7.9%. The total regional output value per capita of the county was
38,769.7 Yuan calculated based on annual average permanent resident population. The
three industries structures of the county are 15.34: 29.42: 55.24.
Agriculture Overview. The grain planting area was 89,400 hectares in 2019
with the reduction of 0.39% compared with the last year. The total grain output was
572,000 tons, with the reduction of 0.23% compared with the last year. There are
1,103 farmers’ specialized cooperatives, 1,743 family farms and a land remediation
project (high-level farmland development) achieving a development of 60,000
Chinese mu of high-level farmland. The planting type is divided into triple cropping,
double cropping and single cropping. Triple cropping with main forms of rice-rice-
rape and rice-rice-vegetable; double cropping with main forms of rice-rice; single
23
cropping with main form of rice-idle and rice-vegetable.
According to the monitoring sampling and encrypted monitoring data of
agricultural land soil, heavy metal pollution exists in partial agricultural land soil in
Qiyang County to different degrees, and the main pollution risk factors are cadmium,
arsenic and mercury; in addition, it exists in the form of compound pollution.
(2) Demonstration Area Overview
Qiyang County plans to expanded on the basis of the original demonstration area
(Xiaojia Demonstration Area);
Xiaojia Demonstration Area is located in the central and southern hinterland of
Qiyang County in Hunan Province, 35 kilometers away from the county town. The
demonstration area covers Tongzi Village and Jiuniuba Village, and has an area of
1100 Chinese mu and a population of 5010. Xiaojia Demonstration Area mainly
plants rice and adopts the cropping system of single cropping rice + ratoon rice. In
addition to ensuring the basic ration of farmers, most of the rice is sold to local grain
processing enterprises. Farmland is affected by historical nickel-molybdenum mining
in the past, which leads to heavy metal pollution in farmland. Cadmium pollution is
the main type of farmland soil pollution, mainly with low risk or medium risk.
2.2.7 Social-economic analysisof Linwu County
(1) County overview
Population Overview. The permanent resident population was 347,200 at the
end of 2019, including rural population of 161,900 and urban population of 185,300.
The urbanization rate was 53.4%, 4.7 percentage points higher than at the beginning
of the year. The annual per capita disposable income of urban residents is 30,058
Yuan, with the growth of 8.4% compared with the last year. The annual per capita
disposable income of rural residents is 14,239 Yuan, with the growth of 9.7%. The
annual per capita disposable income of all residents is 20,529 Yuan, with the growth
of 9.9%.
Economic Development Overview. The total regional output value per capita
was 14,218.72 million Yuan with the growth of 7.9% in 2019 compared with the last
24
year calculated by comparable price. The output value per capita was 40,953 Yuan
with the growth of 9.1% (3423 Yuan) calculated based on permanent resident
population. The added value in the primary industry was 1.44425 billion Yuan, with
the growth of 3.6%; in the secondary industry 6.04887 billion Yuan, with the growth
of 8.0%; in the tertiary industry 6.7256 billion Yuan, with the growth of 8.9%.
Agriculture Overview. The total agricultural output value was 2491.11 million
Yuan with the growth of 3.6% compared with the last year calculated by comparable
price. Grain planting area of the county was 21,500 ha, with the growth of 0.6%
compared with the last year; The total grain output was 120,400 tons with the growth
of 0.4%. The main grain crop in the county is rice. The planting type is divided into
double cropping and single cropping; double cropping with main forms of rape-rice,
vegetable-rice, watermelon-rice and corn-rice, single cropping with main form of rice-
idle.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Linwu County plans to add two demonstration areas (Jinjiang Town
Demonstration Area and Shuidong Town Demonstration Area) and expand two
demonstration areas (Wushui Town Demonstration Area and Nanqiang Town
Demonstration Area). Including:
Jinjiang Town Demonstration Area is located in the Northeast of Linwu County.
Jinjiang Town Demonstration Area covers Xinhua Village, with an area of 374
Chinese mu, 703 households and a population of 2468. The Demonstration Area
mainly plants rice and adopts the single-season cropping system. Cadmium pollution
is the main type of farmland soil pollution and it is mainly low-risk.
Shuidong Town Demonstration Area is located in the East of Linwu County, 28
kilometers away from the city downtown. Shuidong Town Demonstration Area covers
Dongjiang Village, with an area of 248 Chinese mu, 260 households and a population
of 1164. The Demonstration Area mainly plants rice, rape and adopts the single-
season cropping system. Cadmium pollution is the main type of farmland soil
pollution and it is mainly low-risk.
Wushui Town Demonstration Area is located in the Southeast area of Linwu
County. Wushui Town Demonstration Area covers 2 villages, Zhenshang Village and
25
Yaofeng Village, with an area of 580 Chinese mu, 530 households and a population of
1900. The demonstration area mainly plants rice and adopts the one-season cropping
system. Cadmium pollution is the main type of farmland soil pollution, mainly with
low risk or medium risk.
Nanqiang Town Demonstration Area is located in the Southeast area of Linwu
County. The demonstration area covers four villages, Zhaijiang Village, Liantang
Village, Xiangtang Village and Tiantou Village, with an area of 1459.9 Chinese mu,
1938 households and a population of 6483. The Demonstration Area mainly plants
rice and adopts the single-season cropping system. Cadmium pollution is the main
type of farmland soil pollution, mainly with low risk or medium risk.
2.2.8 Social-economic analysisof Lengshuitan District
(1) Regional Overview
Population Overview. The total population with household registration in the
public security system in the district was 561,600 at the end of 2019 in 196,000
households. The permanent resident population was 553,700 at the end of the year in
192,200 households, including urban population of 384,600 and rural population of
169,100, the urbanization rate was 69.46%. The per capita disposable income of urban
residents in the district reached 35,705 Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 9.6%.
The per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents reached 23,183 Yuan and
the per capita disposable income of rural residents reached 22,519 Yuan.
Economic Development Overview. In 2019, the total GDP in the district
reached 33.511 billion Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 7.3%. Among them, the
added value in the primary industry was 3.474 billion Yuan, with the year-on-year
growth of 3.5%; added value in the secondary industry was 8.928 billion Yuan, with
the year-on-year growth of 7.1%; added value in the tertiary industry was 21.109
billion Yuan, with the year-on-year growth of 8.0%. The per capita GDP was 61,425
Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 7.5% calculated based on permanent resident
population. The three industries structure turned from 15.4: 38.6: 46.0 in 2015 to 10.4:
26.6: 63.0 in 2019.
Agriculture Overview. In 2019, the gross output of farming, forestry, animal
26
husbandry and fisheries products (current price) in the District reached RMB6.523
billion, a year-on-year increase of 3.6%. Crops had a sowing area of 1.321 million
Chinese mu, a year-on-year decrease of 1.3%. Among them, the sowing area of grain
crops is 804,144 Chinese mu which produces 340,459 tons of grain. The main grain
crop in Lengshuitan District is rice. The planting type is double cropping and single
cropping, the main forms of double cropping are rice-rice and oilseed rape-rice, etc.,
the main form of single cropping is rice-idle. Rice planting varieties include
Xiangzaoxian 45, Xiangwanxian 13, Huanghuazhan, and the like.
According to the data of farmland soil monitoring samples and dense monitoring
samples were collected in Lengshuitan District. Some farmland soil in the district
existed different degrees of heavy metal pollution, and the main pollution risk element
was cadmium, followed by arsenic and mercury.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Lengshuitan District plans to add one demonstration area (Niujiaoba Town
Demonstration Area) and expand one demonstration area (Xianghuaba Village
Demonstration Area). Including:
Niujiaoba Town is located in the North of Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou City,
Hunan Province. Niujiaba Town Demonstration Area covers Xiangshanjie Village,
with an area of 1800 Chinese mu, 1029 households and a population of 4362. The
Demonstration Area mainly plants rice and adopts the double-season cropping system.
Cadmium pollution is the main type of farmland soil pollution and it is mainly low-
risk.
Xianghuaba Village Demonstration Area is located in the east of Lengshuitan
District and the main planting system in the demonstration area is rice-green manure.
The demonstration area has an area of 1960 Chinese mu, 640 households and a
population of 2232. The Demonstration Area mainly plants rice and adopts the
double-season cropping system. The farmland is polluted by irrigation water sources
due to heavy metal pollution caused by “three wastes” of historical enterprises
involving heavy metal pollution. Cadmium pollution is a dominant type in rice
pollution, which is of a high risk.
27
2.2.9 Social-economic analysisof Hengnan County
(1) County overview
Population Overview. The permanent resident population was 915,900 at the
end of 2019, including urban population of 380,100. The urbanization rate was 41.5%.
The birth rate was ‰, death rate was 2.87‰, natural growth rate was 6.44‰ and sex
ratio at birth were 113.06. The annual per capita disposable income of urban residents
is 35,266 Yuan, with the growth of 8.6%. The annual per capita disposable income of
rural residents is 22,457 Yuan, with the growth of 8.9%.
Economic Development Overview. In 2019, the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) reached 34.109 billion Yuan with the year-on-year growth of 8.0%. Among
them, the added value in the primary industry was 6.421 billion Yuan, with the growth
of 2.6%; added value in the secondary industry was 11.473 billion Yuan, with the
growth of 7.9%; added value in the tertiary industry was 16.215 billion Yuan, with the
growth of 10.4%. The per capita GDP (GDP current price) was 37,241 Yuan with the
growth of 5.6% calculated based on permanent resident population. The ratio of three
industrial structures of are 18.8: 33.6: 47.6. The proportion of the tertiary industry
increased by 0.1 percentage point over the previous year.
Agriculture Overview. By the end of 2019, the actual cultivated area in
Hengnan County had reached 71,140 hectares and the gross output of farming,
forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries products RMB11.374 billion, an increase of
2.8%. Hengnan County ranks first in the province in comprehensive production
capacity of grain, oil, cotton, tobacco and live pigs. The annual grain sown area was
1.3627 million mu with total grain output of 625,400 tons. The planting type is
divided into triple cropping, double cropping and single cropping. Triple cropping
with main forms of rice-rice-fertilizer, rice-rice-oilseed rape and rice-rice-vegetable;
double cropping with main forms of rice-rice, oilseed rape-rice, vegetable-rice,
tobacco-rice, watermelon-rice and corn-rice, etc.; single cropping with main form of
rice-idle. The rice varieties mainly include Xiangzaoxian Rice 45, Xiangwanxian Rice
13, Huanghuazhan and other varieties.
According to the monitoring sampling and encrypted monitoring Sampling data
28
of agricultural land soil of Hengnan County, heavy metal pollution exists in partial
agricultural land soil in the county to different degrees, and the main pollution risk
factor is cadmium and arsenic ranks the second; in addition, some exist in the form of
compound pollution.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Hengnan County plans to expanded on the basis of the two original
demonstration areas (Quanxi Town Demonstration Area and Xiangyang Town
Demonstration Area):
Quanxi Town Demonstration Area is located in the west of Hengnan County. The
demonstration area covers Changcun Village with an area of 1200 Chinese mu and a
population of 3097. The demonstration area adopts rice-idle, rice-rape and rice-
vegetable planting systems. The risk of arsenic pollution in Quanxi Demonstration
Area comes from production management. Besides agricultural management and soil
remediation measures, it is necessary to further clarify the influence of dry and wet
sedimentation, varieties and production management. The enrichment coefficient of
common rice varieties used by farmers is not high, and there is a low risk of arsenic
pollution in rice. Cadmium pollution is the main type of pollution in farmland soil,
and its risk is mainly medium or high. Farmland is polluted by heavy metals caused
by “three wastes” from other enterprises involving in heavy metal pollution. At the
same time, there may be the problem of over application of agricultural fertilizers.
Xiangyang Town Demonstration Area is located in the east of Hengnan County.
The demonstration area covers Huanghe Village and Chaoyang Village with an area of
2100 Chinese mu and a population of 5567. The demonstration area adopts rice-idle,
rice-rape and rice-vegetable planting systems. In the upper reaches of the river, the
main pollution source is heavy metal pollution caused by the “three wastes” from
enterprises involved in heavy metal pollution in past but it has been effectively
controlled. Cadmium pollution is the main type of pollution in farmland soil, and its
risk is mainly medium or high. The enrichment coefficient of common rice varieties
used by farmers is not high, and there is a low risk of cadmium and arsenic pollution
in rice.
29
2.2.10 Social-economic analysisin Hengyang County
(1) County overview
Population Overview. The total population with household registration of the
county was 1.24 million in the end of 2019 with the reduction of 5700 compared with
the last year. There were 12,282 births throughout the year. The birth rate was 9.62‰,
up 0.62‰; the death population is 7374, death rate was 5.78‰, an increase of 2.08‰;
the natural growth rate was 3.85‰, a decrease of 0.48‰. Sex ratio at birth was 109.02
(take women as 100). At the end of year, the permanent population is 1.0374 million,
decreasing by 11,400 people. Of them, the urban population is 0.4579 million and the
rural population is 0.5795 million. The urbanization rate is 44.14%, increasing by
0.94%. The per capita disposable income of urban residents is 35,612 Yuan with the
growth of 8.3%, and that of rural residents is 19,112 Yuan with the growth of 8.9%.
Economic Development Overview. In 2019, the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) reached 34.894 billion Yuan with the growth of 7.8%. Among them, the added
value in the primary industry was 6.371 billion Yuan, with the growth of 2.8%; added
value in the secondary industry was 12.519 billion Yuan, with the growth of 7.9%;
added value in the tertiary industry was 16.004 billion Yuan, with the growth of
10.0%. GDP growth driven by three industries on economic growth were 0.5%, 3.2%
and 4.1% respectively. Contribution rates of three industries was 6.1%, 41.1% and
52.8% respectively. The per capita GDP of the 33,452 Yuan calculated based on
permanent resident population. The structure of the three industries was adjusted to
18.3: 35.9: 45.8. The total GDP accounts for 10.3% of the whole city.
Agriculture Overview. The annual grain planting area was 90,910 hectares at
the end of 2019 and the total grain output was 618,000 tons. The planting type is
divided into triple cropping, double cropping and single cropping. Triple cropping
with main forms of rice-rice-fertilizer, rice-rice-oilseed rape and rice-rice-vegetable;
double cropping with main forms of rice-rice, oilseed rape-rice, vegetable-rice,
tobacco-rice, watermelon-rice and corn-rice, etc.; single cropping with main form of
rice-idle. By the end of 2019, the effective irrigation area of farmland had reached
763,000 Chinese mu and the water-saving irrigation area 5,000 Chinese mu. By the
end of the year, the total power of agricultural machinery had reached 827,100
30
kilowatts.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Hengyang County plans to add one demonstration area (Sanhu Town
Demonstration Area), which covers 2 Villages, Fuxing Village and Yanglin Village,
with an area of 4477 Chinese mu, 1145 households and a population of 4021. Sanhu
Town is located in the central part of Hengyang County. According to related soil
monitoring data, most land of the village is moderately polluted, mainly by cadmium.
2.2.11 Analysis of Social-economic Status of Yongding District
(1) County overview
Population Overview. At the end of 2019, there were 193,948 households
registration with total registered population of 481,342 in the district. Among them,
urban population was 199,928 and rural population was 281,414. By the end of the
year, there were 477,800 permanent residents and a total of 179,800 households. In
2019, the per capita disposable income of residents in the District was RMB30,405,
an increase of 9%. Per capita owned home housing area of residents reached 57
square meters. The annual per capita disposable income of rural residents is 11,211
Yuan, with the growth of 11%.
Economic Development Overview. In 2019, the regional gross production value
all year round reached RMB22.957 billion, a year-on-year increase of 7.8% which
was respectively higher than the average levels of the State, the Province and the City
by 1.7%, 0.2% and 0.2%. Among them, the added value in the primary industry was
2.194 billion Yuan; added value in the secondary industry was 3.416 billion Yuan;
added value in the tertiary industry was 17.347 billion Yuan, with the growth of 3.2%,
6.7%, 8.5% respectively. Contribution rates of three industries on GDP were 3.46%,
13.27% and 83.27% respectively. GDP growth driven by three industries was 0.3%,
1.0% and 6.5% respectively. The three industries structure turned from 8.8: 15.5: 75.7
last year to 9.5: 14.9: 75.6. The total regional output value per capita was 48,474 Yuan
with the growth of 6.4% calculated based on permanent resident population.
Agriculture Overview. By the end of 2019, the gross output of farming, forestry,
31
animal husbandry and fisheries products and services all year round had reached
RMB3,607.18 million, a year-on-year increase of 3.4%. Grain crops all year round
had reached a sowing area of 415,000 Chinese mu with total grain yield reaching
145,534 tons. Conditions of agricultural production had been steadily improved. A
total of RMB55,950,500 was invested in water projects in the District all year round.
Eight water projects of various types or 109 places had started construction.
1230,000m3 of earthwork had been accomplished. 1,320 hectares of effective
irrigation area and 390 hectares of highly-efficient water-saving irrigation area had
been added.
(2) Demonstration area overview
Yongding District plans to add three demonstration areas (Yuanguping Town
Demonstration Area, Wangjiaping Town Demonstration Area and Xinqiao Town
Demonstration Area) and expand one demonstration area (Yinjiaxi Town
Demonstration Area). Including:
The newly-added, Yuanguping Town Demonstration Area is located in the East
area of Yongding District. The demonstration area covers 4 villages, Hongtuping
Village, Hongxing Village, Changtan Village and Matouxi Village, with an area of
3000 mu, and the population is 5950. Rice and corn are staple crops in the
demonstration area, and adopts the one-season cropping system. Farmlands were
polluted by heavy metals due to Xiangjiaxi coal mining business. The enrichment
coefficient of common rice varieties used by farmers is not high and the risk of rice is
low. There are different levels of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil, and the main
risk factor is cadmium.
The newly-added, Wangjiaping Town Demonstration Area is located in the
Southeast mountainous area of Yongding District. The demonstration area covers 1
village, Shiyanping Village, with an area of 328 mu and a population of 648. The
newly-added, Xinqiao Town is located at the north gate of Yongding District. The
demonstration area covers 1 village, Yuanda Village, with an area of 1100 mu and a
population of 1990. According to related soil monitoring data, most land of this two
villages are slightly polluted, mainly by cadmium and nickel.
Yinjiaxi Town Demonstration Area is located in the northwest of Yongding
District. Demonstration Area covers the Mojiagang Village, with an area of 760 mu,
32
main crops in the village include rice, oilseed rapes, corns and potatoes; the
population of the demonstration area is 1811. Since the farmland is polluted by the
heavy metal caused by “three wastes” of enterprises involving heavy metal pollution,
the rice and sediment test samples exceed the standards, and the pollution sources
have been effectively controlled. The main farmland pollution type is cadmium
pollution, and there is still a small amount of unpolluted farmland.
33
3. Analysis of the main stakeholder groups and requirements of
the project
3.1 The definition of stakeholder groups of the project
According to the World Bank aid targets, all directly or indirectly benefited or
damaged individuals and organizations in the affected area of the project are both
stakeholder groups of the project. According to the feasibility study report, the
farmland pollution in the demonstration area is controlled through agrotechnology
improvement, land restoration, establishing monitoring stations, supporting rural
cooperative organizations and other measures. The main stakeholders involved
include five categories:
(1) Farmer households in the demonstration areas. Farmer households in the
demonstration area are the main groups directly benefited or damaged of the project,
the farmland heavy metal pollution control will have an impact on the land use,
agrotechnology measures and so on.
(2) Farmer cooperatives and related enterprises. Farmer cooperatives in the
demonstration area are also the main groups directly benefited or damaged, the
farmland heavy metal pollution control will have different degrees of impact on the
management and farming modes.
(3) Village committees of the project villages. The village committees of the
project villages are the main groups of the farmland pollution control.
(4) Relevant government departments. The farmland pollution control involves
Agriculture, Environmental Protection, Rural Revitalization Bureau, National
Religious Affairs Administration and other relevant departments.
(5) Disadvantaged group. Mainly refer to ethnic minorities, women and low-
income households.
This part focuses on analyzing the appeals and expectations of the farmer
households, farmer cooperatives, village committees in the demonstration area and
34
relevant government departments for the project. The analysis of disadvantaged
groups will be divided into the ethnic minority analysis, gender analysis and low-
income individuals analysis in the following chapters.
3.2 Analysis of stakeholder groups’ project awareness
3.2.1 Awareness and project awareness situations of stakeholders
First, most farmers have realized the pollution of heavy metal to farmland.
Although farmers’ educational level is not high, through the publicity and explanation
of government staffs and the perception from farmers’ own experience, quite a
number of farmers have realized that farmland has suffered from heavy metal
pollution. The survey data shows that 33.3% of the residents believe that the farmland
heavy metal pollution in the demonstration area is very serious; 41.0% of the residents
believe the pollution is relatively serious; 13.5% believe the pollution is general;
13.1% believe the pollution is not very serious; only 4.1% think there is no pollution;
as shown in Table 3-1. In the interview, some farmers said that government staff and
experts from the county or the township had come to check the degree of soil
pollution, and village committees often held meetings to publicize the relevant
knowledge, so that they could know the situation of farmland pollution. On the other
hand, with their years of farming experience, they can also find that there are fewer
and fewer frogs and other creatures in rice fields, which also makes them realize that
farmland may be polluted.
Table 3-1 Pollution Conditions of Farmland Heavy Metals (such as Cadmium, Nickel,
Arsenic, etc.) in the Demonstration Areas
Frequency Valid percentage Accumulative percentage
Valid
Very serious 316 33.3 33.3Relatively serious 389 41.0 74.3
General 128 13.5 87.8Not very serious 76 8.0 95.8No pollution 40 4.2 100.0
Total 949 100.0Secondly, a fair proportion of residents have been aware of the adverse
effect caused by heavy metal pollution. In terms of the impact and consequences of
pollution, 82.5% of the residents think that farmland pollution has a “great” or 35
“relatively great” impact on local people’s health, 72.9% of the residents think that
farmland pollution has a “great” or “relatively great” impact on the output of local
agricultural output, 80.1% think that farmland pollution has a “great” or “relatively
great” impact on the quality of local agricultural products, and 82.5% think that
farmland pollution has a “great” or “relatively great” impact on the selling price of
local agricultural products (see Table 3-2). This shows that a considerable number of
farmers have clearly recognized the adverse effects and harms of farmland pollution
on local grain output, agricultural product safety, product price and residents’ health.
Table 3-2 Impact of heavy metal pollution in farmlands on local production
Great Relatively great General Relatively
smallNo
impact Total
Impact of farmland pollution on the health of local residents
50.1% 32.4% 11.6% 4.3% 1.6% 100.0%
Impact of farmland pollution on the yield of local agricultural products
43.6% 29.3% 18.6% 5.8% 2.7% 100.0%
Impact of farmland pollution on the quality of local agricultural products
49.5% 30.6% 14.9% 2.9% 2.1% 100.0%
Impact of farmland pollution on the selling price of local agricultural products
50.3% 32.2% 12.4% 3.8% 1.3% 100.0%
Third, the residents have a certain understanding of the “Hunan
Agricultural Land Pollution Control Project” and they are also very supportive
of the project. The survey data shows that the residents have a certain understanding
of this project, 14.1% of farmers “know a lot”, 38.2% of farmers know more, 20.4%
of farmers know a little, 13.7% of farmers do not know very well, and only 13.6%
know nothing (see Table 3-3).
Table 3-3 Farmers’ understanding of “Integrated Management of Agricultural Land
Pollution Project”
Frequency Valid percentage Accumulative percentage
Valid
Know nothing 129 13.6 13.6Not know very well 130 13.7 27.3Know a little 193 20.4 47.7Know more 363 38.2 85.9Know a lot 134 14.1 100.0
Total 949 100.0
In addition, the farmers are supportive of this project. Among them, 69.8% of the
farmers are “very supportive” and 22.3% are “relatively supportive”, only 1.5% are
“not very supportive” or “strongly opposed” (see Table 3-4). This result further shows
36
that most farmers are aware of this kind of farmland pollution and the harm, so they
are supportive of the project and are quite willing to participate in soil remediation.
37
Table 3-4 Attitudes of farmers to “Safety and Quality Improvement Project for Producing
Area of Agricultural Products”
Frequency Valid percentage Accumulative percentage
Valid
Very supportive 662 69.8 69.8Relatively supportive 211 22.3 92.1General 61 6.4 98.5Not too supportive 9 0.9 99.4Strongly opposed 6 0.6 100.0
Total 949 100.0
3.2.2 Analysis of stakeholders’ participation willingness
“Safety and Quality Improvement Project for Producing Area of Agricultural
Products” which is implemented by the World Bank loan involves the farming
technology, farmland use and the construction of public facilities. According to the
local survey, the willingness of the residents participating in the survey is very high,
mainly showing in:
First, about ninety percent residents in demonstration areas are willing to change
crop varieties and improve cultivation mode according to the project. Residents in
demonstration areas mainly plant rice. In order to effectively control farmland
pollution, however, 88.4% residents are willing to (including very willing and
relatively willing) change farmland planting pattern according to governance demand
of the project. 88% residents are willing to adjust planted rice varieties according to
governance demand of the project. 90.1% residents are willing to spray lime and
adopt leaf inhibitor and control agent (Si) according to governance demand of the
project. 90.7% residents are willing to irrigate with clean water in farmland according
to governance demand of the project. 90.8% residents are willing to apply organic
fertilizer or plant green manure and not to apply chemical fertilizer any more
according to governance demand of the project. Please refer to Table 3-5 for details.
Second, after appropriate subsidies provided by government, about ninety percent
residents in demonstration areas are willing to conduct land transfer. According to
survey, 90.9% residents are willing to conduct land transfer and contiguous
development in a systematic way. In the process of land transfer, residents are willing
to adopt Shares + Cooperation or renting. Third, more than ninety percent residents
support the construction of public facilities in Demonstration Areas. According to
38
survey, 91.1% residents are willing to make appropriate transformation and upgrading
to the irrigation infrastructure of local farmland; 92.3% residents are willing to build
the heavy metal pollution straw treatment new facilities in heavy metal contaminated
area of farmland. Fourth, more than ninety residents are willing to participate in
project construction and relevant technical training in demonstration areas. According
to survey, 92.5% residents are willing to participate in project construction and 92.1%
in agro-technical training in Demonstration Areas. Fifthly, eighty residents are willing
to replant other crops. According to the survey, 86.8% residents are willing to replant
other crops according to demand of the project.
From the survey data, we can draw the following conclusions: (1) The local
farmers give a higher reproject awareness degree to the ways of improving the
agricultural product quality; (2) the local farmers are more willing to the large-scale
construction through the land transfer; (3) local farmers have the higher willingness of
participating in relevant technical training.
Table 3-5 Participation Willingness of Residents (%)
Very willing
Relatively willing General
A little unwillin
g
Very unwillin
gTotal
As required by the project, adjust farmland planting pattern 70.1 18.3 7.4 2.2 2.0 100.00
As required by the project, adjust planted rice varieties 69.5 18.5 10.8 0.6 0.6 100.00
As required by the project, spray lime and adopt leaf inhibitor and control agent (Si) in farmland
71.3 18.8 8.6 0.8 0.5 100.00
As required by the project, irrigate with clean water in farmland 72.4 18.3 7.4 1.1 0.8 100.00
As required by the project, apply organic fertilizer or plant green manure and notapply chemical fertilizer any more
71.2 19.6 7.5 1.0 0.7 100.00
As required by the project, make appropriate transformation and upgrading to the irrigation infrastructure of local farmland
73.1 18.0 6.7 1.3 0.9 100.00
As required by the project, build the straw treatment facilities in heavy metal pollution area of farmland
72.7 19.6 5.8 1.4 0.5 100.00
As required by the project, build new or reconstruct tractor roads and other measures
75.6 15.7 6.5 1.3 0.9 100.00
As required by the project, conduct land transfer and contiguous development in a systematic way
72.3 18.6 6.3 1.8 1.0 100.00
As required by the project, replant other crops 69.3 17.5 9.8 2.0 1.4 100.00
As required by the project, hire some farmers to participate in the construction of local project
75.6 16.9 6.5 0.6 0.4 100.00
39
As required by the project, offer the technical training for the farmers participating
74.8 17.3 6.1 1.1 0.7 100.00
3.3 Needs analysis of the stakeholders
The needs of main stakeholder groups in the demonstration area include:
I. Control the farmland heavy metal pollution and improve the living
standards of residents. Through the visit and survey of the project villages, we know
that the farmland heavy metal pollution has caused different degrees of influence on
the farmers’ income, the quality and quantity of agricultural products as well as the
farmer’s health. The farmland heavy metal pollution has become a key factor that
restricts the income of farmers and the upgrading of agricultural industry. Therefore,
the major stakeholder groups of the project village require urgently controlling the
farmland heavy metal pollution, to improve the levels of the residents’ life and
income.
II. Improve agricultural infrastructure and develop the production. Through
the visit and survey of the project villages, the social assessment team knows that
there exist generally the problems of irrigation canals which have been in disrepair for
long years, and a lack of pollution monitoring facilities of farmland and agricultural
products in the project villages. The lack of additional measures needed by
agricultural development lead to the low level of industrial development. Therefore,
the main stakeholder groups in the project village think it is urgently required to
improve the agricultural infrastructure and develop agricultural production.
III. Establish the farmers’ cooperatives and improve the ability of resisting
the market risk and self-development. Through the visit and survey of the project
villages, the social assessment team knows there exist generally the conditions that the
cooperatives’ development degree is low and the operation is poor, and some of the
project villages have not yet established the cooperatives by far. When the farmer
households develop related industries, they lack funds, technology and the guide of
related organizations, the industrial development is dispersed and lack the scale, the
yield of products is low, the market information is short, and the competitiveness of
products is low in the demonstration area. The farmer households believe generally
40
that the cooperatives play a special role in their industrial development, and they
hope, through the development of cooperatives, to improve the degree of organization
and develop regional advantages, leading them to promote their development and
prosperity.
IV. Create the opportunities of employment and entrepreneurship in the
places of local and close to farmers’ homes, to promote the return of migrant
workers. Through the visit and survey of the project villages, the social assessment
team knows that there all exist a lot of migrant workers in the project villages. The
main reasons why the farmers go out for offfarming work are that the traditional
agricultural livelihood is difficult to support their families, which causes elderly and
children left behind in the villages. Therefore, the left-behind elderly and children in
the villages as well as migrant workers hope urgently that this project can promote the
scales of the local agricultural development, to create opportunities of employment
and entrepreneurship in the places of local and close to the farmers’ homes for
migrant workers.
Different stakeholders have different requirements for the project, analyzing
specifically various types of main stakeholders’ requirements is conducive to
identifying the major social issues of the project, to avoid the potential social risks of
the project and promote the smooth implementation of the project. The social
assessment team implements the project information publicity, propaganda, public
participation and other activities for the stakeholder groups in the area affected by the
project, and analyzes the requirements of the main stakeholders, mainly includes five
aspects as follows:
(1) Farmer households in the demonstration areas
The farmer households in the demonstration area are the groups affected directly
by the project and also the main groups benefiting from the project. The attitudes and
behaviors of the farmer households in the demonstration area have a direct effect on
the progress of the project, so the satisfaction condition of the needs of the farmer
households in the demonstration area is one of the criteria to achieve evaluating the
project objectives.
The farmer households in the demonstration area are eager to develop the local
agricultural production, control the farmland heavy metal pollution and make the
41
standards of their production and life improved generally. Because the agricultural
development in the project villages is restricted by information, technology and fund,
they hope, through establishing the cooperatives, to make the agricultural
development develop in the direction of the ecological agriculture. Through the visit
and survey of the farmers in the project villages, we know that the requirements of the
farmers in the demonstration area include: (1) Improve the agricultural production
infrastructure, such as repairing or constructing new irrigation channels, tractor roads
and other facilities; (2) Improve the local ecological environment, improve the quality
of agricultural products and develop the ecological agriculture; (3) Participate in
farmer cooperatives and reduce the risk and cost of production; (4) Adjust the
industrial structures, increase appropriately the proportion of economic crops and
improve the income level; (5) Reduce the cost increase risk that the farmland heavy
metal control process brings to the farmers.
(2) Farmer cooperatives in the demonstration area
As the important implementing subject of agronomic measures in demonstration
areas, the farmers’ specialized cooperatives hope to reduce the risk of heavy metal
exceeding criterion in the products, enhance the value of agricultural products and
promote industrial upgrading through the farmland heavy metal pollution control.
Through the visit and survey of the farmers in the project villages, we know that the
requirements of farmers’ specialized cooperatives in the demonstration area include:
(1) Obtain financial support, reduce financing costs and ease the capital pressure of
developing the ecological agriculture. (2) Improve organization management level of
cooperatives and facilitate local agriculture to adopt scaled development path; (3)
Establish soil and agricultural product heavy metal monitoring stations, improve
quality management level of agricultural products and promote the local agriculture to
adopt the development path of ecological agriculture; (4) Lower risks of sales of
agricultural products and increase of costs. (5) Expand the planting scale and create
brand products; (6) Establish soil monitoring stations and improve the management
level of product quality; (7) Reduce the label effects that the heavy metal pollution
control may bring the agricultural products.
(3) Project village committee
The project village committee is the grassroots and direct management,
coordination and executive institution of the project; the organization and
42
management ability of project village committee directly affect the project execution.
The project village committee hopes to execute governance to the heavy metal
pollution of farmland, improve the ecological environment and thus upgrade the
residents’ production and living level. According to the interview with and
investigation of project village residents, we can draw the following conclusion: the
farmers’ specialized cooperatives of rice in the demonstration area has specific needs:
(1) Establish and improve the farmers’ specialized cooperatives and promote
upgrading of local industries; (2) Enhance the environmental consciousness of local
farmers and training of planting technologies and thus upgrade the environmental
protection consciousness and technical level; (3) Formulate reasonable compensation
mechanism and thus entertain the residents’ negative mood.
(4) Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau
Due to numerous project types and large quantity, the project is involved in
numerous institutions and staffs; the project suffers from arduous organization,
management and coordination tasks. In order to execute the project smoothly, the
project county(township) has established a project leadership team; the Agriculture
and Rural Affairs Bureau at county level has established a project execution,
organization and management institution composed of numerous departments—it is
responsible for executing the project. Besides, it has formulated specific management
systems and measures, fulfilled the preliminary preparation in high quality and laid a
solid organization and system assurance for formal execution of the project.
The Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau at county level serves as the main
responsible body for the normal operation of whole project stage; it not only fulfills
the contract rights and obligations in the identity of owner, but also coordinates and
settles the technical, economic, financial and environmental matters related to the
project. In the project execution and subsequent supervision and management, the
Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau at county level is the closest stakeholder.
Therefore, the Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau at county level hopes: (1)
Cooperate with the stakeholders and fulfill the project in a smooth and successful
manner; (2) Assist the farmer households in the demonstration area to control the
heavy metal pollution in the farmland, develop the agricultural production and thus
upgrade the quality of agricultural products; (3) Execute the project of World Bank
and explore into the governance technologies and management model of local
43
farmland pollution.
(5) Other governmental departments
Other governmental departments include the environmental protection bureau,
animal husbandry bureau, rural revitalization bureau, women’s association, civil
affairs bureau, national religious affairs administration, human resources and social
security bureau, national land bureau and demolition office as well as town
departments and offices of the demonstration area. On the one hand, it plays an
instructive, supportive and service role to the development of rural cooperative and
industry in the demonstration area; on the other hand, the development quality of rural
cooperative and industry in the demonstration area directly affects the political
performance of governmental and other related departments and increase in the
farmers’ income and adjustment to agricultural structure. Therefore, the government
and related departments hope: (1) Improve soil quality and local ecological
environment and improve administration and monitoring level of local environment;
(2) Promote the economic development of project counties and Demonstration Areas;
drive the ecological development path of agriculture and promote rural revitalization;
(3) Drive the economic and social development, realize the political stability and
improve the government image; (4) Improve production and living conditions of low-
income population, enhance the living standards of low income people, safeguard the
social stability and promote the harmonious development.
44
4. Poverty analysis
4.1 Poverty analysis of project demonstration areas
4.1.1 General status of low-income people in demonstration areas
After targeted poverty alleviation and the fight against poverty, 51 poverty-stricken counties in Hunan Province have all been lifted out of poverty in March 2020, and absolute poverty has been eliminated completely. However, this does not mean that this poverty problem does not exist, and poverty will still appear in many forms, such as relative poverty and low-income individuals. The poor population is equivalent to the low-income individuals, mainly referring to the low-income population that poor households have just lifted out of poverty in 2020. From the perspective of this project, in the newly added or expanded demonstration area, a total of 2,650 low-income households are involved, among which 11,391 people with low-income are involved and 7,336 people with disabilities are involved.
According to the survey data, it can be seen that: first, the demonstration area involves a large number of low-income individuals; Second, farmland pollution has affected the low-income individuals to get rid of poverty and become rich to a certain extent.Table 4-1 Overall situation of low-income individuals who have just lifted out of poverty in 11 counties and cities
Former National poverty-stricken
counties
Former Provincial
poverty-striken county
Total Project
Population
Low Income Households in
Demonstration Area (unit: household)
Low income people in Demonstration Area
(unit: person)
The Disabled Population
(unit: person)
Hengyang County
4,021 89 402 259
Anhua County √ √ 19,159 678 1,916 1,234Cili County √ 19,580 427 1,958 1,261
Hengnan County
5,567 110 557 359
Huayuan County
√ √ 1,018 80 102 66
Jishou City √ 10,401 179 1,040 670Lengshuitan
District8,664 68 866 558
Linwu County 10,159 125 1,015 654Qiyang County 5,010 43 501 323
Yongshun County
√ √ 19,939 589 1,994 1,284
Yongding District
10,399 262 1,040 670
Total 3 5 113,917 2,650 11,391 7,336
45
4.1.2 Living model of low-income individuals
In the demonstration area, low income people are featured by self-sufficient
agricultural economy, which is mainly demonstrated in the following aspects:
I. The sources of income is limited, mainly the traditional agriculture. With
the continuous advancement of industrialization and urbanization and the continuous
improvement of social security system, farmers’ income channels are becoming more
and more diversified, including both agricultural income and non-agricultural income,
wage income and property income, and personal income and transfer income from the
government. However, for the low-income individuals, their income sources and
livelihood means are still very single and limited. According to the questionnaire
result, 60.0% of low-income individuals mainly depend on the planting and animal
husbandry industries; Income from farmlands of low-income individuals accounts for
63.5% of household income on average. This shows that the low-income individuals
still take grain cultivation and other farmland cultivation as their main source of
income, and their dependence on traditional agricultural income is very high.
II. Single business model, it focuses on the traditional agriculture and
agricultural business model. Through discussion and interview, it can be found that:
on the one hand, the low-income individuals still mainly grow traditional agricultural
products such as grain, and few cash crops are planted. According to survey data:
81.7% low income people plant rice in farmlands; 9.6% low income people plant corn
in farmlands and only 7.2% low income people plant tea and other economic crops in
farmlands. Please refer to Table 4-2. On the other hand, low-income population
generally have low educational level and are relatively old (men over 50 years old and
women over 45 years old). It is difficult for them to learn new things such as
agricultural science and technology and information technology, and they lack the
necessary skills to improve their lives. Therefore, they still use traditional production
methods mainly and use few modern mechanical technologies in farmland
management, and the participation rate of cooperatives is not high.
46
Table 4-2 Crops planted by low income people
Crops planted Times (unit: household) Percentage (unit: %)Rice 1,314 81.7%Corn 154 9.6%
Oilseed rape 24 1.5%Tea and other economic crops 116 7.2%
Total 1,608 100.00
4.1.3 Analysis of causes for poverty
Through discussions and interviews with the low-income individuals, it is known
that the causes of poverty among the low-income individuals in the demonstration
area include low quality of agricultural products, low degree of agricultural
industrialization, lack of technology, lack of funds, illness, disability, lack of labor
force, etc.
I. The agricultural products suffer from poor quality. The low quality of
agricultural products leads to unstable prices of agricultural products, and planting is
rarely profitable. There are two main reasons: first, the low-income individuals lack
agricultural technology, which makes it difficult for them to keep up with the pace of
modern agriculture, resulting in lower quality of agricultural products. Survey data
show that 26.4% of the low-income individuals are poor due to lack of technology, as
shown in Table 4-3; The second is land pollution. Questionnaire data show that
farmland pollution not only affects the quantity and quality of agricultural products,
but also affects the sales prices.
II. The agricultural industrialization is not very high. The low-income individuals
are restricted to the information, technology and fund and most of them focus on the
traditional agricultural planting and business mode; they fail to participate in the rural
cooperative or plant economic products. According to survey: 20.2% low income
people fall into poverty due to lack of capital, and 8.6% low income people fall into
poverty due to lack of labor. Shortage of capital and labor has also affected
participation of low-income individuals in rural cooperatives. Due to non-
participation in rural cooperatives, cost of planting per hectare of low-income
individuals is generally 30% higher than that of rural cooperatives.
III. The poor households suffer from high medical expenditure. The survey
47
shows that farmland pollution has also brought adverse effects on the health of low-
income people, which increases the probability of illness and medical expenses of
low-income individuals, thereby causing them to fall into poverty or return to poverty.
According to survey data: 28.5% low income people fall into poverty due to diseases
and 7.2% low income people fall into poverty due to disability. Long-term
consumption of food with out-of-limit heavy metal content has inevitably increased
the risks of poverty and return to poverty due to disease of low-income individuals.
Table 4-3 Analysis of causes for poverty of low-income individuals
Poverty Causes Times (unit: household) Valid Percentage (Unit: %)
Lacking of technology 425 26.4%Lacking of labor 138 8.6%Lacking of capital 325 20.2%Poverty caused by diseases 458 28.5%Poverty caused by disability
116 7.2%
Poverty caused by education
146 9.1%
Total 1,608 100%
4.2 Analysis of project awareness and needs of low-income people
4.2.1 Analysis of project awareness
Most low-income people don't know much about this Integrated Management of
Agricultural Land Pollution Project, but they are supportive of the project.
First, some low-income individuals do not have a clear understanding of the
“Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project”. According to
the survey data, 14.9% of the low-income individuals don't know anything about the
project at all, 11.9% don't know much about it, 37.1% know a little about it, 23.6%
know something about it, and 12.5% know very well about it. The survey data show
that the low-income individuals already have a certain understanding of the project,
but some low-income individuals still do not have a clear understanding of the
project, indicating that the publicity work to the low-income population needs to be
further deepened.
48
Table 4-4 The understanding of low-income individuals to “Integrated
Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project”
Frequency Valid percentage Cumulative percentageValid Know nothing 55 14.9 14.9
Not know very well
44 11.9 26.8
Know a little 138 37.1 63.9Know more 88 23.6 87.5Know a lot 47 12.5 100.0
Total 372 100.0
Second, low income people generally support the project. According to the
investigation, 95.2% low income people maintain that “Integrated Management of
Agricultural Land Pollution Project” is beneficial to the local social and economic
development. Therefore, the low-income individuals support the project unanimously.
The survey shows that 76.4% of the low-income individuals are very supportive,
12.6% are relatively supportive, and 11.0% hold a general attitude, there are no low-
income individuals who "not too support" or "strongly opposed" the project, as shown
in table 4-5.
Table 4-5 Attitudes of low-income individuals to the local “Safety and Quality Improvement
Project for Producing Area of Agricultural Products”
Frequency Valid percentage Cumulative percentageValid
Very supportive 284 76.4 76.4Relatively supportive
47 12.6 89.0
General 41 11.0 100.0Not too supportive 0 0 100.0Strongly opposed 0 0 100.0
Total
372 100.0
4.2.2 Analysis of needs
The low-income individuals in the demonstration area is the focus group of the
World Bank project. Low income residents in the demonstration area have the
following needs:
1. Enhancing the quality of agricultural products. According to the visit and
investigation of project village, the social assessment team has come to know about
that low-income individuals in the demonstration area hope to execute governance to
serious farmland pollution by heavy metal, to improve the quality of local agricultural
49
products and to reduce the health risks.
2. Strengthening the training of planting technologies. The low-income
individuals in the demonstration area generally has the problem of insufficient
agricultural technology. According to the visit and investigation of project village, the
social assessment team has come to know about that low-income individuals hope to
enhance the production skills, optimize farming technologies and adjust the industrial
structure.
Third, increasing the employment opportunities. The low-income individuals
in the demonstration area can not work in non-local areas due to patients at home or
their own disease. According to the visit and investigation of project village, the social
assessment team has come to know about that low-income individuals hope to have
more employment opportunities through project execution and increase the income.
4. Enhancing the development capabilities. According to the visit and
investigation of project village, the social assessment team has come to know about
that low-income individuals hope to have more employment opportunities through
project execution and improve the lever of their family income. According to the visit
and investigation of project village, the social assessment team has come to know
about that low-income individuals hope to (1) participate in the rural cooperative and
enhance the risk resistance capability; (2) obtain the support of preferential loans; (3)
participate in the decision making of project.
5. Providing cost compensation. The agricultural industry of demonstration
area is the main income source of low-income individuals. The low-income
individuals worry that project may increase the planting cost and reduce income for a
short period of time. Therefore, according to the visit and investigation of project
village, the social assessment team has come to know about that low-income
individuals hope to formulate reasonable cost compensation plan and thus avoid
reduction of income.
50
5. Analysis of Social Gender
5.1 Analysis of women’s development status in demonstration area
First, the education level is mainly junior high school. According to survey
data: 37.4% of them have primary school and below primary school diploma; 50.1%
of them have junior high school diploma; 12.5% of them have senior high
school/technical secondary school/vocational school and higher diploma.
2. Most of permanent female resident are engaged in labor with income. The
investigation data reveals: 71.5% of them are engaged in labor with income; 29.5%
are engaged in labor without income. In the labor with income, 84.2% are engaged in
agriculture, 7.7% are working to earn living, 5.1% are engaged in industrial and
business industry and 3.0% of them are engaged in other fields.
Third, farming women are mainly middle and old aged women. According to
survey data: average age of farming women in demonstration areas is 48 years old,
and the maximum age is 87 years old while the minimum age is 17 years old. Women
engaging in farmland cultivation under 30 years old account for 8.3%, women at 31-
40 years old account for 16.5%; women at 41-50 years old account for 36.2%; women
at 51-60 years old account for 29.8%; women above 60 years old account for 9.2%.
According to survey data: in Demonstration Areas, women in farmland cultivation are
mainly middle and old aged women.
Fourth, the women left behind accounts for a larger proportion. The number
of left behind women in the newly-added demonstration area is 9341 people,
accounting for 8.2% of the total population of demonstration areas.
5.2 Analysis of participation methods of agricultural activities in
women
According to the interview and symposium with local women, the women
mainly participate in the agricultural activities in two methods:
First, for the participation of ordinary individual households, women are the
51
main force in rural farming. The rural labor engaged in agriculture is mainly
women and middle age and old aged people. In the project village, the labor is mainly
distributed in two models: 1. Cultivation modes replying on left-behind women. In the
case, the left-behind female has to do farming work since their household labor
migrates out to make living. Please refer to Table 5-1 in detail. 2. Joint management
model by men and women: The men and women in the household participate in the
farming and management together. Please refer to Table 5-2 in detail. According to the
feedback of investigation, the labor is mainly in the form of women and old men in
the contemporary rural farming. It is compatible with the existing population feature:
“993861 troops” (99-old men; 38-women; 61-children).
Table 5-1 Agricultural Schedule and Work Distribution in Demonstration Areas
Month Agricultural activities and work distribution Month Agricultural activities and work
distribution
January Farming at home (women) February1、Plant vegetables (women)
2、Plant beans (women)
March1、Plant seedling (women)
2、Manage farmland (women) April1、 Harvest rape (women)
2、 Prepare for farming (women)
May
1、 Insert seedling (women)
2、 Spray chemical fertilizer (women)
June1、 Spray pesticide (women)
2、 Manage farmland (women)
July1、Spray pesticide (women)
2、Remove grass (women) August Harvest sesame (women)
September Harvest paddy (women) October1、Plant rape (women)
2、Manage farmland (women)
November1、Remove grass (women)
2、Spray pesticide (women) December Manage farmland (women)
Remark: The month is defined according to the Chinese lunar calendar.
Table 5-2 Agricultural Schedule and Work Distribution in Demonstration Areas
Month Agricultural activities and work distribution Month Agricultural activities and work
distributionJanuary Manage farmland (men + women) February Plant rape (men+women)
March
1、Plant early season rice (men+ women)
2、Spray fertilizer (men+ women)April Seedling transplanting (men+
women)
May 1、Harvest (men + women)
2、Spray pesticide (men + women)
June 1、Seedling transplanting (men+ women)
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3、Manage farmland (men + women)
2、Spray pesticide (men + women)
3、Manage farmland (men + women)
July
1、Harvest early season rice (men + women)
2、Insert late rice (men+ women)
3、Manage farmland (men+ women)
August
1、Harvest (men + women)
2、Spray pesticide (men + women)
3、Manage farmland (men + women)
September1、Plant rape (men+women)
2、Spray pesticide (men + women) October Harvest late rice (men + women)
November Harvest late rice (men + women) December Plant rape (men+women)
Remark: The month is defined according to the Chinese lunar calendar.
Second, working in cooperatives, the women constitute the main part of
rural cooperative. According to survey data: among the full-time agricultural
women, 137 women are employees in rural cooperatives for farmland cultivation, they
account for 26.8% of the full-time agricultural women. There is a total of 47 rural
cooperatives in demonstration areas and women take up about 48% of total employees
in the rural cooperatives. From the perspective of participation in management, there
are a total of 189 management personnel of rural cooperatives in demonstration areas,
including 47 women, accounting for 25.0%. There is no woman in the management of
8 rural cooperatives. According to interview data, wage is RMB 50-100 per day.
According to survey data, the overall proportion of women employed by rural
cooperatives is low, and the proportion of women participating in the management
decision-making and management of rural cooperatives is low.
5.3 Analysis of project project awareness and need of women group
5.3.1 Analysis of project awareness
Firstly, some women do not have a high understanding to the project.
According to the survey: 18.5% do not know much about the project; 16.6% even do
not know the project. Only 13.8% of the women know about the project well. Of
course, 30.2% of women “know a little” about the project; 20.9% of women know
more about the project. The survey data show that most women already have a certain
53
understanding of the project, but there are still a small number of women whose
understanding of the project is not very clear, indicating that the publicity work to
women needs to be further deepened.
2. Most of women support the project. The investigation reveals: 96.4% of
total women believe the project is beneficial to the local social and economic
development. Therefore, the women support the project. The investigation reveals:
78.3% of total women support the project very much; 17.0% of total women support
the project well; 3.8% of total women have an ordinary attitude to the project; only
0.9% of total women do not support it.
5.3.2 Analysis of needs
1. Creating employment opportunities. On one hand, the project is expected to
increase the land use rate; on the other hand, it is expected to promote the
development of agricultural product processing enterprises and create more
employment opportunities for local farming households. According to the visit and
investigation of project village, the Social Assessment Team has come to know that
local women, especially left-behind women, hope to have more employment
opportunities and boost the economic income.
2. Providing labor protection. According to the visit and investigation of
project village, the social assessment team has come to know that local women of
project area hope to prevent sunstroke, grass removing and mosquito-proof measures
and have anti-septic mask to prevent lime from inhaling into the lungs.
3. Improving production skills. According to the visit and investigation of
project village, the social assessment team has come to know that above 90% of the
women deem it necessary to receive professional technical training; the rural women
are rather interested in the planting technologies, but also hope to receive production
skill training such as agricultural machinery; the women like to receive technical
training in the form of classes and on-site demonstration.
IV. Improving participatory capacity. According to the visit and investigation
of project village, women constitute the main part of rural cooperatives, but their
participation in management decision-making of farmlands is low. Women in
54
demonstration areas hope to improve their participation ability, to promote farmland
cultivation decisions to be beneficial to women protection.
5.4 Social gender action plan in various construction phases
5.4.1 Promotion of women’s participation in the project
According to the on-site investigation and observation, the women in the
demonstration area constitute the main force of household labor and agricultural
production and have rather little participation in the village matters - it does not have
much difference between different ethnic groups. In order to promote the development
of women and safeguard fair benefits in the project, efforts are made to enhance the
women’s participation in various project stages. Suggestions: In the governance of
farmland pollution, establishment of farmers cooperative and selection of industrial
development, special attention is paid to the demand and idea of women in the
demonstration area; at least one woman is designated in the leadership team of
farmland pollution governance. At least 30% of total women participate in the
meeting of farmland pollution governance convened by the local residents. At least
30% of total women participate in the training programs organized in the project
construction.
5.4.2 Improving women’s awareness of farmer’s cooperative and the
project
The survey result reveals that the men and women have rather poor knowledge of
the farmland pollution project; in the farmland pollution governance and industrial
development, the women fail to participate as actively as men. In order to enable
women to participate in the industrial development of farmers cooperative, we put
forward the following suggestions: 1. In the course of project construction, maintain
the information disclosure and organize propaganda and training; enable at least 30%
of women to participate in the training with considering the convenience of women in
the selection of training time and venue and use local language as much as possible. 2.
55
Give full play to the strengths of women’s federation in the information propaganda
and training; cooperate and coordinate with the women’s federation and launch the
information propaganda and training.
6. Analysis of Ethnic Minority
6.1 Overview
6.1.1 Status of ethnic minority population in Xiangxi Autonomous
Prefecture
According to the data of China’s Ethnic Yearbook, at the end of 2018, the total
population of Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Xiangxi was 2,972,300, of
which 2,386,800 were ethnic minorities, accounting for 80.30% of the total
population. Among the ethnic minorities, there are 1,307,100 Tujia Ethnicity,
1,058,300 Miao Ethnicity, 9,700 Hui Ethnicity, 2,600 Yao Ethnicity and 9,100 other
ethnic minorities, including 41 ethnic groups such as Tujia, Miao, Han, Hui and Yao.
All ethnic groups are living together in a large area and among the large area, the
same ethnic group is normally concentrated in a small area. Tujia Ethnicity is mainly
concentrated in Yongshun County, Longshan County, Baojing County, Guzhang
County and Jishou City, while Miao Ethnicity is mainly concentrated in Huayuan
County, Fenghuang County, Jishou City, Luxi County, Baojing County and Guzhang
County.
Ethnic minority population Jishou City in demonstration areas is 225,200,
accounting for 77.3% of the total population, including 121,000 Miao people and
101,200 Tujia people.
Yongshun County in demonstration areas, has a total population of 536,100 by
the end of 2019. In the total population, there are 499,700 minority people, including
436,600 Tujia people and 60,400 Miao people.
Huayuan County in demonstration areas has a total population of 315,000
people, including the Miao population accounts for 77.3%, and is a Miao ethnic
gathering county.
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6.1.2 Status of ethnic minority population in Zhangjiajie
Zhangjiajie City is an area inhabited by ethnic minorities. According to the
statistical yearbook of Zhangjiajie in 2019, among the 1,702,199 registered population
in the city, there are 416,930 Han people, accounting for 24.5062% of the total
population, and there are 1,284,392 ethnic minority people, accounting for 75.4938%
of the total population. There are 43 ethnic minorities in the city. Among the ethnic
minority people, the population of below ethnic minorities ranks relatively high: there
are 1,127,746 Tujia people, accounting for 87.804% of the ethnic minority population;
119,385 Bai people, accounting for 9.295%; 30,881 Miao people, accounting for
2.401%; 1,557 Hui people, accounting for 0.121%; 37,261 other ethnic minorities,
accounting for 2.901%.
Cili County in demonstration areas is the multiple-nationality county, since
ancient times, there have been 17 nationalities, including Han Nationality, Tujia
Nationality, Bai Nationality, Hui Nationality and Miao Nationality, live here. By the
end of 2018, total registered population was 699,600 in Cili County. Among them,
ethnic minority population is 413,000. Tujia nationality is the main ethnic minority
population, accounting for 60%.
Yongding District in demonstration areas has a total permanent population of
446,000, 16 ethnic minority groups, including Tujia, Bai and Miao, etc., have a total
population of 363,000 which accounts for 81.4% of the total population; the ethnic
minorities mainly include Tujia with a population of 359,000, accounting for 80.5%
of total population.
6.2 Customs and culture of ethnic minority dominated in the
demonstration area
Different ethnic minorities in the demonstration area apply the same language
and characters and marry each other; they live harmoniously and no conflicts are
witnessed. The cultures between various ethnic groups integrate with each other and
no estrangement is discovered.
In demonstration areas, five demonstration counties where ethnic minorities live,
include Jishou City, Huayuan County, Yongding District, Yongshun County and Cili
57
County. There are 31 demonstration areas in these project villages. Total population of
project villages is 49,441. including a total ethnic minority population of 38,423,
accounting for 77.7%. Among ethnic minorities, total population of Tujia nationality
is 28,277, accounting for 73.6%; total population of Miao nationality is 10,146,
accounting for 26.4%. Distribution of minorities in each project village is as shown in
Table 6-1. Ethnic minorities in project villages are mainly Tujia and Miao.
Table 6-1 Distribution of ethnic minority population in project villages
Demonstration Areas
Project villages
Population
Households
Han Miao Tujia
QtyProportio
n%
Qty Proportion% Qty
Proportion%
Cili County
Xinhua Village 1,346 412 543 40.3 1 0.01 802 59.6
Baiyang Village 1,324 437 752 56.8 0 0 572 43.2
Fuxin Village 854 306 584 68.4 0 0 270 31.6
Liudong Village 3,359 1,117 1,757 52.3 4 0 1,590 47.3
Sihuping 1,186 382 14 1.2 0 0 1,172 98.8Xinpu Village 1,278 418 703 55.0 0 0 575 45.0
Xurita 1,666 548 910 54.6 0 0 756 45.4Yanzi 1,410 483 332 23.5 4 0.3 1,035 73.4
Yangliupu 2,338 726 1,081 46.2 5 0.2 1,252 53.6Zhuangta 1,687 590 203 12.0 0 0 1,484 88.0
Huayuan County
Gaohe Village 1,018 217 625 61.4 290 28.5 103 10.1
Jishou City
Hangtuo Village 832 200 0 0 790 95.0 42 5.0
Hongping Village 997 237 0 0 897 90.0 100 10.0
Jilue Village 1,488 364 0 0 1,339 90.0 89 10.0
Jiating Village 381 85 0 0 323 84.8 62 15.2
Liantuan Village 313 72 0 0 300 95.8 13 4.2
Pinglang Village 1,382 386 107 7.7 890 64.4 385 27.9
Shu’er Village 574 150 30 5.2 370 64.5 174 30.3
Qianghu Village 2,360 560 118 5.0 1,652 70.0 590 25.0
Sanchaping 2,068 537 103 5.0 1,345 65.0 620 30.0
Yongshun County
Liulangxi 2,185 505 89 4.1 95 4.3 2,000 91.6Taozixi 2,469 623 550 22.3 1,100 44.6 749 34.1Xishaba 3,523 901 1,600 45.4 700 19.9 1,215 34.5Hexin
Village 1,946 418 26 1.3 11 0.6 1,909 98.1
Wachang Village 1,670 460 45 2.7 16 1.0 1,584 94.9
Xiqi Village 2,026 458 33 1.6 8 0.4 1,985 98.0
Yongding District
Mojiagang 1,811 583 21 1.2 2 0.1 1,788 98.7Hongxing
Village 1,741 715 386 22.2 0 0 1,335 97.8
Changtan Village 853 345 21 2.5 2 0.2 820 97.3
Hongtupin 1,113 360 75 6.7 2 0.2 1,036 93.1
58
gMatouxi 2,243 722 73 3.3 0 0 2,170 96.7
Total 31 49,441 14,317 10,781
10,146
28,277
6.2.1 Basic conditions of the project villages of ethnic minorities
In the five counties and cities of Zhangjiajie and Xiangxi where the project is
carried out, there are some villages with concentrated minority population. Among the
31 villages, there are 23 villages in which the ethnic minority populations account for
more than 50% of the villages’ total population, and among the 23 villages, there are
10 villages such as Sihuping, Hexin Village, Wachang Village and Xiqi Village in
which the ethnic minority populations account for more than 90%. In addition, there
are 11 villages with Miao people exceeding 30%, namely, Gaohe Village in Huayuan
County, Taozixi Village in Yongshun County, Hangtuo Village, Hongping Village,
Jilue Village, Jiating Village, Liantuan Village, Pinglang Village, Shu’er Village,
Qianghu Village and Sanchaping Village in Jishou City. In these villages where the
project carried out, the Miao people are not obviously different from the Han people
in terms of language and livelihood. They can understand Chinese and communicate
in Chinese they have their own language. The main livelihood means are also the
same with Han people such as working as migrant workers, breeding and planting.
They are highly integrated with the Han people and living in the same way, while the
traditional minority policy is not violated. In terms of the income level, there are great
differences in different villages, with some villages having an annual per capita
income of 13,000 CNY and some having 5,000 CNY. In addition, most of the people
in the 31 ethnic minority villages are very supportive of the project, which is generally
over 90%.
Although there is a high degree of integration between minority people and Han
people in the villages, the minority people have their own customs of living and
production. Therefore, in these villages or villagers' groups where ethnic minorities
are concentrated, the production and living habits of Miao people and Tujia people
shall be considered in the design or implementation of the project, so that the
implementation of the project can adapt to the cultural customs of the ethnic
minorities and is conducive to the protection on the rights and interests and the
development of ethnic minorities.
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Table 6- 2 Overview of the project villages of ethnic minorities
Demonstration areas
Project villages
Percentage of ethnic
population (%)
Language used
Main mode of
livelihood
Income level (per person
annual income)
Degree of support for the project
(%)
Yongshun County
Liulangxi 95.9 ChineseMigrant work,
PlantingRMB 12,100 96.8
Taozixi 77.7 ChineseMigrant work,
PlantingRMB 12,020 96.1
Xishaba 54.6 ChineseMigrant work,
PlantingRMB 11,520 97.6
Hexin Village 98.7 Chinese
Migrant work, Planting
RMB 12,870 97.0
Wachang Village 97.3 Chinese
Migrant work, Planting
RMB 11,980 96.9
Xiqi Village 98.4 ChineseMigrant work,
PlantingRMB 13,002 97.2
Huayuan County
Gaohe Village 38.6
Chinese, Language of the
Miao People,Migrant work RMB 5,470 96.7
Yongding District
Mojiagang 98.8Chinese,
Zhangjiajie dialect
Planting, Working
RMB 9,652 96.8
Hongxing Village 77.8 Chinese, local
dialects
Planting, Breeding, Working
RMB 8,920 97.4
Changtan Village 97.5 Chinese
migrant work, Working
RMB 11,201 96.9
Hongtuping 93.7 Chinese, local dialects
Planting, Breeding, Working
RMB 9,520 96.6
Matouxi 96.7 ChinesePlanting, Breeding, Working
RMB 12,218 97.8
Jishou City
Hangtuo Village 100.0
Chinese, Language of the
Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 5,000 98.0
Hongping Village 100.0
Chinese, Language of the
Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 5,500 97.8
Jilue Village 100.0Chinese,
Language of the Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 5,200 96.7
Jiating Village 100.0
Chinese, Language of the
Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 6,500 98.1
Liantuan Village 100.0
Chinese, Language of the
Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 5,000 97.9
Pinglang Village 92.3
Chinese, Language of the
Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 8,000 97.6
Shu’er Village 94.8
Chinese, Language of the
Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 7,000 98.0
Qianghu Village 95.0
Chinese, Language of the
Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 6,000 97.9
Sanchaping 95.0Chinese,
Language of the Miao People,
Working, Planting, Breeding
RMB 7,000 97.9
Cili County Xinhua Village 59.7
Chinese, Language of the
Tujia People
Planting and Breeding
RMB 7,000 98.2
Baiyang Village
43.2 Chinese, Language of the
Farming, Migrant work
RMB 7,000 97.5
60
Tujia People,
Fuxing Village 31.6
Chinese, Language of the
Tujia People,
Traditional Way
RMB 8,000 96.6
Guangdong Village 47.7
Chinese, Language of the
Tujia People,
Farming, Migrant work
RMB 6,800 97.3
Sihuping Village 98.8
Chinese, Language of the
Tujia People,
Farming, Migrant work
RMB 6,500 97.2
Xinpu Village 45.0
Chinese, Language of the
Tujia People,
Farming, Migrant work
RMB 7,530 97.6
Xurita 45.4 ChineseFarming,
Migrant workRMB 7,240 98.0
Yanzi 76.5Chinese,
Language of the Tujia People,
Migrant work, Farming
RMB 9,000 95.8
Yangliupu 53.8Chinese,
Language of the Tujia People,
Farming RMB 6,500 95.9
Zhuangta 88.0 Chinese Migrant work RMB 7,000 96.4
6.2.2 Customs and culture of Tujia Nationality in the demonstration area
According to the research of a famous scholar - Mr. Pan Guangdan, Tujia is the
offspring of ancient Ba people. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Ba people joined the war
against Kingdom Zhou and was honored the title of Bazi Kingdom due to war merit.
During the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods, Ba people mingled
with people of Chu Kingdom in the east side; under the threatening of Chu Kingdom,
Ba Kingdom retreated to the southwest area. Currently, Tujia is mainly distributed in
Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou and Chongqing at the center of Wuling Mountain and
Qingjiang River reaches. In October 1956, the State Council confirmed Tujia as a
single nationality formally. Tujia people are not significantly different from Han
people in language and livelihoods. They can communicate in Chinese while having
their own oral language. The main livelihoods s are also the same with Han people
such as working as migrant workers, breeding and planting. They are highly
integrated with Han people and living in the same way.
Language and character: Tujia in the demonstration area started to use Chinese
and Chinese characters at a very early stage.
Social governance: The village governance is similar to that of most rural areas
in China: that is to say, it integrates with the county administration and village
governance. The county administration refers to Level I county administration
(including town administration) - it is known as the grassroot rural governance
established according to law; the village governance refers to the village committee-it
is the grassroot self-autonomous organization in the village. Villages are mainly
61
constructed and governed by village committee under the guidance of township
government.
Religious belief: In the demonstration area, Tujia nationality believes in Taoism
and pays tribute to the ancestors. Tujia people believe in many gods, and their
religious beliefs include natural worship. Land, rocks, mountains, rivers, and water
are all objects of worship. Until now, almost every household has a shrine in the lobby
of their house to worship ancestral tablets. The festivals of the Tujia nationality in
demonstration area mainly include dragon-boat racing and “the 6th day of the Sixth
Lunar Month”. They attach great importance to the traditional festivals, especially in
the Spring Festival.
Local social customs: Before marriage of women of Tujia nationality in the
demonstration area, there is a custom of “crying wedding”. Prior to the wedding
ceremony, if a girl and her family don’t follow this custom, she will be ridiculed.
However, currently, this custom has already been gradually faded.
Modslity of production: Mainly planting rice. In the busy season, the local
residents plant seedling; people help those households short of labor; the recipient
households only need to provide food and drink for such free neighbourhood labour.
The mutual assistance custom has been inherited over thousands of years.
6.2.3 Customs and culture of Miao nationality in demonstration areas
Miao is an ancient ethnic nationality, scattered around the world. Miao people
are mainly distributed in Guizhou Province, Hunan Province, Hubei Province,
sichuang Province, Yunnan Province, Guangxi Province and Hainan Province and
other provinces and districts in China as well as Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and other
countries and regions in Southeast Asia. According to historical documents and word
of mouth materials, ancestors of the Miao first lived in the middle and lower reaches
of the Yellow River and their ancestor was Chiyou. “Sanmiao” era migrated to the
Jianghan Plain and then mitigated to the south and the west in a large scale due to
wars and other reasons, to mountainous areas of Southwest China and the Yunnan-
Guizhou Plateau. After the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, some Miao people
migrated to countries in Southeast Asia and then mitigated all the way to Europe and
America over in modern times. Miao had their own oral language. Language of the
Miao People has been included in Miao Language Branch of Miao-Yao Group of
Sino-Tibetan Family, consisting of three major dialects in western Hunan, eastern
62
Guizhou and Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. Due to long-term integration between
Miao and Han, most Miao people are proficient in Mandarin Chinese and are able to
use Mandarin Chinese.
Language: the daily communication of Miao people in the project area is mainly
in Miao language: 77.5% of the residents use Miao language and 22.5% use Chinese.
But most of these Miao people can understand Chinese and communicate in
Mandarin.Chinese characters are the main characters used in daily life, 88.1% of the
people are used to using Chinese characters and 11.9% are used to using Miao
characters.
Religious belief: religious belief of Miao in Demonstration Areas is dominated
by Taoism and Ancestor Worship. Miao in Demonstration Areas mainly celebrates
traditional Chinese festivals (Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn
Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day).
Social governance: The village governance is similar to that of most rural areas
in China: that is, it integrates with the county administration and village governance.
Township government refers to township level regime (including township regime),
and is the most grass-roots level government set up by the nation in rural areas
according to law; village governance refers to village committee, the most grass-roots
level self-governing mass organization in rural areas. Villages are mainly constructed
and governed by village committee under the guidance of township government.
There is no difference with the governance of Han villages.
Customs and habits: Miao in Demonstration Areas has various kinds of folk
recreational activities, such as “going to the last fair before spring festival”, “the 3rd
day of the Third Lunar Month”, “the 8th day of the Fourth Lunar Month”, “the 6th
day of the Sixth Lunar Month” and “the 7th day of the Seventh Lunar Month” and
other local ethnic festivals. Main foods of Miao are mainly rice, corn, beans and
potatoes, especially rice and corn.
Production modality: dominated by rice cultivation, without unique production
mode, there is no difference from Han people’s villages.
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6.3 Identification of ethnic minority in demonstration areas
6.3.1 Identification basis
“Ethnic minority” refers to the minority group in general term: unique and
vulnerable social and culture group. The World Bank defines ethnic minorities as (1)
self-identification as a member of a unique ethnic cultural group, and the
identification is also recognized by others; (2) collectively living in residential areas
or ancestral territories with unique geographical characteristics and living on the
natural resources of these residential areas and territories; (3) having traditional
cultural, economic, social or political systems different from dominated society and
culture; (4) having a minority language that is different from the official language of
the country or region.
6.3.2 Identification methods
On-site investigation: It aims to know about the population structure, racial
constitution, economic structure, ethnic minority village identification and living
customs of ethnic minority in each project village through on-site investigation.
Document review and documentary research. It include reviewing relevant data
and information from the annual statistics yearbook, statement, municipal annal and
county annal reports. This literature reflects population, ethnic group, culture and
customs in the demonstration area and the features of ethnic minority in the
demonstration area and production and living differences from Han people.
Interview with well-informed sources. It aims to conduct interview with well-
informed sources, such as responsible persons for the racial and religious belief
bureau, know about the ethnic minority type, population, racial features and
distribution in the demonstration area and know about the related projects under
construction in the demonstration area (they can promote the development of ethnic
minorities).
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6.3.3 Screening of ethnic minority
According to the identification basis, the social assessment team screened Tujia
and Miao in 31 project villages and drew the following conclusion:
In project villages, total population of Tujia nationality is 28277, accounting for
57.2% of the total population. Tujia in the demonstration area does not have its unique
or other recognized cultural features, living customs or local customs; the social,
economic, cultural and political organization has no difference from that of
mainstream races; the religious, sacrificing and totem worship activities do not have
obvious difference from the mainstream society. The language and characters of Tujia
nationality in the demonstration area are consistent with the mandarin language and
characters in the demonstration area, and they all use Putonghua and Chinese
characters. Therefore, it can integrate with the mainstream society. It does not fit the
World Bank definition of indigenous people (IP) and not applicable to the IP policy of
the World Bank.
In project villages, total population of Miao nationality is 10146, accounting for
20.5%. Miao nationality in the demonstration area have its unique or other recognized
cultural features, living customs or local customs; the cultural, economic, social and
political organization has no difference from that of mainstream nationality; the
religious, sacrificing and totem worship activities do not have obvious difference from
the mainstream society. Miao people uses their local language for daily
communication, but the Chinese characters is used for daily life, meanwhile they can
understand and communicate in mandarin Chinese in demonstration area. The land of
Miao is owned by the collective village; the contract responsibility system based on
the household with remuneration linked to output is adopted. Therefore, the Miao
people is well integrated with Han people in demonstration area, which does not fit
the definition of indigenous people (IP) of the World Bank and is not applicable to the
IP policy of the World Bank.
6.4 Implementation plans of the project villages of ethnic minorities
The social assessment team obtained the support and coordination of related
institutions of PMO and made careful investigation to local ethnic minorities,
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conducted comparative analysis on ethnic minority groups and come to the following
conclusion: Whether ethnic minority was concentrated in the demonstration area;
undertookcomparative sutdies with the mainstream group, and identified the
difference and fragility of ethnic minority. The screening excercise shows that: Tujia
and Miao people in the demonstration area have a high level of integration with the
mainstream society, and have no significant difference with the mainstream Han
people. The Project will not bring negative impacts on them but positive impact will
be induced as done for other groups of people. The World Bank IP policyis deemed
not applicable to them. There is no need to prepare an ethnic minority development
plan under this project. In order to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic
groups as much as possible, it is recommended to work out an inclusive project
implementation plan taking into consideration of the development needs and social as
well as cultural characteristics of the ethnic groups and enhance inclusive
development measures of the project in the project villages in Cili County, Huayuan
County, Jishou City and Yongshun County where there are Tujia and Miao people.
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7. Social Impact and Risk Analysis
7.1 Analysis of social impact
7.1.1 Positive impact
Positive Impact of Project Implementation in a Short Term:
1. Launching the project information sharingto enhance stakeholders’
awareness of producing safe products. Through the survey, it is found that the
understanding of partial stakeholders on the cause and the result of agricultural land
heavy metal pollution is not sufficient. The project information sharing and training
are organized to improve the stakeholder’s awareness of governance urgency of
farmland heavy metal pollution control.
2. Organizing the project training to improve farmer households’ skills of
producing safe products. Through the survey, it is discovered that the excess heavy
metals in the agricultural product relate to the agronomic technology of the armer
households. The optimization of the agronomic technology can reduce the heavy
metal contamination to the agricultural product. Therefore, the project aims to
organize training program for the farmer households and thus upgrade the safe
product production skills.
3. Encouraging the public to participate in the project and reaching a
common consensus in the governance of heavy metal pollution of farmland.
Through the survey, it is found that the stakeholders still have many disputes over
whether the treatment is needed and how to treat the pollution. Consensus on the
agricultural land heavy metal contamination treatment will be achieved through public
participation.
4. Improving the infrastructure construction to create favorable conditions
for agricultural production. It is discovered by the social assessment team that
farmer households’ desire to improve local out-dated irrigation infrastructure is quite
strong. To the social assessment team, most villagers reflect that the local
infrastructure is poor, especially the road and the water; there are always problems in
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the demonstration area such as insufficient investment in the rural infrastructure as
well as lacking effective investment and management, etc. These problems seriously
prevent the sustainable development of agricultural production and rural areas. The
project will create favorable conditions for agricultural production through the
engineering, such as clean water irrigation, channel modification and machinery
farming road maintenance projects, etc.
5. Executing environmental management and agricultural environment
surveillance to provide technical support for agricultural product quality
management. Through the survey, it is found that the demonstration area lacks the
monitoring facilities of agricultural product and soil, which results in lack of clear
understanding of the related government departments and the farmer households on
the heavy metal pollution level of agricultural product. Through the environmental
management and the agricultural environment monitoring, the project will provide
technical supports for agricultural product quality management.
6. Establishing the farmers’ specialized cooperatives to improve farmer
households’ risk resistance capability and product competitiveness. The long-time
backwardness of the demonstration area enables many farmer households to realize
that their scattered situation will make them live on repeated sell of primary
agricultural products which have low added value and production efficiency as well as
difficulties in market integration. Most farmer households have to go through the local
or non-local vendors if they want to sell the agricultural products. Finally, the
products will go to the company. What the farmer households get is only the price of
the primary agricultural products and what they earn is the money from running
around here and there. The real added value lies in the deep processing. Therefore, the
farmer households gradually realize it and urgently desire to be led by the
cooperatives and big peasant households to improve the market competitiveness of the
product, extend the industrial chain and increase the product price. Cultivating
farmers’ specialized cooperatives will help improve the risk resistance capacity of the
farmer households and the agricultural product competitiveness.
7. Generating considerable economic benefits. Through the survey, it is found
that the agricultural land heavy metal pollution control has already affected the
agricultural production and the farmers’ income to some extent. The project
governance measures can yield considerable economic benefits mainly in the
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following four aspects: (1) Raise the sales price of agricultural products. Taking
corresponding measures enables the agricultural land to produce qualified agricultural
products, which can increase the agricultural product price. (2) Reduce the cost of
agricultural production. The agricultural capital cost can be decreased by about 30%
by supporting and cultivating the agricultural cooperatives. (3) Improve the land use
efficiency. The land utilization efficiency of the farmers’ cooperatives is increased. By
cultivating the farmers’ cooperatives, the land utilization efficiency can be increased.
(4) Upgrade the added value of agricultural products. The project team cultivates the
farmers’ specialized cooperatives and establishes the monitoring facilities, which
provides organizational and technical supports for agriculture industrialization and is
good for increasing the added value of agricultural products.
8. The project brings significant social benefits. In the investigation, we found
that there were many migrant workers in the demonstration area, low income people
were trapped in a poverty cycle dominated by traditional agricultural management and
planting patterns, and there was a lack of useful experience in managing heavy metal
pollution in agricultural land. The implementation of the project can effectively solve
the above-mentioned problems and produce obvious social benefits. Firstly, it is
conducive to the return of migrant workers. The project creates employment
opportunities and working posts for migrant workers; in particular, it creates more
employment opportunities for women. Secondly, it is conducive to poverty alleviation
and wealth. Low income people are mainly restricted by information, technology and
capital, which leads them to enter the poverty cycle. By providing support in aspects
of information, technologies and funds to the low-income individuals, the project
team is able to help them out of poverty. Thirdly, it's beneficial to forming the
agricultural land pollution treatment pattern. Currently, the agricultural land pollution
treatment is lacking the experience and the pattern for reference. Find out an effective
technical and management pattern in demonstration areas by implementing the
project, to set an example to other areas in the aspect of heavy metal pollution control.
According to survey data: the highest positive impact assessment made by
residents in project villages on the project is guaranteeing the quality safety of
agricultural products (92.3%), followed by improvement of rural infrastructure
(86.5%), improvement of awareness of residents to control farmland pollution
governance (76.2%), effective governance and reasonable utilization of polluted
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farmlands (72.6%), improvement of income of local farmer households (65.9%),
facilitation of scale operation and creation of rural brands (53.3%) and increase of
employment opportunities for local rural residents (46.9%). Please refer to Table 7-1
in detail. According to survey results: firstly, the purpose of the project is consistent
with the expectation of rural residents, i.e. production of healthy and safe foods in
polluted farmlands; secondly, the project has not only social benefits, such as effective
governance of polluted farmlands, but also economic benefits, such as improving the
income of local rural residents; thirdly, the operation mode of creating rural brands of
the project with the basic carrier of rural cooperatives is also widely recognized.
Table 7-1 Positive impact assessment of residents on “Farmland and Safety and
Quality Improvement Project for Producing Area of Agricultural Products”
Response Percentage of number of casesN Percentage
Guarantee to quality safety of agricultural products 876 18.5% 92.3%
Improvement of awareness of residents to control farmland pollution 723 15.3% 76.2%
Improvement of rural infrastructure 821 17.4% 86.5%Effective governance and reasonable utilization of polluted farmlands 689 14.6% 72.6%
Facilitation of scale operation and creation of rural brands 506 10.7% 53.3%
Increase of employment opportunities for local farmer households 445 9.4% 46.9%
Improvement of income of local farmer households 625 13.2% 65.9%
Others 35 0.7% 3.7%4,723 100.00% 497.4%
7.1.2 Negative Impact
(1) During the project implementation, the transformation of the agricultural
production structure will be carried out and cropping may be restructured in some
areas of heavily contaminated land, which will affect the income, farming skills and
habits of some farmers in a short term.
(2) Dust, noise, temporary stacking of garbage and sludge generated during the
construction of the project will bring temporary adverse effects on the tidiness of the
environment in the demonstration area and will cause short-term negative effects on
the daily travel, production and life of residents in the demonstration area.
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7.2 Analysis of social risks
7.2.1 Involuntary resettlement
There is no need for land acquisition for the project activities and no need to
change ownership nature of the land for civil works in project sites. All civil works
will be carried out within the village, and the constructed facilities are also used by
the villagers without a need for land acquisition or resettlement of people. The scale
of crop restructuring involved is 66.7 hectares according to plan, 33.3 hectares in
Jishou City and 33.4 hectares in Hengnan County respectively. The crops replanted
will be corn, sorghum and other one-year crops instead of rice. The specific farmer
households involved in the recropping land are still uncertain before the project
evaluation. The measures taken in the demonstration area are mainly land restoration
and rehabilitation. In some moderately or heavily polluted areas, crop replanting is
adopted. In the demonstration area, the prohibited planting is not implemented and
land requisition is not involved. Engineering measures in the project area can be
divided into two categories: (1) renovation of irrigation channel or drainage ditches.
Mainly, it is to carry out reinforcement and repair on the basis of the original channel.
(2) The use of electric irrigation station for which the land is required will be all
within the scope of project village and the nature of collective ownership of the
village will not be changed. The implementation of the project will not involve land
acquisition or house demolition in the newly-added demonstration area, but farmers
who need to replant a small number of new crops in the above mentioned heavily
contaminated sites will face a reduction of income in the short term. The eco-
compensation measures for crop restructuring of the project and the original
resettlement policy framework shall be observed, and the resettlement framework
shall be publicized and implemented in the newly-added demonstration area. In
summary, there is no need for a new resettlement policy framework.
7.2.2 Livelihood Risk of Farmer Households
The crops restructuring will bring certain risks such as short term income from
crops, change to farm skills and habits. In the project execution, the farmland product
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changes include three types: reserve the original planting habits; change planting
variety of farmland; adjust the farming system.
There are mainly four categories of social risks brought by reserving existing
planting habits and implementing land remediation: firstly, marketing risk. In the
project, rice is replanted to low-cadmium varieties, and thus quality of rice grain will
be affected, which means that existing marketing channels and methods may be
affected. There is a certain marketing risk for new varieties. Secondly, the risk of
substandard food products growing in project sites. During the control period, food
crops that do not meet the standards cannot enter the food chain and can only be used
as biological raw materials. And the price of grain crops used as industrial raw
materials is 1/3 lower than that of normal grain crops. The third tyoe of risk is output
reduction. Replanting low-cadmium varieties will increase the risk of rice blast and
may further lead to reduction of output.
According to survey data: the top concern for farmer households is reduction of
actual income of rural residents in short term (78.4%), followed by increase of
agricultural production labor amount (33.3%) as well as marketing risk incurred by
replanting varieties (31.2%). Please refer to Table 7-2.
Table 7-2 Negative impact potentially caused by Farmland Quality Improvement Project
No (%) Yes (%) Effective sample sizeReduction of actual income of farmer households in short term
21.6 78.4 949
Increase of agricultural production labor amount
66.7 33.3 949
Unmarketable Replanted crop products 68.8 31.2 949Construction will destroy the original vegetation, resulting in water and soil loss
76.3 23.7 949
Construction will cause the road dust, vehicle exhaust, and other environmental pollution
74.2 25.8 949
The noise of construction work will affect the rest of farmer households
89.5 10.5 949
There are also three categories of risks brought by farmland restructuring: the
first is the risk of cost benefit of replanted crops. Input cost of replanted crops is
restricted by seeds, technologies and labor and other factors, with some uncertainty;
revenues of replanted crops are affected by the market and other factors. To this end,
there is a certain risk of cost benefit for replanted crops. The second is the risk of
marketing. There are risks in replanting fruit trees, vegetables and cotton, that is, the
risk of establishing new sales channels. The procurement system of governmental
protective price is not formulated for fruit trees and vegetables; lack of governmental
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support system will increase the farmer’s income risks. The third is the risk of
management. Replanting will not only implement new requirements on technical
management of replanted crops but also require project villages to establish fair,
transparent and standardized management procedures.
According to survey data: in the process of restructuring, the top concern for
farmer households is the reduction of actual income in the same year (51.4%),
followed by unmarketable replanted crops (38.5%). Please refer to Table 7-3.
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Table 7-3 Negative impact potentially caused by restructuring
Response Percentage of number of cases (%)Sample
sizePercentage
(%)Reduction of farmer households’ actual income in the same year
197 27.7% 51.4
Increase of agricultural production labor 165 23.2% 22.3Unmarketable replanted crop products 180 25.4% 38.5Construction will destroy the original vegetation, resulting in water and soil loss
95 13.4% 18.7
Increased household debt in short term 68 9.6% 13.5Others 5 0.7% 0.9
710 100.00% 145.3
The adjustment of farming system will bring the risk of reducing net income.
Changes in the planting pattern may increase the input of labor force. If the input
cannot be reasonably subsidized, the net income will be reduced.
Table 7-4 Potential social risks of change in agricultural technologiesChange in agricultural technology Potential social risks
Maintain existing planting habits: Select and plant low-cadmium accumulative products based on the existing types (V), irrigate with clean water (I), spray lime (P), adopt leaf inhibitor and control agent (Si) and spray soil adjustment agent (bacteria).
1. Risk of market sales2. Poor quality risk of agricultural products3. Risk of output reduction
Change farmland planting system: Change to plant cotton, vegetable and fruit tree (grapefruit)
1. Risk of cost benefit;2. Risk of marketing;3. Risk of management.
Adjust farming system (planting model): Change to plant double-season rice in the “rice- rice-green fertilizer” model, change to plant one-season rice in the “rice-bean” model and change to plant one-season paddy in the “rice-rape” model
1. Risk of reduction of net earnings
7.2.3 Risk of Public Misunderstanding
The environmental pollution in the demonstration area is relatively complicated.
Except heavy metal pollution in soil, some areas are also polluted by industrial waste
water, waste gas and rural living pollution. Such pollution will bring harm to the
health and life of local residents. There are four main types of public opinion risks
brought about by the implementation of the project: the first one is the risk of
improper attribution. In the process of investigation, local residents responded that the
pollution caused crop failure and domestic water become inedible. These phenomena
are caused by various kinds of pollution. When no other pollution control is started,
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the treatment of agricultural land soil pollution may lead local residents to attribute all
problems to heavy metal pollution and then put forward corresponding claims. The
second category is the risk of exaggeration of heavy metal pollution. Heavy metal
pollution control in agricultural land dominated by government departments is easy to
label all agricultural products in the demonstration area as excessive heavy metals. If
it is not handled properly, it will easily cause mass incidents in the demonstration
area. The third category is the risk of resident’s environmental protection awareness.
The main stakeholder groups have different orientations in their roles played in
environmental pollution and environmental protection. They neither think that they
shall take responsibility for surrounding environmental pollution nor believe that they
are one of subjects involved in environmental governance. Therefore, they believe
that the responsibility for soil improvement should be mainly borne by the
government or some organizations, and they are mainly implementer.
7.2.4 Vulnerability risks of disadvantaged groups such as minorities
and low-income people
To-be-included project areas will involve 11,391 people just out of poverty
including 46,594 left-behind seniors, 7,336 people with disabilities and 9,341 left-
behind women and 31 project villages in the five project counties and cities at
Zhangjiajie and Xiangxi Prefecture where Tujia and Miao dominate, among which 11
project villages have more Miao people and 20 project villages have more Tujia
people. Miao people in the eleven project villages of three project counties namely
Huayuan, Yongshun and Jishou amount to above 30%. To reduce the vulnerability of
these week people, this Project will take powerful measures to have them participate
in and benefiting from the project on an equal basis.
The first is to enhance the intentions of the disadvantaged groups to participate in
trainings, establish a mechanism of full participation by disadvantaged groups and
ensure their in-depth participation and extensive consultation in all aspects including
trainings, subsidies, and management; the second is to communicate well with
disadvantaged groups as simple and easy as possible based on the language and
cultural habits of local residents; the third is to establish a grievance mechanism to
maintain the rights and interests of disadvantaged groups in an effective manner.
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7.2.5 Risk of land transfer
The Project does not involve large-scale land transfer, most of which, however, is
a voluntary action. Risks still exist in project-related land transfer mainly including
three categories: Firstly it is a blind pursuit of high circulation rate without
consideration of the local natural conditions and realities in development and without
any respect to the intentions and autonomous rights of farmers; Secondly there is a
lack of an exit mechanism in contractual rights of land, which can hardly protect the
farmer’s benefits and will affect the grain production safety. For example, non-
standard circulation contracts prevent the farmers’ benefits from being guaranteed.
Thirdly it is circulation without title affirmation due to the delay in granting a
certificate for land title affirmation and registration, which can easily cause disputes
over land. For example, after the transfer, "the small farmland merges with the large"
and the field boundaries disappear and hence as time goes by, it is hard to make clear
of ownership of a farmland. Besides, in case of no evidence in hand, the farmland
becomes lost by land transfer. Therefore, in the project implementation stage, it is
necessary to regulate the land transfer procedures according to law, respect the
intentions of farmers who are allowed to make voluntary decisions on land transfer.
For the farmers who have transferred their farmland, it is necessary to maintain the
interests of the both parties of such transfer and develop a risk-prevention and exit
mechanism.
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8. Public Participation and Information Disclosure
The domestic and international development practice reveals: The participation
of beneficial group is the primary condition of project success. We can conclude that
the real meaning of “participation” refers to positive and active participation; the
participant has decision making right. Therefore, “enable the beneficial group to
participate in the project” aims to enable the farmers to participate in various
procedures of project activities in a positive and effective manner—In the respect of
project design, execution, management, surveillance and evaluation, they have the
right of speech; their opinions can be adopted by the project management department
and can affect the decision making.
8.1 Principle of public participation and information disclosure
1. Keep the publicity of project information, and carry out the project publicity
work throughout the project cycle. Establish the regular disclosure system for project
information, and regularly disclose the project information closely related to major
stakeholders on the notice-board in the community public places such as the village
committee. In addition, inform the stakeholders of the preparation and implementation
of the project through group meetings, representative meetings, slogans, television
and radios, and the like.
2. Help the main stakeholders to establish the project subject consciousness. The
assessment team suggests conducting the following types of training: (1) carry out the
participatory training to the main stakeholders of the project, and guide them to
actively think about the problems on community development, agricultural land heavy
metal pollution, environmental protection and so on; (2) conduct the environmental
knowledge training and guide the main stakeholders to think about the impact of their
own production and life styles on the soil and how to conduct soil protection on their
owns; (3) carry out the training on project technology, and eliminate the concerns of
the main stakeholders to the project.
3. Attract the main stakeholders to participate in the project construction, give
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priority to hiring them to provide paid labors for the project, and allow them to
provide logistics services for the construction of the project.
4. Pay attention to the role of the village community cadres and local community
strength in project implementation. The village community cadres shall participate in
the project awareness raising for villagers, training, mobilization, villager need
reflection, discovery of issues andproblems, coordination of contradictions and
subsequent management at village level, especially setting up village monitoring
group of the field project implementation .
5. Carry out the village-level participatory management of village soil
governance and protection, and mobilize the masses to ensure the sustainability of the
project effects.
6. Promote the participation of disadvantaged groups. In the project design,
instructive stipulations are formulated for the disadvantaged groups such as women
and minorities. For instance, no less than 50% of total women are required to
participate in the training program (the standard can be properly graced in the
minority group); various communities are required to prommote appropriate ratio of
low-income farmer households and ethnic minorities to participate in the project and
it is adopted as the project evaluation indicator. In order to listen to the voice of
disadvantaged groups, the village project team includes the representatives of women,
minority group and low-income populations. In view of rather low cultural level in the
women and ethnic minority, various demonstration areas organize special training
programs, select proper teaching contents, methods and language according to the
actual demand and thus upgrade the training effect. As for the demonstration area
distributed with scattered ethnic minority, easy and special training program is
organized according to their features and demand.
The assessment team has drawn up the outline of participation and conducting
activities by the project beneficiary through project cycle such as agricultural land soil
environmental management, which specifically includes the above suggestions of the
assessment team in participation.
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8.2 Participation of stakeholders in the project preparation stage
8.2.1 Basic participation methods
The social assessment team has launched a series of Project publicity activities
and mobilized main stakeholders to participate in Project decision-making activities
within the areas affected by the project. The participation of each stakeholder in
Project is launched in three levels:
(1) Official Symposium
The assessment team convenes symposium participated by PMO officials in each
level and relevant governmental departments to learn and collect: ①Status quo of
implementation of Projects approved locally and assessment of such Projects; ②Risk
analysis of Project and discussion of countermeasures to lower risks; ③Suggestions
on how to improve Project effect; ④Problems existing in each approved Project;
⑤Estimation of influence from Project implementation; ⑥Collect all relevant
literature data and statistical annual statement of three levels, province, county and
township.
(2) Project Farmer Households and Farmers’ Cooperatives meeting
The assessment team shall convene consultative meetings with owner of each
sub-project. Themes of meetings: ①Background and process of Project approval; get
to know status quo of Project implementation and its assessment; ②Project design
process; ③Problems existing in Project; ④Suggestions on improvement of Project
effect and avoidance of risks; ⑤Collect filing data of the project owner concerning
Project; ⑥Select investigation points.
(3) Consultative participation of major stakeholders
The assessment team launched out consultation and participation in the
stakeholders. In the on-site work of each sub-project, the assessment team selected
different survey points in order to cover the main stakeholder groups affected by the
project. The assessment team launched out the unlimited preliminary participation
among main stakeholder groups. Evaluation Team selected different stakeholders for
interview. A total of 60 villagers received in-depth interview including 20 women
(33.3%), 20 minorities (33.3%) and 20 low income populations (33.3%). A total of 8
leaders of farmers’ cooperatives and main planting farmers have received in-depth
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interview. A total of 8 leaders of the government at the town and township level and
leaders of the Village Committees in the Project Villages have received in-depth
interview. A total of 10 administrators and implementers of the Project Counties have
received in-depth interview. In addition, two types of questionnaire surveys are
performed in 11 project counties according to a certain sampling proportion; Firstly,
1,100 social assessment questionnaires are distributed in 11 project counties, 949 of
which are effectively recovered, and the questionnaire recovery rate is 86.3%;
Secondly, 500 ethnic identification questionnaire are distributed in 5 project counties
inhabited by ethnic minorities, 365 of which are effectively recovered, and the
questionnaire recovery rate is 73.0%.
8.2.2 Participation contents and activities of information disclosure
The participation in the project preparation stage mainly aims to reach consensus
and design the appeal plan that can adequately reflect the demand of stakeholders.
Please refer to Table 8-1 for the specific participation catalog.
Table 8-1 Participation Model of Main StakeholdersParticipation
activities Contents of activity Methods of activity Participants
Project publicity
①Publicize the importance and necessity of project execution; request for their opinions and suggestions.②Timely deliver the information on the date and place of project implementation, land expropriation and demolition plans, compensation and settlement schemes concerned by the main affected groups.
Posters, brochures, public meetings, slogans and propaganda lists.
①All members of village②Project owner③PMO
Analysis of affected groups
①Confirm affected groups and basic living status②Confirm the positive and negative impact of various groups
Villager representative meetingWomen symposiumSymposium of low-income households
①Village representative (including low income households, ethnic minority and women)②Villages /village committees③Project owners and PMO
Problem analysis
①Analyze the current situations and existing problems of villages /village agricultural land pollution, and to what extent these problems affect the development of villages.②Help residents to analyze what aspects of agricultural land pollution are related to their lifestyles.
Villager representative meetingWomen symposiumSymposium of low-income households
Evaluation of
indigenous knowledge
Analyze specific contents of indigenous knowledge that can alleviate the agricultural land soil pollution.
Villager representative meetingWomen symposiumSymposium of low-income households
Demand analysis
Identify the needs of various groups affected by the project and analyze the gap between these needs and the project design.
Villager representative meetingWomen symposiumSymposium of low-income households
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Problem feedback
①Evaluate the project design plan and project contents②Expectations and suggestions from key stakeholders on the project.
Villager representative meetingWomen symposiumSymposium of low-income households
Training
①Strengthen training on national and local environmental indicators and environmental protection laws and regulations for the local residents.②Launch out training on farmland pollution control.③Propagate to the masses the lifestyle which may have possible impact on the surrounding environment, and help the residents in the demonstration area to realize the impact of their lifestyles on the surrounding environment.
①Villager representative conference②Posters, brochures, slogan and propaganda list.
①All members of village②Project owner③PMO④Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau⑤Village Committee
8.3 Public participation in project execution stage
All the members of village, village committee, project owner, PMO and village
project management team shall participate in Project construction and monitoring in
forms of village congress, villager representative congress and village project
management team meeting. Please refer to Table 8-2 in detail.
Table 8-2 Participation Outline of Main Stakeholders in Project Construction StageParticipation
activities Contents of activity Methods of activity Participants
Village project organization - management
team
Determine members of the team, elect the team leaders, execute the organization training, select and manage personnels involved in Project construction, maintain social security in construction site, coordinate the relationships with each party and reflect villagers’ opinions.
①Village congress②Village/villager representative congress③Village project management team meeting (including low income households, resettled groups, ethnic minority and women)
①All members of village②Village committee③Project owner④PMO⑤Village Project management team
Project construction
①Determine the establishment method of professional agricultural organization, introduction method of social capital and method of agricultural land soil remediation;②Determine jobs available for Project construction;③Confirm the selection standard of construction staffs and must include resettled groups, ethnic minority, low income households and women④Determine remuneration of personnel involved in Project construction;⑤Technical training and safety system training of personnel involved in construction;⑥Participation in Project construction
①Village plenary meeting②Village representative congress③Participation in the project construction
①The construction staffs include the resettled groups, ethnic minority, women and low income households ②PMO③Project owner④Project construction institution⑤Village project management team⑥Social capital representative
Village/village project soil monitoring
team
①Regular soil monitoring②Make the surveillance to the recovery situation of living standard for resettled groups③Monitor the recovery situation of natural
①Village congress②Village/villager representative congress③Village project surveillance team
①All members of village②Village committee③ Project owner④PMO
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environment upon the completion of project④Make regular surveillance of agricultural products
(including low income households, resettled groups, ethnic minority, and women)
⑤Village Project monitoring team
Training Monitoring and evaluation skill trainingVillage/village project monitoring team training meeting
①Village/village project monitoring team②PMO③Project owner
Complaints Establish the opinion feedback system for village members.
①Print “Project Complaints Table” and give out it to each villager group to make it convenient for the villagers to timely express their opinions;②Establish the complaint hotline in PPMO;③The village monitoring teams collect opinions and suggestions from the farmer households at any time.
①Village/village project monitoring team②All members of village③PMO and Project owner
8.4 Information Disclosure
The participation right and consultation rights of migrants and affected personnel
shall be paid more attention during the stages of migrant resettlement, policy-making,
and plan preparation and implementation. The objects of public participation are
classified into three types, i.e. related government departments at various levels,
expert teams and affected village collective and population. Resettlement related
planning and social assessment shall involve stakeholders consultation according to
steps of public participation to ensure full participation of affected groups. Relevant
projects documents shall be disclosed according to requirements and policies of the
World Bank and relevant archives shall be filed or disseminated according to domestic
requirements.
Opportunities including social economic investigation and social impact
assessment and investigation shall be utilized to extensively publicize and introduce
resettlement policy of the project by various means and solicit opinions from various
kinds of affected population. After extensive public participation, coordination and
communication, local governments, affected village collectives and affected
population have already fully understood the potential influence, settlement policy
and income recovery plan of the project.
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The project resettlement office and the local resettlement organizations at all
levels may adopt the following procedures and methods to encourage the affected
population to participate in negotiation:
(1) Publicize basic information of the project and attract the affected population
to actively participate in the project.
Through posting on notice boards, radio and television, network media,
investigation and discussion, and the like, introduce the basic situations of this project
to the affected groups and enable the affected population to have a more fully project
awareness and understanding to this project. The project information mainly includes
objectives of agricultural land pollution prevention and control; impacts of
agricultural land pollution control projects; project compensation standards,
compensation amounts and settlement policies; immigrants’ suggestions feedback and
complaint channels, and the like.
(2) Convening of public consultative meeting
The project resettlement office aperiodically organizes affected population to
attend consulting meeting based on the actual conditions of Project land acquisition
and demolition. At least 5 meetings shall be convened. The number of participants
shall not be lower than 30% of the total affected population. During each meeting,
representatives of disadvantaged groups especially women and ethnic minorities shall
be invited to attend the meeting. The number of disadvantaged groups including
women and ethnic minorities attending the meeting shall not be lower than 30% of
total number of participants. Also, the meeting shall be monitored by relevant external
independent monitoring organization. Furthermore, Project construction contents,
progress and resettlement policy of the project shall be publicized through TV,
broadcasting, newspaper and network.
(3) Convening of public hearing
As for issuing centering on resettlement including alternative crops and planting
technologies, migrants’ compensation expectations and difficulties faced by migrants,
the migrants may fully express their opinions first and then sorting of concentration
ratios of needs, opinions and suggestions are formed through discussion, analysis and
voting. Then, the community discussion results will be made public.
(4) Disclosure of RPF
PMO shall disclose the resettlement policy framework to affected people and the
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public in demonstration areas. The general places used to disclose resettlement policy
framework can be public places, villager activity rooms in the affected village
committees, government public information website, etc. The language used shall be
easy to understand. The draft of resettlement frame shall be publicized one month
before it is submitted to the World Bank for approval. After the draft is recognized by
the World Bank, the final version can be publicized. The main contents of resettlement
frame include all lost property, compensation standards, compensation amount,
resettlement policy, migrants’ rights and interests, and opinion feedback and
complaint channels, etc.
(5) Disclosure of monitoring results of agricultural products during project
implementation period
The villager monitoring group shall monitor the agricultural land products with
the agricultural product monitoring equipment and announce the monitoring results.
For monitoring of agricultural products, the single cropping rice is generally
monitored once, and the double cropping rice is monitored twice. The monitoring
results of agricultural products can be announced in the village information column,
centralized activity places of villagers, activity rooms of affected village committees
and villagers, government public information website, etc., and the language should
be easy to understand and avoid the ambiguity.
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9. Conclusions and Suggestions
9.1 Basic conclusions
Project Overview
The main contents of “Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land
Pollution Project” cover four aspects: agricultural polluted soil management,
sustainable soil management practice, environmental management and agricultural
environment monitoring, and project monitoring, evaluation and management. Project
counties include 14 counties: Hengyang County, Yongding District, Jishou City,
Baojing County, Huayuan County, Yongshun County, Cili County, Zhongfang County,
Anhua County, Hengnan County, Linwu County, Yizhang County, Lengshuitan
District and Qiyang County. So far more than two years have passed since the Project
was officially launched for implementation. During the implementation, 11 project
counties (namely Anhua County, Cili County, Yongshun County, Huayuan County,
Jishou City, Qiyang County, Linwu County, Lengshuitan District, Hengnan County,
Hengyang County and Yongding District) plan to include more project areas or
enlarge the coverage of the previous project areas based on the farmland pollution
inspection data and project need, which will involve 2270.5 hectares farmland, 29
townships (towns), 60 administrative villages and 113,917 beneficiaries including
7336 people with disabilities and 9341 left-behind women.
Purpose and Process of Social Assessment
Social assessment aims to identify main stakeholders of newly-added
demonstration areas and their needs as well as opportunities , impacts and risks
brought by project construction and operation to stakeholders, and to deveop action
plan to evade or relieve social risks, assist in perfecting project design and
implementation, and get individuals & groups under direct impact of the project
activities to effectively participate in project activities.
To support design and implementation of the project by the project unit, the
social assessment team carried out the social assessment and survey of 11 project
counties planning for newly-added demonstration areas from December 16 to
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December 25, 2020 with support and coordination of related departments.
Participatory social assessment method is adopted during the whole social assessment
process. Information disclosure and public consultation are used for information
collection. Social assessment is made in the 11 project counties by structural
interview, group interview, participatory scoring and ranking, matrix analysis of
project impact, social resource survey and resource map drawing. A total of 8 leaders
of farmers’ cooperatives and main planting farmers have received in-depth interview.
A total of 8 leaders of the government at the town and township level and leaders of
the Village Committees in the Project Villages have received in-depth interview. A
total of 10 administrators and implementers of the Project Counties have received in-
depth interview. A total of 60 villagers have received in-depth interview including 20
women (33.3%), 20 minorities (33.3%) and 20 low income people (33.3%). In
addition, two types of questionnaire surveys are performed in 11 project counties
according to a certain sampling proportion; 1100 social assessment questionnaires are
distributed in 11 project counties, 949 of which are effectively recovered, and the
questionnaire recovery rate is 86.3%; 500 ethnic identification questionnaire are
distributed in 5 project districts and counties inhabited by ethnic minorities, 365 of
which are effectively recovered, and the questionnaire recovery rate is 73.0%.
Needs of Main Stakeholders
Total farmland governance scale in 11 project counties is 2270.5 hectares. Based
on the field survey, social assessment team have identified main stakeholders of the
project and carried out participation and consultation with main stakeholders. Needs
of those main stakeholders are as follows:
Common needs: Develop agricultural production, increase opportunities for
employment and entrepreneurship, enhance risk resistance, administer heavy metal
pollution of farmland and improve farmers’ production and living standards.
Needs of farmer households in demonstration areas: Total population involved in
demonstration areas is 114,000. The needs of farmer households in demonstration area
include: (1) Improve agricultural production infrastructure, e.g. repair or new
construction of irrigation channels, farm tracks, and other relevant facilities: (2) Better
local ecological environment, improve quality of agricultural products and develop
ecological agriculture; (3) Participate in farmers’ cooperatives and lower production
risks and cost; (4) Adjust the agricultural structure, increase the ratio of cash crops in
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a proper manner and improve income level; (5) Lower the risk of increase of cost
brought to farmers during administration process of heavy metal of farmland.
There is a total of 47 specialized farmers’ cooperatives in demonstration areas.
Needs of cooperatives: (1) Acquire the capital support, lower the financing cost and
lighten the capital stress for development of ecological agriculture; (2) Improve
organization management level of cooperatives and facilitate local agriculture to adopt
scaled development path; (3) Establish heavy metal monitoring stations for soil and
agricultural products , improve quality management level of agricultural products and
promote the local agriculture to adopt the development path of ecological agriculture;
(4) Lower risks of sales of agricultural products and increase of costs.
Needs of project village committees: (1) Establish and perfect farmers’
specialized cooperatives and promote local industrial upgrading; (2) Strengthen local
farmers’ environment awareness and planting technology training as well as their
environmental protection awareness and technological level; (3) Formulate the
reasonable compensation mechanism and reduce the income risk of rural residents.
Needs of agricultural departments: (1) Smoothly and successfully complete the
Project through cooperation with stakeholders; (2) Help farmer households in the
demonstration area control heavy metal pollution of farmland, develop agricultural
production and improve the quality of agricultural products; (3) Explore local
farmland pollution control technologies and management models through
improvements of the World Bank project.
Needs of other relevant departments of the government: (1) Improve soil quality
and local ecological environment and improve administration and monitoring level of
local environment: (2)Promote the economic development of project counties and
Demonstration Areas; drive the ecological development path of agriculture and
promote rural revitalization; (3) Drive economic and social development, realize
political stability and improve government image; (4) Improve production and living
conditions of low income people, enhance the living standards of low income
population, safeguard social stability and promote harmonious development.
Analysis of Low-Income people
11 project counties planning to include more areas, three counties once were
nationally designated poverty counties and five were provincially designated, all of
which have taken off the hats of poverty but are still in poverty such as relative
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poverty, low income population, etc. Poor people amount to low income population,
mainly referring to low income people of poor households just out of poverty in 2020.
A total of 2,650 low income households (11,391 low income people) are included in
the demonstration areas of 11 counties and cities planning for farmland governance,
with a relative poverty incidence of 10%.
The low-income residents mainly obtain their income from traditional
agriculture. According to survey, 60.0% of low-income individuals mainly obtain their
income from planting industry and breeding industry. Income from farmlands of
poverty-stricken households’ accounts for 63.5% of household income on average.
Low income people have already had some knowledge of the project but some of
them are still not clearly aware of the project, which indicates a need of further
advocacy campaigns among low income people. In addition, low income households
have relatively consistent supporting attitude towards the Project. According to the
investigation result, 95.2% of low-income households maintain that “Safety and
Quality Improvement Project for Producing Area of Agricultural Products” is
beneficial to the local social and economic development. All low-income households
support the project.
Low quality of agricultural products, high medical expenditure and low degree of
agricultural industrialization are the main reasons causing poverty. Poverty caused by
diseases and lacking of technology is the main factor causing poverty. 28.5% low
income population fall into poverty due to diseases; 26.4% low income population fall
into poverty due to lacking of technology. The low-income individuals have proposed
the needs for improvement of quality of agricultural products, strengthening of
planting technical training, increase of employment opportunities, enhancement of
development capacity and provision of cost compensation.
Analysis of Social Gender
The educational level of women in villages all the year round is mainly junior
high school level. According to survey data: 37.4% of them have primary school and
below primary school diploma; 50.1% of them have junior high school diploma;
12.5% of them have senior high school/technical secondary school/vocational school
and higher diploma. Farming women are mainly middle and old aged women.
According to survey data: Average age of farming women in demonstration areas is
48 years old, and the maximum age is 87 years old while the minimum age is 17 years
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old.
The farming workers in villages are mainly women and middle and old aged
people. The women take up about 48% of total employees in the rural cooperatives.
The proportion of women participating in the decision-making and management of
rural cooperatives is low. There is a total of 189 management personnel, including 47
women, accounting for 25.0%. There is no woman in the management of 8 rural
cooperatives.
Needs of women for the Project: Increase job opportunities, provide labor
protection measures against high temperature, sunstroke, weeds and mosquitoes and
preventing inhalation of lime to lungs, and provide training of production skills such
as operation of agricultural machines. Classroom lecturing and site demonstration
shall be combined for relevant training. Enhancing participation capability of women.
Analysis of Ethnic Minorities
The project counties within the demonstration area where ethnic minorities live
include Jishou City, Huayuan County, Yongshun County, Cili County and Yongding
District. Total population of project villages is 49,441. including a total ethnic
minority population of 38,423, accounting for 77.7%. Among ethnic minorities, total
population of Tujia nationality is 28,277, accounting for 73.6%; total population of
Miao nationality is 10,146, accounting for 26.4%.
Analysis on the difference of Tujia nationality in the demonstration area. In
project villages, total population of Tujia nationality is 28,277, accounting for 57.2%
of the total population. According to the proportion of Tujia nationality in the
population of demonstration areas, 31 villages inhabited by Tujia people are divided
into three categories: project villages where population of Tujia nationality accounts
for less than 30% of population of demonstration areas; project villages where
population of Tujia nationality accounts for 30% - 50% of population of
demonstration areas; project villages where population of Tujia nationality accounts
for 50% and above of population of demonstration areas. According to the definition
of minorities of the World Bank, various categories of project villages are identified
through interview and other methods. It is concluded: Local Tujia people’s customs
and habits are substantially consistent with Han nationality. In addition to Spring
Festival, Lantern Festival and Dragon Boat Festival and other traditional festivals as
Han nationality, there are “going to the last fair before spring festival”, “the 3rd day of
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the Third Lunar Month”, “the 8th day of the Fourth Lunar Month”, “the 6th day of the
Sixth Lunar Month” and “the 7th day of the Seventh Lunar Month” and other local
ethnic festivals. Local residents see no difference with Han in terms of language,
planting habit, customs and habits. Language: Since the Tujia nationality lives
together with Han nationality in demonstration area for a long time, people with Tujia
nationality have begun to use Chinese quite early; Religious belief: In the
demonstration area, Tujia nationality believes in Taoism and pays tribute to the
ancestors. Tujia nationality believe in many gods, and their religious beliefs include
natural worship. Land, rocks, mountains, rivers, and water are all objects of worship.
Almost every household in Tujia nationality worships the ancestral shrine in the hall
house. The festivals of the Tujia nationality in demonstration area mainly include
dragon-boat racing and “the 6th day of the Sixth Lunar Month”. The Tujia nationality
pays great attention to traditional festivals especially the Spring Festival which is the
most ceremonious. Local customs: Before marriage of women of Tujia nationality in
the demonstration area, there is a custom of “crying marriage”. Before marriage, if a
girl cannot practice this custom, she will be discriminated and ridiculed. Currently,
this custom has already been gradually faded. Mode of production: Mainly planting
rice. During the busy farming season, wheat is cut and seedlings are planted, and grain
is sown and fields are raised. For families with a shortage of labor force, everyone
will take the initiative to help each other. The host family only needs to provide food.
This custom of helping each other has become a custom through long time usage for
thousands of years.
In project villages, total population of Miao nationality is 10,146, accounting for
20.5%. According to the proportion of Miao nationality in the population of
demonstration areas, 24 villages inhabited by Miao people are divided into two
categories: project villages where population of Miao people accounts for less than
50% of population of demonstration areas; project villages where population of Miao
people accounts for 50% and above of population of demonstration areas. According
to the definition of minorities of the World Bank, various categories of project villages
are identified through interview and other methods. Local Miao people’s customs and
habits are substantially consistent with Han nationality. In addition to Spring Festival,
Lantern Festival and Dragon Boat Festival and other traditional festivals as Han
nationality, there are “going to the last fair before spring festival”, “the 3rd day of the
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Third Lunar Month”, “the 8th day of the Fourth Lunar Month”, “the 6th day of the
Sixth Lunar Month” and “the 7th day of the Seventh Lunar Month” and other local
ethnic festivals. Local residents see no difference with Han in terms of language,
planting habit, customs and habits. Miao people in Demonstration Areas does not
have its unique or other recognized cultural features, living customs or local customs;
the cultural, economic, social and political organization has no difference from that of
mainstream races; the religious, sacrificing and totem worship activities do not have
obvious difference from the mainstream society. Management mode of villages
inhabited by Miao people in demonstration areas is substantially consistent with that
of most rural areas in China, i.e. the combination of township government and village
governance. Language used in daily communication of Miao people in demonstration
areas is local dialect, and characters used in daily life are Chinese characters. Lands of
Miao people in demonstration areas are owned by the collective; the management
mode of contract responsibility system based on the household with remuneration
linked to output is adopted.
Therefore, through in-depth investigation and analysis on Miao people and Tujia
people in demonstration areas, considering that Miao people and Tujia people in
demonstration areas have a high degree of integration, which does not conform to the
World Bank’s definition of IP, the World Bank’s IP policy is not applicable and there
is no need to prepare ethnic minority development plan.
Social Impact and Risks
The assessment team considers that positive influence of Hunan Integrated
Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project is:
Short-term positive influence is mainly reflected in: (1) Raise awareness of
stakeholders in producing safety products by project promotion. (2) Through the
training of the project, the farmer households’ skills in production safety products can
be enhanced. (3) Through public participation, consensus on the agricultural land
heavy metal pollution control will be achieved. (4) Improve infrastructure and create
conditions for agricultural production. (5) The environmental management and the
agricultural environment monitoring provide technical supports for agricultural
product quality management. (6) The risk resistance capacity of the farmer
households and the product competitiveness are improved by cultivating farmers’
specialized cooperatives.
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Medium and long-term positive influence is mainly reflected in: (1) Significant
ecological benefits. The heavy metal pollution of farmland has been administered in
the Project through some measures including source control, dynamic monitoring and
soil repair to a certain extent, thus benefiting improvement of ecological environment;
(2) Considerable economic benefits: The heavy metal pollution administration of
farmland in the Project can realize improvement of selling prices of agricultural
products, lowering of agricultural production cost, improvement of land utilization
efficiency and improvement of added value of agricultural products, which benefits
the improvement of farmers’ production and living standards; (3) Obvious social
benefits: The implementation of the Project benefits return of migrant workers. In
particular, it creates more jobs for women. It benefits poverty alleviation of low
income people and formulation of farmland pollution administration model.
The social assessment team thinks that the social risks of Hunan Integrated
Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project are mainly reflected in the
followings:
Social risks of crop restructuring. The project does not involve land acquisition
and demolition, and does not trigger the involuntary resettlement policy of the World
Bank; therefore, there is no need to prepare the resettlement plan. Replanting crops in
heavily polluted areas of demonstration areas may bring the following social risks (1)
Some farmers do not cooperate. Planting other crops requires change of planting
habits and techniques. Although the project management offices and the project team
have already carried out in-depth investigation and analysis, there may still be some
farmers who are not willing cooperate in the process. (2) The issue of distribution and
management of subsidies for change of cropping system. Consensus has been reached
on subsidy standards, but more farmers are worried about the transparency of the
subsidy. (3) Labor supply problem. At present, many villages are “empty villages”
because young and middle-aged laborers are all working outside. Planting of fruits
and seedlings requires more laborers, which may face the problem of insufficient
labor.
Economic risks: Economic risks are mainly reflected in three aspects: (1) Social
risks resulting from land remediation due to preservation of original planting habits.
The first category is risk of marketing. Rice is replanted to low-cadmium varieties,
and thus quality of rice grain will be affected to some extent, which means that
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existing marketing channels and methods may be affected. The second category refers
to risk of failure of food to reach standard. During the period of administration, some
food may not completely reach the standard, which may influence food selling price.
The third category is the risk of output reduction. Replanting low-cadmium varieties
will increase the risk of rice blast and may further lead to reduction of output.
According to survey data: the top concern for farmer households is the reduction of
actual income of farmer households in short term (78.4%), followed by increase of
agricultural production labor amount (33.3%) as well as marketing risk incurred by
replanting varieties (31.2%). (2) Social risks from farmland restructuring: First, the
risk of cost benefit of replanted crops. Second, the risk of marketing. It is required to
establish new sales channels for replanted fruit trees, vegetables and cotton, so as to
result in sales risk. Third, the risk of management. Crop replanting will not only
implement new requirements on technical management of replanted crops but also
require project villages to establish fair, transparent and standardized management
procedures. (3) Social risks from adjustment of cropping system. Changes in the
planting pattern may increase the input of labor force. If the input cannot be
reasonably subsidized, the net income will be reduced. According to survey data: in
the process of restructuring, the top concern for farmer households is the reduction of
actual income in the same year (51.4%), followed by unmarketable replanted crops
(38.5%).
Public misunderstanding risks: Public misunderstanding risks are mainly
classified into four types: The first category is the risk of improper attribution. The
existing pollution condition is resulted from multiple aspects. Administration of soil
pollution of farmland before the launch of administration of other pollution may cause
the local residents to attribute all problems to heavy metal pollution so as to put
forward relevant claims. The second category is the risk of exaggeration of heavy
metal pollution. Government departments leading the launch of farmland heavy metal
pollution administration in demonstration area can easily attach the label of heavy
metal standard-surpassing in all agricultural products in demonstration area. The third
category is the risk of resident’s environmental protection awareness. The main
stakeholder groups have different orientations in their roles played in environmental
pollution and environmental protection. They neither think that they shall take
responsibility for surrounding environmental pollution nor believe that they are one of
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subjects involved in environmental governance.
Risk of vulnerability of disadvantaged groups such as ethnic minorities and low
income people To-be-included project areas will involve 11,391 people just out of
poverty including 46,594 left-behind elderly people, 7,336 people with disabilities and
9,341 left-behind women and 31 project villages in the five project counties and cities
at Zhangjiajie and Xiangxi Prefecture where Tujia and Miao dominate, among which
11 project villages have more Miao people and 20 project villages have more Tujia
people. Miao people in the eleven project villages of three project counties namely
Huayuan County, Yongshun County and Jishou City amount to above 30%. To reduce
the vulnerability of these disadvantaged groups, this Project will take powerful
measures to have them participate in and benefiting from the project on an equal
basis.
Risk of land transfer. There are mainly three types: Firstly, it is a blind pursuit of
high land transfer rate without consideration of the local natural conditions and
realities in development and without any respect to the intentions and autonomous
rights of farmers; Secondly it is a lack of an exit mechanism in contractual rights of
land, which can hardly protect the farmer’s benefits and will affect the grain
production safety. For example, non-standard transfer contracts prevent the farmers’
benefits from being guaranteed. Thirdly it is a transfer without title affirmation due to
the delay in granting a certificate for land title affirmation and registration, which can
easily cause disputes over land.
9.2 Suggestions
In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the “Safety and Quality
Improvement Project for Producing Area of Agricultural Products”, the following
supporting measures is recommended:
To ensure a smooth implementation of “Safety and Quality Improvement Project
for Producing Area of Agricultural Products” in the to-be-included demonstration
area, it is necessary to follow the supporting policies as below: (1) to strengthen
farmer’s participation in trainings, form a farmland governance association and
establish a full participation and grievance mechanism to ensure in-depth participation
and extensive consultation of farmer households during the implementation of the
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project and resolve the social risks of change of cropping system in heavily polluted
areas; (2) to work out a basic compensation package and a subsidy scheme to ensure
farmers’ income increase and avoid or reduce to the maximum extent the negative
effects on farmers caused by the governance of polluted farmlands; (3) to enhance the
publicity and training and the guidance of public opinions and mitigate the risks of
public opinions during the governance; (4) to observe the original RPF and
incorporate the measures and plans for helping the disadvantaged group. RPF has
been prepared during the social evaluation before the official implementation of this
Project. This Project is an expansion or addition of demonstration areas based on the
original project. Therefore, the implementation plan and the schemes are consistent
with the original implementation plan and corresponding RPF and protection plans for
vulnerable groups can also be extended to the new implementation. Remember to
make public the resettlement policy framework in the newly-added demonstration
area, print and distribute publicity materials and finalize the implementation.
In addition, the Social Assessment found problems when monitoring the original
project including incomplete pre-project work, slow implementation and
inconspicuous effects of project driven employment. To better give play to the
positive effects of the project and avoid repeated problems in the to-be-included
demonstration areas, the Social Assessment Team also proposes to optimize the new-
added project design:
(1) Optimize the pre-project implementation scheme. Conduct in-depth site
survey and intensive monitoring and risk rating in the demonstration area and
optimize, adjust and draft implementation plan, procurement plan, and training plan
on a yearly basis for the Project.
(2) Enhance the implementation and monitoring of agronomic measures.
Based on the sample testing data from the previous year and focusing on farming
seasons, design and optimize the implementation plan for agronomic measures for the
next year.
(3) Speed up the construction and management of field works and push
forward the employment of farmer households. Following the procedures of the
World Bank, push forward the project counties and cities to, during rice harvest and
fallow stage, complete project design, financial review, etc. as early as possible, finish
tender work and accelerate the completion of outstanding engineering works that are
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delayed due to various objective reasons despite of the completion of bidding work.
(4) Continue to strengthen the management of training for farmers. Push
forward third parties to act upon the training responsibilities and check the trainings in
terms of contents, time schedule, trainers, effects, etc., fulfill the annual trainings to
farmers and project management staff in a timely manner, increase farmers’ planting
techniques and improve the skills of project management staff.
(5) Push forward and promote the guidance of the project for farmland
cooperative economy. It is recommended to promote the farmland cooperative
economy by means of land lease, leaseback and contract to farmers, contribution of
land as shares, company + rural household, company with base, etc., such as
encouraging the establishment of shareholding corporation for farming and business
operation and encouraging the development of characteristic farms on the heavy metal
polluted farmlands to promote large-scale operation in agriculture and farmer’s
employment.
In the meantime, the PMO will also need to continue the leading and
implementing mechanisms for COVID-19 epidemic or other infectious disease in
project areas for planning epidemic prevention work and handling with any
emergency preparedness to have an effective control over the COVID-19 epidemic
and other infectious diseases.
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10. Social Action Plan of the Project
10.1 Logical Framework
As for casual loop diagram involving problems existing in polluted villages of
Hunan Province, causes of formation and social impact as well as functions of project
activities, negative influence and consultation and discussion results of problems and
countermeasures, the consulting experts adopt “Target-oriented Project Planning
Method” to draft Social Action Plan of Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural
Land Pollution Project.
The long-term objectives of the Project in social terms are recommended as:
Realize effective administration of polluted farmland in demonstration areas of
relevant counties and cities to enable farmer households especially low income people
and women to produce safe grains and increase income, get rid of poverty and
diseases resulting from polluted farmland, shorten the gap between the rich and the
poor among village groups and farmer households, increase agricultural risk
resistance, orderly participate in rural cooperatives and develop high-efficiency and
ecological agriculture.
The objectives during project planning stage are recommended as: Enable
polluted farmland in each town, village group and farmer household in demonstration
areas to produce safe grains.
Outputs in support of the objectives include:
1. The polluted farmland regions have basically adopted effective farmland
remediation technologies based on level of pollution;
2. The administration cost of polluted farmland is reasonably apportioned and the
farming benefits are significantly improved;
3. Monitoring equipment of polluted farmland has been basically purchased and
put in use and effective monitoring is in place;
4. Vulnerable groups of people, such as low income people, women and ethnic
households, have equally participated in planning, implementation and management
of the Project and fairly benefited from the Project.
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Project activities to launch in order to reach the desired results:
As for administration and management of polluted farmland:
(1) Apply remediation technologies in polluted farmland management, including
liming, flood irrigation, replanting of low-cadmium varieties, application of organic
fertilizers, planting of green manure, spraying of leaf surface controlling agent,
additional application of soil conditioner and deep ploughing technology. These
technologies involve cost subsidy though. Remediation technologies or replanting of
low-cadmium varieties also involve benefit loss subsidy.
(2) Guide farmers to adjust planting structure, such as replanting candy orange,
grapefruit, cotton, and other suitable crops. The adjustment of cropping structure
involves peovision of subsidies for production and associated risks.
(3) Repair irrigation works and facilities allocated in field.
(4) Establish monitoring equipment of polluted farmland and agricultural
products and cultivate relevant monitoring professionals.
(5) Establish long-term effective polluted farmland administration measures and
develop relevant management organization.
Social participation of pollution management:
(1) Offer training of concepts on social fairness and responsibility, priority to
poverty reduction as well as participatory project planning, implementation,
management, monitoring and evaluation approaches and methods to PMO, and
leaders and personnel of relevant implementing agencies;
(2) Offer training on concepts of equality including gender and ethnic equality,
participation and democratic rights and implementation methods to cadres of project
village groups and representatives of farmer households (including sufficient low-
income individuals and women);
(3) Strengthen farmers’ cooperatives in project towns and villages to ensure that
farmer households participate in the planning, design, implementation, engineering
quality supervision and acceptance of the Project in an equal manner;
(4) Establish interest appeal mechanism of farmland pollution management
between agricultural management department and environment protection department,
and project villages and farmers’ cooperatives.
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10.2 Consultation Consultation Framework
The participation and consultation consultation framework applicable for each
party during implementation of the Project shall comprise several aspects, including
organization structure, rules and regulations, actual operation and supervision
management:
10.2.1 Organization Structure
It is recommended to form farmland administration association as organization
structure of this framework in the community level. The farmland administration
boundary in this demonstration area is basically consistent with the boundary of
administrative village. Therefore, the farmland control association (hereinafter
referred to as “the Association”) is recommended to be formed with administrative
village as unit. It shall be classified into 4 levels, namely, farmland control
association, villager representative assembly, village congress and villagers
supervision group.
The villagers supervision group shall carry out supervision and management of
project construction and polluted farmland administration within scope of each group.
Farmer households, low-income households, other types of farmer households and
women shall elect their own representatives respectively to exercise democratic rights
such as participation, expression and supervision in the organization and operation of
villager congress. The ratio of women in total number of participants shall not be
lower than 30%.
Villager representative assembly or enlarged villager representative assembly is
the consultation consultation and deliberative organ responsible for formation,
operation or village-level development of the association. This organ is also
responsible for discussing and nominating candidates of executive committee
members, or village project management team and supervision team, forming
schemes and reaching consensus on planning, implementation and management of
articles of association and each rule of the association as well as the project in the
village level as well as use and maintenance of the project through discussion and
negotiation, and submitting the foregoing to villager congress or general villager
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assembly.
As the highest decision-making body, villager congress selects executive
committee members of the Association and members of the supervision team,
discusses and modifies articles of association, rules and project planning as well as
other schemes submitted by the representative assembly, listens the annual work
report, work plan of next year and farmland administration plan of executive
committee of the Association or project management team as well as reports of the
supervision team, and discusses, modifies and votes. Under the condition that
overwhelming majority of farmer households in the whole village trust and
authorization, the villager congress or enlarged villager congress may vicariously
exercise the authorities of villager general meeting.
As the executing agency of farmland administration association, the project
management team is responsible for organizing and implementing the Project,
executing rules and regulations regarding farmland pollution management and project
maintenance, implementing polluted farmland administration measures, and
coordinating with disputes and contradictions resulting from farmland pollution
administration. The number of members of executive committee of the Association
and project management team shall better not exceed 3-5 so as to reduce lost labor
subsidy expense. Since the Project is community oriented (i.e. all villagers are
required to participate in the Project and fairly benefit from the Project), the main
leaders in village Party branch and village committee (the two village committees for
short) responsible for the Project shall be allowed to directly enter the executive
committee and project management team and host the work without election so as to
avoid existence of two leading centers in one community; other members and
supervision team shall be elected and appointed by villager congress or representative
assembly or enlarged villager representative assembly. The members of supervision
team shall have no direct relationship with members of executive committee and
management team so as to make it convenient to give play to supervision function.
The responsibilities of the two village committees include: Analyze differences
of communities and farmer households with the help of PMO, organize each
representative to analyze farmland pollution control problems and countermeasures,
and participate in planning and design of project contents at village level; mobilize
and organize each villager group to elect members of enlarged villager representative
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assembly and prepare to establish and convene villager representative assembly,
enlarged villager representative assembly, villager congress, and all villager assembly;
after establishment of project management team, except main leaders responsible for
the Project entering and hosting the work, the two village committees shall
continuously support the work of the Association or the management team, coordinate
with superior-subordinate and internal-external relationships and carry out necessary
supervision instead of taking on the work of management team for replacement.
During negotiation, discussion of official business, organization of
implementation of the Project, operation and maintenance of the Project and
mediation of disputes, the functions of family elders, social elites, senior Party
members and veteran cadres shall be brought into play and the development and work
implementation of the Association or project management and supervision
organization shall be supported; also, young people shall be encouraged to take part in
development of the Association as well as planning, implementation and management
of the Project.
10.2.2 Rules and Regulations & Procedures
The villager congress shall formulate articles of association or relevant terms in
project management system to ensure the proportion of poverty-stricken village
groups, low-income households and women in villager representatives.
Certain rules and procedures shall be formulated for negotiation, discussion and
decision-making of the Association or the Project, including group discussion,
communication in assembly and reaching of consensus of groups such as low income
people and women so as to ensure that each low-income village group, low income
people and women may exercise rights such as right to know, participation,
expression, decision-making and supervision and make sure that they can participate
in development of the Association as well as planning, implementation, management,
monitoring and evaluation of the Project.
10.2.3 Actual Operation
The personnel of PMO shall adopt participatory methods and tools.
Help village group cadres to determine residence distribution of low-income
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residents and differences between villager groups and farmer households; join hands
with each representative especially representatives from low-income communities,
low-income households and women representatives to discuss and analyze problems,
causes and countermeasures in terms of administration of polluted farmland so as to
realize the necessity of implementation and management of the Project; analyze
negative influence of project contents as well as problems possibly taking place
during implementation of the Project, and determine measures to avoid or lighten such
negative influence; specifically plan and design project contents of each villager and
formulate project implementation plan based on actual circumstances and conditions
and people’s needs and wishes.
Assist the formation of village groups, village representative assembly or
enlarged villager representative assembly and ensure the implementation of relevant
terms in articles of association of the Association and project rules regarding low-
income village groups, low-income households, ethnic minority (if applicable) and
women representatives.
Help project management team and project village joint conference formulate
rules and regulations involving agriculture management, engineering management and
financial management of farmland pollution administration and prepare project
maintenance plan. Special attention shall be paid to safeguarding of rights of ethnic
minorities, poverty-stricken village groups, low-income households and women
including equal participation, consultation and benefiting; solve possible water
consumption contradictions and disputes of project management team or water
consumption household groups.
Strengthen the capacity building of leaders and relevant personnel of the
Association or project management team and improve their awareness of social
fairness, responsibility and priority to poverty reduction.
10.2.4 Supervision and Administration
PPMO shall establish a monitoring and evaluation mechanism, containing
internal supervision and external supervision. This mechanism is to supervise and
monitor execution of subsidy schemes of the Project and social benefits generated.
The internal monitoring is specifically implemented by Foreign Economic and
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Technical Cooperation Center, Agriculture Commission of Hunan Province. The
Center is required to establish a top-to-bottom internal supervision mechanism.
Foreign Economic and Technical Cooperation Center, Agriculture Commission of
Hunan Province or consulting experts hired shall check the implementation progress
of project subsidy scheme, form a progress report and submit the report to the World
Bank once every half a year. As for external monitoring, PMO entrusts an
independent agency and consulting expert through public bidding to carry out external
monitoring and evaluation of project subsidy scheme and social benefits of the whole
project twice a year until the planned objectives of the Project are fully realized. The
independent agency or individuals can be academic agency, NGO or independent
consulting company which shall have qualified and experienced professionals . Also,
the TOR of such agencies shall be accepted by the World Bank. The internal and
external supervision and assessment indexes of the Project include farmers’ income,
jobs and farmer households’ skills. See Table 10-1 for details.
Table 10-1 Social Assessment Index System of the ProjectSocial impacts of the
ProjectMonitoring and evaluationindices Acquisition of indexes
◇ Increase of farmers’ income
Farmer households’ pure income per person (before and after the Project)
Baseline surveyOngoing monitoring and evaluation of the ProjectComparison of data before and after soil administration
Cost of production input of every mu of crops on average (before and after the Project)Market prices of agricultural productsYield of every mu of agricultural products on averageIncome of special groups per capita
◇Increase of jobs Increase of number of agricultural technical personnel
Relevant statistics of government in each demonstration areaRecord of PMO
Number of farmers returning to their hometowns and developing agricultural productionTypes of agricultural industries newly increased after the ProjectIncrease of jobs of special groups
◇Increase of farmer households’ production skills
Personnel participating in technical training Record of PMO
Sessions of agricultural technical training
Learning of skills of special groups
◇ Improvement of crops’ safety and quality
Various heavy metals contained in crops Monitoring records of PMO
◇ Improve soil quality Heavy metal content of soil in farmland Monitoring records of PMO
◇Change of traditional awareness of groups benefiting from the Project and increase of their knowledge
Villagers’ environmental protection awareness Baseline survey (Questionnaire and interview)
Frequency of participation in activities such as training and visit
Records of PMO and community
Statistics of training contents
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Assessment of project training effectTechnical talents appearing in the Project Project village cases
◇Promotion of establishment of farmers’ cooperative organizations and community democracy
Number of rural cooperative organizations in project villages
Statistics of CPMO
Number of rural socialized organizations in project villages
Records of county and village
Degree of satisfaction of benefited groups for project managements
QuestionnaireInterview
Conditions of participation of villagers in community meetings and other affairsVillagers’ assessment of the Project
◇Capacity building of project management office
Construction of agricultural product producing place heavy metal pollution of soil monitoring system
Record of PMOSymposium
Construction of agricultural product producing place environmental quality early-warning systemConstruction of technical service system of the Project
10.3 Specific actions for social development
(1) Establish and improve the villager monitoring teams in the project villages,
establish management systems, management structures and supervision mechanisms,
reinforce the function and role of these monitoring teams, and inspire local residents
to participate. At the same time, these villagemonitoring teams are established to build
a mechanism and platform for equal dialogue between the PMOs and rural
households, where they can discuss about the common needs and differences, mitigate
the disputes between the PMOs and rural households and work out the direction and
target for development.
(3) Increase rural households’ participation. PMOs are recommended to change
the management mindset by hearing and considering the opinions and suggestions of
rural households in major decision-making, project implementation and project
management and establish a mechanism of participation for rural households to reflect
their rights to stay informed, and participate in terms of project implementation.
(4) Establish a normative management system to regulate farmers' conducts
through institutional powers and traditional moral codes. PMSs at all levels and
farmers are recommended to jointly establish management regulations, supervision
agreements, and compensation mechanisms through participatory discussions.
Institutional management and traditional moral codes are used to enhance the moral
literacy of farmers and refrain from their irrational behaviors.
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(5) Promote gender equality and women's empowerment. The Social assessment
suggests that woman members shall be no less than 30% and women participate in
meetings, trainings and management of farmers’ cooperatives.
(6) PMOs of all counties, cities and districts are responsible for implementation
and management of this Project.
10.4 Grievance Redress Mechanism
During preparation and implementation of the Project, in order to timely get to
know and solve the impacts and problems caused by the Project to affected people,
local communities, affected enterprises and other stakeholders, varied and effective
grievance redress mechanism shall be established in the Project. Such mechanism
specifically include the following procedures:
Stage 1: The affected people may express their dissatisfaction to the project
owner, or village committees/community neighborhood committees, or town
governments/sub-districts in form of oral or written appeal. The said project owners,
or village committees/community neighborhood committees, or town
governments/sub-districts shall preserve a written record of oral appeal and give clear
reply within two weeks.
Stage 2: If the affected people are still dissatisfied with the handling decisions of
stage 1, they may put forward appeal to relevant implementation and management
agencies such as PMO of the project county after receiving the decisions and relevant
agencies shall make decisions on handling of such matters within 2 weeks.
Stage 3: If the affected people are still dissatisfied with the decisions of stage 2,
they may put forward appeals to PPMO after receiving the decisions. Relevant agency
shall make decisions on handling of such matters within 2 weeks.
Stage 4: If the affected people are still dissatisfied with the decisions of stage 3,
they may put forward appeals to competent administrative authorities’ level by level
for arbitration according to the Administrative Procedure Law of the People’s
Republic of China.
Stage 5: If the affected people are still dissatisfied with the arbitration , after
receiving the arbitration result, they may appeal to the civil court according to the
civil procedure law.
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Contact details of the agencies receiving the complaints are shown in Table 10-2:
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Table 10-2 Contact details of the agencies receiving the complaints of project site
Project site Organization Contact person Contact telephoneXiangXi
PrefectureForeign Investment and Foreign
Aid Office Zhang Ye +86-15274308806
Zhongfang County
Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Yang Wen +86-13517450920
Jishou City Foreign Investment and Foreign Aid Office Yang Jun +86-13762167240
Huayuan County
Foreign Investment and Foreign Aid Office Shi Junlin +86-13974377849
Yongding District
Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Hu Wenling +86-13637440869
Cili County Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Yang Hongquan +86-13974477800
Linwu County Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Chen Xiangwu +86-13975595524
Yizhang County Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Xiao Lisheng +86-13574541943
Qiyang County Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Li Haiying +86-15367516667
Lengshuitan District
Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Wen Jun +86-15807480337
Hengnan County
Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Yin Xiangyang +86-13974721668
Hengyang County
Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Liu Kangxing +86-13973415242
Baojing County Foreign Investment and Foreign Aid Office Li Qingxing +86-13974382626
Yongshun County
Foreign Investment and Foreign Aid Office
Chen Shengshuang +86-13787433288
Anhua County Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau Peng Xiumiao +86-13787376160
10.5 Prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic
Currently, Hunan is a low-risk area for COVID-19 but a risk of spreading in the
future still exists. There may be a risk of spreading COVID-19 among the laborers
and residents in the neighborhood during the project development and operation.
Governments at all levels in Hunan Province have taken strong measures to control
the spread of COVID-19 epidemic. Foreign Investment Project Management Office of
Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hunan Province has also taken overall
measures including:
• Establishing a leading group responding to the COVID-19 epidemic for the
purpose of arrangement of epidemic prevention and response to emergency
and management oversight any time;
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• Disseminating the epidemic prevention in an active manner, such as the
knowledge of epidemic prevention, preventive measures, etc., by distributing
epidemic prevention booklets to each employee and posting the guidelines by
ways of WeChat, QQ, in the workplace, etc.;
• Supplying the project workers with protective appliances, infrared
thermometer guns to measure the temperature ofemployees and guests;
• Conducting disinfection and sterilization.
• Including specific COVID-19-related measures in the contracts and
agreements of project implementation;
• Monitoring, supervising and reporting on health and safety related to
COVID-19 (COVID-19 Coordination Center) including the key duties and
the detailed reporting arrangements of the project supervision engineers and
major contractors;
• Raising safety awareness of workers and enhancing trainings to workers so as
to slow down the spread of COVID-19;
• Providing evaluation, assignment and treatment to patients and/or workers
infected with COVID-19;
• Establishing procedures and cultures of accident reporting and investigation
in the daily operation according to the Environmental and Social
Commitment Plan.
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Appendix 1: Social Assessment Questionnaire of Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project with World Bank LoanDear friends,
Hello! In order to control the heavy metal pollution in agricultural product producing area,
Agricultural Commission of Hunan Province intends to implement the “Hunan Integrated
Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project”. This survey will not involve personal
identification information, so please answer them truthfully. Thank you for your support for the
project! Please fill in the details on the line, draw “” on the corresponding option.
Research Group on the Social Assessment of
Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project
December 2020
A. Basic InformationA1. Your gender:
① Male ② Female
A2. You are years old. (Please fill in the specific figure on the line) A3. Your education degree is:
①Primary school and below ②Junior high school
③Senior high school/technical secondary school/vocational school ④University and above
A4. Your marital status is:①Unmarried ②Married ③Divorced ④Remarried after divorce
A5. Are your family a poverty-stricken family established the files? ① Yes ② No
A6. Are there any disabled people in your family? ① Yes ② No
A7. Your current professional status is:①Full-time worker ②Part-time farming ③Full-time farming ④Others
A8. Your current identity is:①General retail ②Peasant entrepreneur ③Professional investor ④Work in large investor or
rural cooperatives ⑤Others
A9. In 2019, your average monthly income is yuan? (Please fill in the specific figure on the line)A10. How many people are there in your family? Person. (Please fill in the specific figure on the line)
A11. In 2019, your total household income was yuan; non-agricultural income was
yuan, agricultural income (including farmland rent) was yuan; gross income
(including cost) from paddy field planting was yuan, and the cost was yuan.
A12. In 2019, your total household expenditure last year was yuan; agricultural expenditure was yuan; living expenses was yuan; medical expenditure was yuan; education expenditure was yuan; endowment expenditure was yuan; other expenditures were yuan.A13. Within the confines of your village, you think that your family economic status is:
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①Very good ②Good ③General ④Poor ⑤Extremely poor
A14. What is the main industry in your village (community)?①Mainly agriculture ②Mainly non-agriculture
③Agriculture and non-agriculture are basically equivalent ④Unclear
B. Awareness and Support WillingnessB1. The farmland heavy metal (such as cadmium, nickel and arsenic etc) pollution situation in your location is:
① Very serious ② Relatively serious ③ General ④ Not very serious ⑤ No pollution
B2. The farmland heavy metal pollution situation in your location has lasted for:① 1-2 years ② 3-5 years ③ 5-10 years ④ Above 10 years ⑤ Unclear
B3. The development trend of farmland heavy metal pollution phenomenon in your location is: ① More and more serious ② Better and better ③ Maintain the status quo ④ Unclear
B4. The impact of farmland heavy metal pollution on the local area is:
a. The impact of farmland
pollution on the health of
local people
①Very great②Relatively
great③General
④Relatively
small⑤No impact
b. The impact of farmland
pollution on the yield of
local agricultural products
①Very great②Relatively
great③General
④Relatively
small⑤No impact
c. The impact of farmland
pollution on the quality of
local agricultural products
①Very great②Relatively
great③General
④Relatively
small⑤No impact
d. The impact of farmland
pollution on the selling
price of local agricultural
products
①Very great②Relatively
great③General
④Relatively
small⑤No impact
B5. Do you understand the “Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project”?
①Completely do not understand ②Not too understand
③Understand a little ④Relatively understand ⑤Very understand
B6. Generally speaking, do you think the “Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project” will be favorable to the development of local economy and society or not:
①Very favorable ②Relatively favorable General ④ Not too favorable ⑤Very unfavorable
B7. Generally speaking, your attitude to local implementation of the “Safety and Quality Improvement Project for Producing Area of Agricultural Products” is:
①Very supportive ②Relatively supportive ③General
④Not too supportive ⑤Strongly opposed
C. Participating willingness and expectations
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C1. Your paddy fields are mu; paddy fields currently cultivated are mu; paddy fields
rented out are mu; paddy fields rented in are mu?C2. At present, crops planted in your farmland all year round are:
①One-season paddy ②Double cropping rice ③Rice+ rape ④Rice+ tobacco ⑤Others (Please specify)
C3. According to demand of the project, if you are required to adjust farmland planting pattern (e.g. Change “one-season paddy” to “rice+ rape”), are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC4. According to governance demand of the project, if you are required to adjust rice planting pattern, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC5. According to governance demand of the project, if you are required to spray lime in the farmland and spray leaf surface controlling agent (Si), are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC6. According to governance demand of the project, if you are required to adopt irrigating with clean water in the farmland, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC7. According to demand of the project, if you are required to apply organic fertilizer or plant green manure and not to apply chemical fertilizer any more, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC8. According to demand of the project, if appropriate transformation and upgrading shall be made to the irrigation infrastructure of local farmland, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC9. According to demand of the project, if heavy metal contaminated straw treatment facilities shall be newly built in heavy metal contaminated area of farmland, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC10. According to demand of the project, if farm tracks shall be newly built or reconstruct, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC11. If the project construction occupies the farmland, you think that the subsidy standard shall be yuan/mu.C12. According to demand of the project, if land transfer and contiguous development shall be conducted in a systematic way, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC13. If land transfer shall be conducted, which of the following land transfer ways do you prefer to choose?
① Renting (e.g.rent your farmland to project party, large grower or other agricultural operating entities, and you shall obtain rent)
② Buying shares (e.g.fix a price for operating right of your farmland to buy shares, set up a joint stock company, and you obtain profits according to shares.)
③ Shares + cooperation (Set up a cooperative by taking land operating right as shares, and you
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obtain income according to land minimum guarantee and benefit bonus) ④ Others (Please specify)
C14. According to demand of the project, the project shall hire some farmers to participate in the construction of local project, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC15. According to demand of the project, the project shall conduct technical training on participating farmers, are you willing to do so?
① Very willing ② Relatively willing ③ General ④ Not too willing ⑤ Very unwillingC16. If you are willing to participate in, in your opinion, the technical training subsidy shall not be less than yuan/person/day. (Please fill in the specific figure on the line)
D. Replantation Management(Areas without a crop switching plan will be directly relocated to E.
Farmland governance for filling)D1. According to demand of the project, if you are required to replant other other crops, which crops are you willing to replant?
①candy orange, navel orange, plums, grapes, pitaya ② seedlings, flowers, mulberry
③ Chinese mugwort ④ sorghum, cotton, corn ⑤ lotus root, lotus leaf ⑥Others
D2. According to demand of the project, if you are required to replant other crops, what are you worried about?
① Higher input costs for crop conversion ② Product sales of replanted crops
③ Technical requirements for replanting crops ④Subsidy management for replanting crops
⑤ Others
D3. If land transfer shall be conducted, which of the following land transfer ways do you prefer to choose?
① Renting ② Buying shares ③ Shares + cooperation ④ Others (Please specify)
D4. In your opinion, how much subsidies you receive to replant if your lands are required to be replanted the following cash crops:
D4a.The proposed subsidy of candy orange, navel orange, plum, grape or pitaya is yuan/mu
for years.
D4b. The proposed subsidy of flowers, plants and seedlings or mulberry is yuan/mu for years.
D4c. The proposed subsidy of Chinese mugwort is yuan/mu for years.
D4d. The proposed subsidy of sorghum, cotton or corn is yuan/mu for years.
D1e. The proposed subsidy of lotus root or lotus leaf is yuan/mu for years.
D5. Which of the following ways do you think should be adopted in compensation period?① Once a year ② Once half a year ③ Once a quarter ④ One-time subsidy
D6.Which institution do you think should implement the compensation?① Provincial PMO ② County PMO
③ Village-level PMO ④ Special compensation management group
D7. Which kind of supervision way do you think should be adopted during compensation?① Supervised by provincial PMO ② Supervised by County PMO
③ Supervised by Village project implementation group
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④ Supervised by special compensation supervision group
⑤ Supervised by specialized third party organizations
⑥ Cooperatively supervised by departments at all levels
D8. Who do you think of should participate in the compensation supervision group: (Multiple choices)
① Leaders of World Bank project ② Members of provincial project group
③ Members of county project group ④ Town cadres ⑤ Members of village project group
⑥ Villager ⑦ Others
D9. What is the most concerned about during compensation?① Low compensation standard ② Low practical operability of compensation method
③Withholding actions during compensation
④ Insufficient transparency during compensation ⑥ Inconsistent policies
⑦ Imperfect compensation mechanism ⑧ Others
E. Farmland Governance and ManagementE1. Does your family participate in the rural cooperative currently? ①Yes ② NoE2. According to your knowledge, the villagers in the village have not joined the rural cooperatives due to (Multiple choices):① Insufficient funds ② Poor farming techniques ③ Excluded by cooperative members ④ Fields are just for the full stomach ⑤ Fear of being looked down on ⑥ Be not willing to risk ⑦ Insufficient labor force ⑧ Others E3. What the management organizations do you think that need to be established in the village to carry out the management of polluted farmland?① The farmland control association ② The members of the project management group ③ supervision and management group of the project ④ Technical group of the project E4. Which of the following persons do you think shall be included in your village's farmland governance committee of “Management Project of Polluted Farmland” (Multiple choices)?
①Poverty-stricken households ②Village cadres ③Women④Peasant households ⑤ Others
E5. In the implementation process of the project, if your wishes and expectations are different from or conflict with the project, what approach do you hope to resolve the differences or disputes between them? (Multiple choices)
① Reflect to village cadres ② Reflect to government ③ Ask project party for solution ④ Quit, do not cooperate with project party any more⑤ Find a group of people to solve with force ⑥ Others
E6. After the completion of the project, what positive impact do you think it will have on the local area? (Multiple choices)
① Ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products ② Increasing the awareness of residents in the treatment of farmland pollution ③Improved rural infrastructure ④ Contaminated farmland is effectively managed and used rationally ⑤ Conducive to large-scale operations and creating rural brands ⑥ Increasing the employment opportunities of local farmers ⑦ Conducive to increasing the income of local farmers ⑧ Others (Please specify on the line)
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E7. Does the project construction pose the following negative effects on your production and life? (Multiple choices)
① Short-term reduction in real income of farmers ② Increasing in agricultural production labor ③ The sales of crop products that have been replanted could not go out ④ The construction has destroyed the original vegetation on the ground and caused soil erosion. ⑤ Construction has caused road dust, automobile exhaust, drip oil and other environmental pollution ⑥ Others
F. Concern and project awareness for Environmental(please evaluate the following points according to your feelings)
F1. The current environmental pollution is on the verge of the limit that the Earth could
bear
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F2. Human destruction of nature often results in catastrophic consequences
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F3. Humans are abusing and destroying the environment
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F4. Animals and plants have the same rights to survival as humans
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F5. The nature can fully rely on its own power to respond to the impacts of the modern
industrial society
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F6. Regardless of special powers, humans are still dominated by natural laws
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F7. It is an overstatement that humans are facing an "environmental crisis"
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F8. Space and resources on the earth are limited
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F9. The balance of the nature is very fragile to the extent of being disrupted very easily
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
F10. If everything goes on as it is, we will soon suffer a severe environmental disaster
(1) Very agree (2) relatively agree (3) not clear (4) not quite agree (5) very disagree
The investigation is over. Thank you again for your participation and support! Wish you all the best!
Appendix 2: Questionnaires of ethnic minorities1.Your nationality is:
① Tujia ② Bai ③ Dong ④ Yao ⑤ Miao ⑥ Others 2.Does your nationality have its own language?
① Yes ② No
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2a. What is the language of your nationality? Please specify. 2b. Can you speak your own language?
① Entirely ② A little ③ Absolutely not2c. The language you used to use in daily life is:
① Chinese ② Your own language3.Does your nationality have characters? ① Yes ② No
3a. What is your own characters? Please specify. 3b. The character you used to use in daily life is:
① Chinese character ②Your own character4.What is your national costume? Please specify.
4a. Do you wear national costume? ① Often ② Occasionally ③ Only for ethnic customs and activities ④ Never5.What is the worship of the totem of your nationality? Please specify. 6.What is the most important festival of your nationality? Please specify. 7.What are taboos of your nationality? Please specify. 8.Does your nationality have clan chiefs (castellans)? ① Yes ② No9.How do you resolve the disputes with others?
① Ask village cadres for help. ② Settle the matters privately.③ Ask the elderly to mediate. ④ Others
10.Does your nationality have some taboos about land?① Yes ② No
11.Do you interact with people from other nationalities in daily life?① Often ② Occasionally ③ Never
12.Does there are any intermarriage with other nationalities in your family?① Yes ② No
13.Do you feel that you are a minority in daily life?① Often ② Occasionally ③ Never
14.Were you discriminated because of your ethnic identity?① Often ② Occasionally ③ Never
15.In your opinion, the differences between you and Han people in life are:① Very obvious ② Obvious ③Not obvious ④Small ⑤No difference
16.In your opinion, the differences between you and Han people in the customs and habits are:① Very obvious ② Obvious ③Not obvious ④Small ⑤No difference
17. Discrepancy you think you have between you and Han people in terms of language:① Very obvious ② Obvious ③Not obvious ④Small ⑤No difference
18.In your opinion, the differences between you and Han people in planting crops are:① Very obvious ② Obvious ③Not obvious ④Small ⑤No difference
Thank you for your support! This is the end of the questionnaire.
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Appendix 3: (Village) Cadre Interview (Symposium) Outline of Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project
I.Basic information of the project village (county)
1.Population (number, gender, nationality, belief, occupation, and number and ratios of
agricultural population and non-agricultural population)
2.Natural resources (land, forest, mineral products, etc.) owned by village (county) and
utilization of such resources
3.Economic income of village (county), main sources and their ratios and ranking in
township
4.Composition of livelihood mode (agriculture, non-agriculture and animal husbandry) and
development conditions
5.Economic development level of village (county): What is the income per capita of the
village? How about the poverty condition? What is the economic development ranking? How
about the development condition of collective economy?
6.History and planning of development of village (county)
7.Problems and status quo of infrastructure of village (county)
8.Conditions of ecological environment and influence on local people’s lives
9.Composition and operation conditions of formal agencies and informal organizations of
village (county)
10.Experience of similar projects implemented in village (county)
II.Ethnic Minorities (applicable for villages with relatively abundant ethnic minorities; this
part can be omitted if the villages have no ethnic minorities or the ratio of ethnic minorities is
small)
1.Types, population, ratios and residential places of ethnic minorities of village (county)
2.Sources of ethnic minorities
3.Informal social organizations of ethnic minorities
4.Main natural resources owned by ethnic minorities as well as convention and common law
of environmental protection
5.Conditions of economic development, production and consumption of ethnic minorities
6.Beliefs of ethnic minorities
7.Government aid for ethnic minorities
8.Association conditions among different nationalities (intermarriage)
III.Opinions on the project
1.What kind of benefits will the implementation of the Project bring to the village (county)
and who would benefit most from the Project in your opinion?
2. What kind of difficulties encounters during implementation of the Project in your opinion?
3. Will the agricultural pollution producing place project have an impact on the activities
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already locally launched. What kind of impact will be caused if any?
4. Does the village (county) have sufficient labor to participate in agricultural pollution
producing place administration project?
5. What factors would influence implementation of the Project in your opinion (economy,
management, technology and finance)?
6. What are the negative influences of the Project on the local region (society, culture,
economy and environment”)?
7. What countermeasures can be adopted to mitigate the negative influences of the Project on
the local region?
8. Are women and ethnic minorities willing to participate in the Project?
(Note: This interview outline also applies to county-level group interview or cadre interview. The
questions of interview can be added or deleted according to specific conditions. The purpose of the
interview is to get to know the social, economic and cultural background information of the
Demonstration Areas as well as opinions of villagers and town cadres on the Project.)
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Appendix 4: (Village) Cadre Interview (Symposium) Outline of Hunan Integrated Management of Agricultural Land Pollution Project
I.Interview Questions:
1.Do you know the Project? When do you know the Project? Where do you konw the
Project? What messages do you learn? What else do you want to know?
2.Is your villager is a rich village or a poor village compared with other villages in the
counties? What’s your opinion on the causes of poverty if you think that your village is a poor
village?
3.What about losses caused by pollution of agricultural producing places to your family and
village and how about the recovery work?
4.Are you for or against the Project? Please explain the reason if you are against the Project.
5.What kind of influence would be imposed on your family’s production and life after
implementation of the Project (positive or negative)?
6.What issues of the Project do you care about most? Please list the issues and sort them
according to degree of importance.
7.Who would benefit most from the Project?
8. What are your suggestions on the Project? (The suggestions shall be sorted according to
degree of reproject awareness .)
9.What kind of influence of construction of the Project will be imposed on your village’s
existing natural environment as well as its culture, historical heritage, religious belief and tourist
attractions?
10. What is the influence of construction of the Project on women’s production and lives and
what their requirements and suggestions on the Project (inquiries from the women only)?
11.What is the influence of construction of the Project on production method, lifestyle and
customs of your nationality and what about your suggestions (inquires from the ethnic minorities
only)?
II.Mapping:
1. Make daily life diagram and season activity diagram as per sex.
2. Make daily travel diagram and daily intercourse diagram as per sex.
(Note: This interview outline also applies to household interview. This interview outline is
launched on the basis of questionnaire survey.)
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