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AGGREGATE MATERIALS
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AGGREGATES (cont’d)
Overview
Definition: Usually refers to mineral particles but can relate to byproducts or waste materials. (i.e. vitrified soils)
Natural aggregates are formed from rocksor the decomposition and transport of rock(see fig 2-2)
Natural sources include underwater, land( stripping) , Glacier Outwash.
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Note:Disadvantage of natural aggregate deposits is:• the content of impurities and dust. •Rounded shapes and smooth surfacesare found with natural aggregates which is undesirable. However in some locationsit may be more economical.
AGGREGATES TESTING (cont’d)
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Advantage of crushed stones: Size of the particle can be manufactured
as needed Also angular shapes and rough surfaces
are formed which is better suited for industry
AGGREGATES TESTING (cont’d)
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Rock TypesIgneous Rock - Volcanic Rock which was molten at one time and then cooledi.e. Granites(CG), Basalt(FG) & DiabaseTrap Rock is Basalt and Diabase•Pumice and Scoria are rock filled with bubbles which are good for lightweight aggregate•Trap Rock is an excellent aggregate
AGGREGATES TESTING (cont’d)
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Sedimentary Rock - Shows a lot of stratification from its natural deposition
•If it is a sand deposit formed rock it is known as sandstone or quartzite
•If it is a gravel deposit formed rock it is known as a conglomerate
Note: Shale is not a great aggregate because of cleavage
AGGREGATES TESTING (cont’d)
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Metamorphic Rock - Formed from Sedimentary or Igneous under heat and pressure
•i.e Shale turns into slate•i.e. Limestone turns into marble
AGGREGATES TESTING (cont’d)
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What qualities do we want in Aggregates?Weight- Prevents erosion of banks or for gabion retaining wallsResistance - •For weathering and freeze/thaw•To breaking and crushing•To resistance to abrasionAbility-•to transmit compressive forces as a mass•to adhere to a cement agentPermeability- potential as a filtering or drainage system
AGGREGATES TESTING (cont’d)
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STRENGTH OF MATERIAL REVIEW
COMPRESSION TENSION
TORSION THIRD POINT LOADING
SPLIT TENSILE
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ELASTIC LIMIT
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
YIELD POINT
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
STRAIN
ST
RE
SS
STEEL VS CONCRETE
Elastic Modulus(slope)or Young’s Modulus (E)
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f’c:5700 psi
f’c:4700 psi
f’c:4100 psi
f’c:3300 psi
f’c:2600 psi
strain(x10-4)
Str
ess
(psi
)Stress - Strain Diagram of various concretes
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Aggregates
Usually refers to a soil that has in some way been processed or sorted.
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Excavation
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Crushing
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Transportation
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Sizing
Stockpiling
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Desired Aggregate Properties
Toughness
Soundness
Deleterious Materials
Gradation
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Soundness
Before After
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Aggregate Gradation
– The distribution of particle sizes expressed as a percent of total weight.
– Determined by sieve analysis
Gradations
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Mechanical Sieve
Individual Sieve Stack of Sieves
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Mechanical Sieve
Stack in Mechanical
Shaker
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Book Notes –Chapt. 2
GRADATION CURVE:
SPSW
GP
GW
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Book Notes –Chapt. 2
SIEVE PANS : P.58
Gravel
Clay and Silt
Sand
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* Uniformly graded- Few points of contact- Poor interlock (shape dependent)- High permeability
* Well graded- Good interlock- Low permeability
* Gap graded- Only limited sizes- Good interlock- Low permeability
Types of Gradations
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Aggregate Size Definitions
Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size– one size larger than the first sieve
to retain more than 10% Maximum Aggregate Size
– one size larger than nominal maximum size
10010010010090907272656548483636222215159944
100100999989897272656548483636222215159944
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Questions - ?